Neuroendocrine mechanisms, stress coping strategies, and social dominance: Comparative lessons about leadership potential

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Volumn 614, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 102-130

  Anderson, William D ^a,b   Summers, Cliff H ^b  

^a Deparment of Political Science

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Authoritarian; Five Factor Model; Leadership; Neurochemistry; Neurotransmitters; Social dominance

Indexed keywords

EID: 35348862586     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: 15523349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716207305585     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. Adorno, T.W., E. Frenkel-Brunswick, D.J. Levinson, and R.N. Sanford. 1950. The authoritarian personality. New York: Norton.
2. Akrami, N., B. Ekehammar, and T. Araya. 2000. Classical and modern racial prejudice: A study of attitudes toward immigrants in Sweden. European Journal of Social Psychology 30: 521-32.
3. Alford, J.R., C.L. Funk, and J.R. Hibbing. 2005. Are political orientations genetically transmitted? American Political Science Review 99 (2). 153-67.
4. Altemeyer, B. 1981. Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg, Canada: University of Manitoba Press.
5. - -. 1988. Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
6. - -. 1996. The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
7. - -. 1998. The other "authoritarian personality." Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 30: 47-92.
8. - -. 2003. What happens when authoritarians inherit the earth? A simulation. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 3 (1). 161-69.
9. - -. 2004. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. Journal of Social Psychology 144 (4). 421-47.
10. Anderson, C., O.P. John, D. Keltner, and A.M. Kring. 2001. Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (1). 116-32.
11. Archer, John. 2006. Testosterone and human aggression: An evaluation of the challenge hypothesis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (3). 319-45.
12. Arvey, R.D., et al. 1994. Mainstream science on intelligence. Wall Street Journal, December 13.
13. Azar, B. 1995. Searching for intelligence beyond G. APA Monitor 26 (1). 1.
14. Benus, R.F., B. Bohus, J.M. Koolhaas, and G.A. van Oortmerssen. 1991. Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping strategies. Experientia 47 (10). 1008-19.
15. Berman, M., B. Gladue, and S. Taylor. 1993. The effects of hormones, Type A behavior pattern, and provocation on aggression in men. Motiv.Emot. 17: 125-38.
16. Blanchard, D.C., R.R. Sakai, B. McEwen, S.M. Weiss, and R.J. Blanchard. 1993. Subordination stress: Behavioral, brain, and neuroendocrine correlates. Behavioral Brain Research 58 (1-2). 113-21.
17. Bonson, K.R., R.G. Johnson, D. Fiorella, R.A. Rabin, and J.C. Winter. 1994. Serotonergic control of androgen-induced dominance. Pharmacol.Biochem. Behav. 49 (2). 313-22.
18. Booth, A., D.A. Granger, A. Mazur, and K.T. Kivlighan. 2006. Testosterone and social behavior. Social Forces 85 (1). 167-91.
19. Bouchard, T.J. 1997. IQ similarity in twins reared apart: Findings and responses to critics. In Intelligence: Heredity and environment, ed. R. J. Sternberg and E. L. Grigorenko, 126-60. New York: Cambridge University Press.
20. Cashdan, E. 1995. Hormones, sex, and status in women. Hormones and Behavior 29: 354-66.
21. Challet, E., P. Pevet, and A. Malan. 1997. Lesion of the serotonergic terminals in the suprachiasmatic nuclei limits the phase advance of body temperature rhythm in food-restricted rats fed during daytime. J.Biol.Rhythms 12 (3). 235-244.
22. Chirumbolo, A. 2002. The relationship between need for cognitive closure and political orientation: The mediating role of authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences 32: 603-10.
23. Cho, K., and H.J. Little. 1999. Effects of corticosterone on excitatory amino acid responses in dopamine-sensitive neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 88 (3). 837-45.
24. Cohen, D., R.E. Nisbett, B.F. Bowdle, and N. Schwarz. 1996. Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: An "experimental ethnography." J.Pers.Soc.Psychol. 70 (5). 945-59.
