Threatening Times, "Strong" Presidential Popular Vote Winners, and the Victory Margin, 1824-1964

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 160-170

  McCann, Stewart J H ^a  

^a CAPE BRETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031525047     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.160     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D., & Sanford, N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.
2. Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3. Ballard, E. J., & Suedfeld, P. (1988). Performance ratings of Canadian prime ministers: Individual and situational factors. Political Psychology, 9, 291-302.
4. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
5. Barber, J. D. (1977). The presidential character (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
6. Baron, R. A., & Byrne, D. (1994). Social psychology (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
7. Bauer, R. A. (1966). Social indicators. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
8. Bettelheim, B. (1943). Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 417-452.
9. Brant, W. D., Batres, A., & Hays, R. (1980). Authoritarian traits as predictors of preference for candidates in 1980 United States Presidential election. Psychological Reports, 47, 416-418.
10. Collier, G., Minton, H. L., & Reynolds, G. (1991). Currents of thought in American social psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Donley, R. E., & Winter, D. G. (1970). Measuring the motives of public officials at a distance: An exploratory study of American presidents. Behavioral Science, 15, 227-236.
12. Doty, R. M., Peterson, B. E., & Winter, D. G. (1991). Threat and authoritarianism in the United States, 1978-1987. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 629-640.
13. Eckhardt, W. (1991). Authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 12, 97-124.
14. Erikson, E. H. (1964). Insight and responsibility. New York: Norton.
15. Etheredge, L. S. (1978). Personality effects on American foreign policy, 1898-1968: A test of interpersonal generalization theory. American Political Science Review, 78, 434-451.
16. Fehr, L. A., & Heintzelman, M. E. (1977). Personality and attitude correlates of religiosity: A source of controversy. Journal of Psychology, 95, 63-66.
17. Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from freedom. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
18. Gough, H. G., & Heilbrun, A. B., Jr. (1965). The Adjective Check List manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
19. Hanson, D. J., & White, B. J. (1973). Authoritarianism and candidate preference in the 1972 election. Psychological Reports, 32, 1158.
20. Higgins, J. (1965). Authoritarianism and candidate preference. Psychological Reports, 16, 603-604.
21. House, R. J., Spangler, W. D., & Woycke, J. (1991). Personality and charisma in the U.S. presidency: A psychological theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 364-396.
22. Janis, I. L. (1958). Psychological stress. New York: Wiley.
23. Jorgenson, D. O. (1975). Economic threat and authoritarianism in television programs. Psychological Reports, 37, 1153-1154.
24. Madsen, D., & Snow, P. G. (1991). The charismatic bond: Political behavior in time of crisis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
25. Maranell, G. M. (1970). The evaluation of presidents: An extension of the Schlesinger polls. Journal of American History, 57, 104-113.
26. McCann, S. J. H. (1991). Threat, authoritarianism, and the power of U.S. presidents: New threat and power measures. Journal of Psychology, 125, 237-240.
27. McCann, S. J. H. (1992a). Alternative formulas to predict the greatness of U.S. presidents: Personological, situational, and zeitgeist factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 469-479.
28. McCann, S. J. H. (1992b). [The relationship between the SEPT index and Schlesinger's public purpose-private interest cycle for the years from 1920 to 1986.] Unpublished raw data.
29. McCann, S. J. H. (1992c, June). Threatening times and the success of strong leaders in U.S. presidential elections. Poster session presented at the meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Quebec, Quebec.
30. McCann, S. J. H. (1994a). Crises and Schlesinger's cycles of American history (1789-1986). Psychological Reports, 74, 642.
31. McCann, S. J. H. (1994b). [The relationship between social, economic, and political threat in election years and Schlesinger's cycle]. Unpublished raw data.
32. McCann, S. J. H. (1995a). Schlesinger's cycles of American history and presidential candidate age (1789-1992): When younger is better. Political Psychology, 16, 749-755.
33. McCann, S. J. H. (1995b, April). Threat and preference for 'strong' candidates in U.S. presidential elections (1824-1964). Poster session presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, Massachusetts.
34. McCann, S. J. H., & Stewin, L. L. (1984). Environmental threat and parapsychological contributions to the psychological literature. Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 227-235.
35. McCann, S. J. H., & Stewin, L. L. (1986). Authoritarianism and Canadian voting preferences for political party, prime minister, and president. Psychological Reports, 59, 1268-1270.
36. McCann, S. J. H., & Stewin, L. L. (1987). Threat, authoritarianism, and the power of U.S. presidents. Journal of Psychology, 121, 149-157.
37. McCann, S. J. H., & Stewin, L. L. (1990). Good and bad years: An index of American social, economic, and political threat (1920-1986). Journal of Psychology; 124, 601-617.
38. McCann, S. J. H., & Stewin, L. L. (1991). An annual quantitative index of American social, economic, and political threats and stressors for 1920-1986. Psychological Reports, 69, 121-122.
39. Milton, O. (1952). Presidential choice and performance on a scale of authoritarianism. American Psychologist, 7, 597-598.
40. Morrow, L. (1987, March 30). A change in the weather. Time, pp. 28-34, 37.
41. Mulder, M., & Stemerding, A. (1963). Threat, attraction to group, and need for strong leadership. Human Relations, 16, 317-334.
42. Padgett, V. R., & Jorgenson, D. O. (1982). Superstition and economic threat: Germany, 1918-1940. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 736-741.
43. Peterson, B. E., Doty, R. M., & Winter, D. G. (1993). Authoritarianism and attitudes toward contemporary social issues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 174-184.
44. Philipchalk, R. P. (1995). Invitation to social psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace.
45. Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books.
46. Sales, S. M. (1972). Economic threat as a determinant of conversion rates to authoritarian and nonauthoritarian churches. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 420-428.
47. Sales, S. M. (1973). Threat as a factor in authoritarianism: An analysis of archival data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 44-57.
48. Sales, S. M., & Friend, K. E. (1973). Success and failure as determinants of level of authoritarianism. Behavioral Science, 18, 163-172.
49. Sanford, R. N. (1966). Self and society. New York: Atherton.
50. Sanford, R. N. (1973). Authoritarian personality in contemporary perspective. In J. N. Knutson (Ed.). Handbook of political psychology (pp. 139-170). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
51. Schlesinger, A. M. (1949). Paths to the present. New York: Macmillan.
52. Schlesinger, A. M., Jr. (1986). The cycles of American history. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
53. Shils, E. E., & Janowitz, M. (