25. Cohrs, J.C., S. Kielmann, J. Maes, and B. Moschner. 2005. Effects of right-wing authoritarianism and threat from terrorism on restriction of civil liberties. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 5 (1). 263-76.
26. Cohrs, J.C., B. Moschner, J. Maes, and S. Kielmann. 2005. The motivational bases of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: Relations to values and attitudes in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31: 1425-34.
27. Cologer-Clifford, A., N.G. Simon, M.L. Richter, S.A. Smoluk, and S. Lu. 1999. Androgens and estrogens modulate 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonist effects on aggression. Physiol Behav. 65 (4-5). 823-28.
28. Cologer-Clifford, A., S.A. Smoluk, and N.G. Simon. 1996. Effects of serotonergic 1A and 1B agonists in androgenic versus estrogenic systems for aggression. Ann.N.Y.Acad. Sci. 794: 339-42.
29. Creel, S., N.M. Creel, and S.L. Monfort. 1996. Social stress and dominance. Nature 379: 212.
30. Crowson, H.M., T.K. Debacker, and S.J. Thoma. 2006. The role of authoritarianism, perceived threat, and need for closure or structure in predicting post-9/11 attitudes and beliefs. Journal of Social Psychology 146 (6). 733-50.
31. Crowson, H.M., S.J. Thoma, and N. Hestevold. 2005. Is political conservatism synonymous with authoritarianism? Journal of Social Psychology 145 (5). 571-92.
32. Dabbs, J.M., F.J. Bernieri, R.K. Strong, R. Campo, and R. Milun. 2001. Going on stage: Testosterone in greetings and meetings. Journal of Research in Personality 35: 27-40.
33. DeLeon, K.R., J.M. Grimes, and R.H. Melloni Jr. 2002. Repeated anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment during adolescence increases vasopressin V1A receptor binding in Syrian hamsters: Correlation with offensive aggression. Hormones and Behavior 42 (2). 182-91.
34. Delville, Y., K.M. Mansour, and C.F. Ferris. 1996. Serotonin blocks vasopressin-facilitated offensive aggression: Interactions within the ventrolateral hypothalamus of golden hamsters. Physiol Behav. 59 (4-5). 813-16.
35. DeNardo, D.F., and P. Licht. 1993. Effects of corticosterone on social behavior of male lizards. Hormones and Behavior 27 (2). 184-99.
36. de Ruiter, A.J., J.M. Koolhaas, J.N. Keijser, G.A. van Oortmerssen, and B. Bohus. 1992. Differential testosterone secretory capacity of the testes of aggressive and non-aggressive house mice during ontogeny. Aggressive Behav. 18: 149-57.
37. DeVries, A.C., E.R. Glasper, and C. Detillion. 2003. Social modulation of stress responses. Physiology and Behavior 79 (3). 399-407.
38. Dinan, T.G. 1996 a. Serotonin and the regulation of hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis function. Life Sci. 58 (20). 1683-94.
39. - -. 1996 b. Serotonin: Current understanding and the way forward. Int.Clin. Psychopharmacol 11 (Suppl. 1). 19-21.
40. Duckitt, J. 1989. Authoritarianism and group identification: A new view of an old construct. Political Psychology 10: 63-84.
41. - -. 2001. A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 33: 41-113.
42. Duckitt, J., C. Wagner, I. du Plessis, and I. Birum. 2002. The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 75-93.
43. Duncan, L.E. 2003. Understanding leaders of repressive social movements. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 3 (1). 181-84.
44. Duriez, B. 2004. A research note on the relation between religiosity and racism: The importance of the way in which religious contents are being processed. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 14: 175-89.
45. Duriez, B., and B. Soenens. 2006. Personality, identity styles, and authoritarianism: An integrative study among late adolescents. European Journal of Personality 20: 397-417.
46. Duriez, B., and A. Van Hiel. 2002. The march of modern fascism: A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences 32: 1199-1213.
47. Duriez, B., A. Van Hiel, and M. Kossowska. 2005. Authoritarianism and social dominance in Western and Eastern Europe: The importance of sociopolitical context and of political interest and involvement. Political Psychology 26: 299-320.
48. Ekehammar, B., N. Alrami, M. Gylje, and I. Zakrisson. 2004. What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, social dominance orientation, or right-wing authoritarianism? European Journal of Personality 18: 463-82.
49. Ferris, C.F., R.H. Melloni Jr., G. Koppel, K.W. Perry, R.W. Fuller, and Y. Delville. 1997. Vasopressin/ serotonin interactions in the anterior hypothalamus control aggressive behavior in golden hamsters. J.Neurosci 17 (11). 4331-40.
50. Fiedler, F.E. 1995. Cognitive resources and leadership performance. Applied Psychology: An International Review 44 (1). 5-28.
51. Forster, G.L., M.J. Watt, W.J. Korzan, K.J. Renner, and C.H. Summers. 2005. Opponent recognition in male green anoles, Anolis carolinensis. Animal Behaviour 69 (3). 733-40.
52. Georgesen, J., and M.J. Harris. 2006. Holding onto power: Effects of powerholders' positional instability and expectancies on interactions with subordinates. European Journal of Social Psychology 36: 451-68.
53. Goymann, W., M.M. Landys, and J.C. Wingfield. Forthcoming. Distinguishing seasonal androgen responses from male-male androgen responsiveness-Revisiting the challenge hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior.
54. Graeff, F.G. 1997. Serotonergic systems. Psychiatr.Clin.North Am. 20 (4). 723-39.
55. Graeff, F.G., F.S. Guimaraes, T.G. De Andrade, and J.F. Deakin. 1996. Role of 5-HT in stress, anxiety, and depression. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 54 (1). 129-41.
56. Grant, V.J., and J.T. France. 2001. Dominance and testosterone in women. Biological Psychology 58 (1). 41-47.
57. Greenberg, N., and D. Crews. 1990. Endocrine and behavioral responses to aggression and social dominance in the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis. General and Comparative Endocrinology 77 (2). 246-55.
58. Halasz, J., Z. Liposits, M.R. Kruk, and J. Haller. 2002. Neural background of glucocorticoid dysfunction-induced abnormal aggression in rats: Involvement of. European Journal of Neuroscience 15 (3). 561-69.
59. Haller, J., J. Halasz, E. Mikics, and M.R. Kruk. 2004. Chronic glucocorticoid deficiency-induced abnormal aggression, autonomic hypoarousal, and social deficit in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 16 (6). 550-57.
60. Halpern, C.T., J.R. Udry, B. Campbell, and C. Suchindran. 1994. Relationships between aggression and pubertal increases in testosterone: A panel analysis of adolescent males. Social Biol. 40: 8-24.
61. Halpern, C.T., J.R. Udry, B. Campbell, C. Suchindran, and G.A. Mason. 1994. Testosterone and religiosity as predictors of sexual attitudes and activity among adolescent males: A biosocial model. J.Biosoc.Sci. 26 (2). 217-34.
62. Hawley, P.H. 1999. The ontogenesis of social dominance: A strategy-based evolutionary perspective. Developmental Review 19: 97-132.
63. Heaven, P.C.L., and S. Bucci. 2001. Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and personality: An analysis using the IPIP measure. European Journal of Personality 15: 49-56.
64. Heaven, P.C.L., L. Organ, S. Supvadeeprasit, and P. Leeson. 2006. War and prejudice: A study of social values, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences 40: 599-608.
65. Hibbing, J.R., J.R. Alford, P. Hatemi, N. Martin, and L. Eaves. 2007. Not by twins alone. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 12-14, Chicago.
66. Higley, J.D., S.T. King Jr., M.F. Hasert, M. Champoux, S.J. Suomi, and M. Linnoila. 1996. Stability of interindividual differences in serotonin function and its relationship to severe aggression and competent social behavior in rhesus macaque females. Neuropsychopharmacology 14 (1). 67-76.
67. Higley, J.D., P.T. Mehlman, S.B. Higley, B. Fernald, J. Vickers, S.G. Lindell, D.M. Taub, S.J. Suomi, and M. Linnoila. 1996. Excessive mortality in young free-ranging male nonhuman primates with low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations. Arch.Gen. Psychiatry 53 (6). 537-43.
68. Higley, J.D., P.T. Mehlman, R.E. Poland, D.M. Taub, J. Vickers, S.J. Suomi, and M. Linnoila. 1996. CSF testosterone and 5-HIAA correlate with different types of aggressive behaviors. Biol. Psychiatry 40 (11). 1067-82.
69. Higley, J.D., P.T. Mehlman, D.M. Taub, S.B. Higley, S.J. Suomi, J.H. Vickers, and M. Linnoila. 1992. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Arch.Gen. Psychiatry 49 (6). 436-41.
70. Hogan, J., and B. Holland. 2003. Using theory to evaluate personality and job-performance relations: A socio-analytic perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (1). 100-112.
71. Hogan, R. 1991. Personality and personality measurement. In Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, vol. 2, ed. M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough, 873-919. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
72. Hogan, R., and G.J. Curphy, and J. Hogan. 1994. What do we know about leadership? American Psychologist 49 (6). 493-504.
73. Hogan, R.T., J. Hogan, and B.W. Roberts. 1996. Personality measurement and employment decisions: Questions and answers. American Psychologist 51 (5). 469-77.
74. Hughes, R.L., R.C. Ginnett, and G.J. Curphy. 2005. Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience. 5 th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
75. Ilies, R., M.W. Gerhardt, and H. Le. 2004. Individual differences in leadership emergence: Integrating meta-analytic findings and behavioral genetics estimates. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 12 (3). 207-19.
76. Jacobs, B.L., and E.C. Azmitia. 1992. Structure and function of the brain serotonin system. Physiol Rev. 72 (1). 165-229.
77. Jacobs, B.L., and C.A. Fornal. 1999. Activity of serotonergic neurons in behaving animals. Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (2, Suppl.). 9S - 15S.
78. John, O.P., and S. Srivastava. 1999. The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2 nd ed., ed. L. A. Pervin and O. P. John, 102-38. New York: Guilford.
79. Jost, J.T., J. Glaser, A.W. Kruglanski, and F.J. Sulloway. 2003. Political conservatism and motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin 129 (3). 339-75.
80. Judge, T.A., I.E. Bono, R. Ilies, and M.W. Gerhardt. 2002. Leadership and personality: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (4). 765-80.
81. Judge, T.A., A. Colbert, and R. Ilies. 2004. Intelligence and leadership: A quantitative review and test of theoretical propositions. Journal of Applied Psychology 89: 542-52.
82. Kemmelmeier, M. 2004. Authoritarianism and candidate support in the U.S. presidential elections of 1996 and 2000. Journal of Social Psychology 144: 218-22.
83. Klatch, R.E. 1987. Women of the new right. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
84. Koolhaas, J.M., S.F. de Boer, B. Buwalda, and K. van Reenen. Forthcoming. Individual variation in coping with stress: Ultimate and proximate mechanisms. Brain Behavior and Evolution.
85. Koolhaas, J.M., S.M. Korte, S.F. de Boer, B.J. van der Vegt, C.G. van Reenen, H. Hopster, I.C. de Jong, M.A. Ruis, and H.J. Blokhuis. 1999. Coping styles in animals: Current status in behavior and stress-physiology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23 (7). 925-35.
86. Korte, S.M., J.M. Koolhaas, J.C. Wingfield, and B.S. McEwen. 2005. The Darwinian concept of stress: Benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neurosci.Biobehav.Rev. 29 (1). 3-38.
87. Korzan, W.J., G.L. Forster, M.J. Watt, and C.H. Summers. 2006. Dopaminergic activity modulation via aggression, status, and a visual social signal. Behavioral Neuroscience 120 (1). 93-102.
88. Korzan, W.J., E. Hglund, M.J. Watt, G.L. Forster, Ø. Øverli, J.L. Lukkes, and C.H. Summers. 2007. Memory of opponents is more potent than visual sign stimuli after social hierarchy has been established. Behavioral Brain Research 183 (1). 31-42.
89. Korzan, W.J., Ø. Øverli, and C.H. Summers. 2006. Future social rank: Forecasting status in the green anole (Anolis carolinensis). Acta Ethologica 9: 48-57.
90. Korzan, W.J., and C.H. Summers. Forthcoming. Behavioral diversity and neurochemical plasticity: Selection of stress coping strategies that define social status. Brain Behavior and Evolution.
91. Kossowska, M., and A. Van Hiel. 2003. The relationship between need for closure and conservative beliefs in Western and Eastern Europe. Political Psychology 24 (3). 501-18.
92. Kruk, M.R., J. Halsz, W. Meelis, and J. Haller. 2004. Fast positive feedback between the adrenocortical stress response and a brain mechanism involved in aggressive behavior. Behavioral Neuroscience 118: 1062-70.
93. Larson, E.T., and C.H. Summers. 2001. Serotonin reverses dominant social status. Behavioral Brain Research 121 (1-2). 95-102.
94. Lease, A.M., K.T. Musgrove, and J.L. Axelrod. 2002. Dimensions of social status in preadolescent peer groups: Likability, perceived popularity, and social dominance. Social Development 11 (4). 508-33.
95. Lidberg, L., J.R. Tuck, M. Asberg, G.P. Scalia-Tomba, and L. Bertilsson. 1985. Homicide, suicide and CSF 5-HIAA. Acta Psychiatr.Scand. 71 (3). 230-36.
96. Lippa, R., and S. Arad. 1999. Gender, personality, and prejudice: The display of authoritarianism and social dominance in interviews with college men and women. Journal of Research in Personality 33: 463-93.
97. Loehlin, J.C. 1992. Genes and environment in personality development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
98. Loehlin, J.C., R.R. McCrae, P.T. Costa, and O.P. John. 1998. Heritabilities of common and measure-specific components of the Big Five personality factors. Journal of Research in Personality 32: 431-53.
99. Lord, R.G., C.L. De Vader, and G.M. Allinger. 1986. A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology 71: 402-10.
100. Lowry, C.A. 2002. Functional subsets of serotonergic neurons: Implications for control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14: 911-23.
101. Ludwig, A.M. 2002. King of the mountain: The nature of political leadership. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
102. Mann, J.J., K.M. Malone, M.R. Psych, J.A. Sweeney, R.P. Brown, M. Linnoila, B. Stanley, and M. Stanley. 1996. Attempted suicide characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in depressed inpatients. Neuropsychopharmacology 15 (6). 576-86.
103. Martinez, M., F. Guillen-Salazar, A. Salvador, and V.M. Simon. 1995. Successful intermale aggression and conditioned place preference in mice. Physiol Behav. 58 (2). 323-28.
104. McCann, S.J.H. 1997. Threatening times, "strong" presidential popular vote winners, and the victory margin, 1824-1964. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1). 160-70.
105. McHoskey, J.W. 1996. Authoritarianism and ethical ideology. Journal of Social Psychology 136: 708-17.
106. Mehlman, P.T., J.D. Higley, I. Faucher, A.A. Lilly, D.M. Taub, J. Vickers, S.J. Suomi, and M. Linnoila. 1994. Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates. Am.J.Psychiatry 151 (10). 1485-91.
107. Melloni, R.H., D.F. Connor, P.T. Hang, R.J. Harrison, and C.F. Ferris. 1997. Anabolic-androgenic steroid exposure during adolescence and aggressive behavior in golden hamsters. Physiol Behav. 61 (3). 359-64.
108. Melloni, R.H., and C.F. Ferris. 1996. Adolescent anabolic steroid use and aggressive behavior in golden hamsters. Ann.N.Y.Acad. Sci. 794: 372-75.
109. Mitman, G. 1990. Dominance, leadership, and aggression: Animal behavior studies during the Second World War. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 26 (1). 3-16.
110. Nelson, R.J., and S. Chiavegatto. 2001. Molecular basis of aggression. Trends Neurosci. 24 (12). 713-19.
111. Nemeroff, C.B. 1998 a. The neurobiology of depression. Sci.Am. 278 (6). 42-49.
112. - -. 1998 b. Psychopharmacology of affective disorders in the 21st century. Biol Psychiatry 44 (7). 517-25.
113. Oliveira, R.F., V.C. Almada, and A.V. Canario. 1996. Social modulation of sex steroid concentrations in the urine of male cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Hormones and Behavior 30 (1). 2-12.
114. Oliveira, R.F., L.A. Carneiro, and A.V. Canario. 2005. No hormonal response in tied fights. Nature 437 (7056). 207-8.
115. Oliveira, R.F., K. Hirschenhauser, L.A. Carneiro, and A.V. Canario. 2002. Social modulation of androgen levels in male teleost fish. Comp Biochem.Physiol B Biochem.Mol.Biol. 132 (1). 203-15.
116. Oliveira, R.F., M. Lopes, L.A. Carneiro, and A.V. Canario. 2001. Watching fights raises fish hormone levels. Nature 409 (6819). 475.
117. Oliveira, R.F., P.K. McGregor, and C. Latruffe. 1998. Know thine enemy: Fighting fish gather information from observing conspecific interactions. Proc.R.Soc Lond B Biol.Sci. 265: 1045-49.
118. Øverli, Ø., W.J. Korzan, E. Hglund, S. Winberg, H. Bollig, M.J. Watt, G.L. Forster, B.A. Barton, E. verli, K.J. Renner, and C.H. Summers. 2004. Stress coping style predicts aggression and social dominance in rainbow trout. Hormones and Behavior 45: 235-41.
119. Øverli, Ø., C. Sørensen, K.G. Pulman, T.G. Pottinger, W. Korzan, C.H. Summers, and G.E. Nilsson. 2007. Evolutionary background for stress-coping styles: Relationships between physiological, behavioral, and cognitive traits in non-mammalian vertebrates. Neurosci.Biobehav.Rev. 31 (3). 396-412.
120. Ozer, D.J., and V. Benet-Martinez. 2006. Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology 57 (1). 401-21.
121. Piazza, P.V., and M. Le Moal. 1997. Glucocorticoids as a biological substrate of reward: Physiological and pathophysiological implications. Brain Res.Brain Res.Rev. 25 (3). 359-72.
122. Plomin, R. 1990. The role of inheritance in behavior. Science 248 (4952). 183-88.
123. Pottinger, T.G., and T.R. Carrick. 1999. Modification of the plasma cortisol response to stress in rainbow trout by selective breeding. General and Comparative Endocrinology 116 (1). 122-32.
124. - -. 2001. Stress responsiveness affects dominant-subordinate relationships in rainbow trout. Hormones and Behavior 40 (3). 419-27.
125. Pratto, F., J. Sidanius, L.M. Stallworth, and B.F. Malle. 1994. Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67: 741-63.
126. Pratto, F., L.M. Stallworth, J. Sidanius, and B. Siers. 1997. The gender gap in occupational role attainment: A social dominance approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72: 37-53.
127. Raleigh, M.J., M.T. McGuire, G.L. Brammer, D.B. Pollack, and A. Yuwiler. 1991. Serotonergic mechanisms promote dominance acquisition in adult male vervet monkeys. Brain Research 559 (2). 181-90.
128. Ray, J. 1976. Do authoritarians hold authoritarian attitudes? Human Relations 29: 307-25.
129. Ray, J., and R.M. Sapolsky. 1992. Styles of male social behavior and their endocrine correlates among high-ranking wild baboons. American Journal of Primatology 28: 231-50.
130. Roccato, M., and L. Ricolfi. 2005. On the correlation between right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 27 (3). 187-200.
131. Rowe, R., B. Maughan, C.M. Worthman, E.J. Costello, and A. Angold. 2004. Testosterone, anti-social behavior, and social dominance in boys: Pubertal development and biosocial interaction. Biological Psychiatry 55: 546-52.
132. Rushton, J.P. 1997. Race, IQ, and the APA report on the bell curve. American Psychologist 52 (1). 69-70.
133. Salgado, J.F. 2003. Predicting job performance using FFM and non-FFM personality measures. Journal of Occupational and Organization Psychology 76 (3). 323-46.
134. Salvadora, A., F. Suay, S. Martinez-Sanchis, V.M. Simon, and P.F. Brain. 1999. Correlating testosterone and fighting in male participants in judo contests. Physiol Behav. 68 (1-2). 205-9.
135. Sarason, I. 1986. Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 (6). 929-39.
136. Savin-Williams, R.C. 1979. Dominance hierarchies in groups of early adolescents. Child Development 50 (4). 923-35.
137. Schaal, B., R.E. Tremblay, R. Soussignan, and E.J. Susman. 1996. Male testosterone linked to high social dominance by low physical aggression in early adolescence. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 (10). 1322-30.
138. Scheepers, D., and N. Ellemers. 2005. When the pressure is up: The assessment of social identity threat in low and high status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37: 93-103.
139. Sibley, C.G., A. Robertson, and M.S. Wilson. 2006. Social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism: Additive and interactive effects. Political Psychology 27 (5). 755-68.
140. Sidanius, J., and F. Pratto. 1999. Social dominance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
141. Simon, N.G., A. Cologer-Clifford, S.F. Lu, S.E. McKenna, and S. Hu. 1998. Testosterone and its metabolites modulate 5HT1A and 5HT1B agonist effects on intermale aggression. Neurosci.Biobehav.Rev. 23 (2). 325-36.
142. Son-Hing, L.S., D.R. Bobocel, M.P. Zanna, and M.V. McBride. 2007. Authoritarian dynamics and unethical decision making: High social dominance orientation leaders and high right-wing authoritarianism followers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92: 67-81.
143. Sternberg, R.J. 2002. Creativity as a decision. American Psychologist 52 (10). 1030-57.
144. - -. 2003. A broad view of intelligence: The theory of successful intelligence. Journal of Consulting Psychology 55 (3). 139-54.
145. Stogdill, R.M. 1948. Personal factors associated with leadership: A review of the literature. Journal of Psychology 25: 35-71.
146. - -. 1974. Handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
147. Stones, C.R. 2006. Antigay prejudice among heterosexual males: Right-wing authoritarianism as a stronger predictor than social dominance orientation and heterosexual identity. Social Behavior and Personality 34 (9). 1137-50.
148. Suay, F., A. Salvador, E. Gonzalez-Bono, C. Sanchis, M. Martinez, S. Martinez-Sanchis, V.M. Simon, and J.B. Montoro. 1999. Effects of competition and its outcome on serum testosterone, cortisol and prolactin. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 (5). 551-66.
149. Summers, C.H., G.L. Forster, W.J. Korzan, M.J. Watt, E.T. Larson, Ø. Øverli, E. Hglund, P.J. Ronan, T.R. Summers, K.J. Renner, and N. Greenberg. 2005. Dynamics and mechanics of social rank reversal. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 191 (3). 241-52.
150. Summers, C.H., J.L. Kampshoff, P.J. Ronan, C.A. Lowry, A.A. Prestbo, W.J. Korzan, and K.J. Renner. 2003. Monoaminergic activity in subregions of raphe nuclei elicited by prior stress and the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor. J. Neuroendocrinol. 15 (12). 1122-33.
151. Summers, C.H., W.J. Korzan, J.L. Lukkes, Ø. Øverli, E. Hglund, M.J. Watt, E.T. Larson, G.L. Forster, P.J. Ronan, T.R. Summers, K.J. Renner, and N. Greenberg. 2005. Does serotonin influence aggression? Comparing regional activity before and during social interaction. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78: 679-94.
152. Summers, C.H., E.T. Larson, P.J. Ronan, P.M. Hofmann, A.J. Emerson, and K.J. Renner. 2000. Serotonergic responses to corticosterone and testosterone in the limbic system. Gen.Comp Endocrinol. 117 (1). 151-59.
153. Summers, C.H., T.R. Summers, M.C. Moore, W.J. Korzan, S.K. Woodley, P.J. Ronan, E. Hglund, M.J. Watt, and N. Greenberg. 2003. Temporal patterns of limbic monoamine and plasma corticosterone response during social stress. Neuroscience 116 (2). 553-63.
154. Summers, C.H., M.J. Watt, T.J. Ling, G.L. Forster, R.E. Carpenter, W.J. Korzan, J.L. Lukkes, and Ø. Øverli. 2005. Glucocorticoid interaction with aggression in non-mammalian vertebrates: Reciprocal action. European Journal of Pharmacology 526: 21-35.
155. Summers, Cliff H., and Svante Winberg. 2006. Interactions between the neural regulation of stress and aggression. Journal of Experimental Biology 209 (23). 4581-89.
156. Summers, T.R., J.M. Matter, J.M. McKay, P.J. Ronan, E.T. Larson, K.J. Renner, and C.H. Summers. 2003. Rapid glucocorticoid stimulation and GABAergic inhibition of hippocampal serotonergic response: In vivo dialysis in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Horm.Behav 43 (1). 245-53.
157. Swim, J.K., K.J. Aikin, W.S. Hall, and B.A. Hunter. 1995. Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68: 199-214.
158. Tett, R.P., and D.D. Burnett. 2003. A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (3). 500-517.
159. Thomas, C.A., and V.M. Esses. 2004. Individual differences in reactions to sexist humor. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 7: 89-100.
160. Tremblay, R.E., B. Schaal, B. Boulerice, R.G. Soussignan, D. Paquette, and D. Laurant. 1998. Testosterone, physical aggression, dominance, and physical development in early adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development 22: 753-77.
161. Tupes, E.C., and R.E. Christal. 1961. Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Technical Report ASD-TR-61-97. Lackland Air Force Base, TX: U.S. Air Force.
162. Udry, J.R., N.M. Morris, and J. Kovenock. 1995. Androgen effects on women's gendered behavior. Journal of Biosocial Science 27: 359-69.
163. Valentino, R.J., L. Liouterman, and E.J. Van Bockstaele. 2001. Evidence for regional heterogeneity in corticotropin-releasing factor interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus. J.Comp Neurol. 435 (4). 450-63.
164. Van Goozen, S.H., H. Snoek, G. Fairchild, and G.T. Harold. 2007. The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin 133 (1). 149-82.
165. Van Hiel, A., M. Pandelaere, and B. Duriez. 2004. The impact of need for closure on conservative beliefs and racism: Differential mediation by authoritarian submission and authoritarian dominance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30: 824-37.
166. Van Praag, H.M. 1991. Serotonergic dysfunction and aggression control. Psychol. Med. 21 (1). 15-19.
167. Veenema, A.H., O.C. Meijer, E.R. de Kloet, and J.M. Koolhaas. 2003. Genetic selection for coping style predicts stressor susceptibility. J Neuroendocrinol 15 (3). 256-67.
168. Veenema, A.H., O.C. Meijer, E.R. de Kloet, J.M. Koolhaas, and B.G. Bohus. 2003. Differences in basal and stress-induced HPA regulation of wild house mice selected for high and low aggression. Hormones and Behavior 43 (1). 197-204.
169. Virkkunen, M., D. Goldman, D.A. Nielsen, and M. Linnoila. 1995. Low brain serotonin turnover rate (low CSF 5-HIAA) and impulsive violence. J.Psychiatry Neurosci 20 (4). 271-75.
170. Whitley, B.E. 1999. Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77: 126-34.
171. Wilson, M.S. 2003. Social dominance and ethical ideology: The end justifies the means? Journal of Social Psychology 143 (5). 549-58.
172. Wingfield, J.C. 1985. Short-term changes in plasma levels of hormones during establishment and defense of a breeding territory in male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia. Hormones and Behavior 19 (2). 174-87.
173. Wingfield, J.C., R.E. Hegner, A.M. Dufty, and G.F. Ball. 1990. The challenge hypothesis: Theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems, and breeding strategies. Am. Nat. 136: 829-46.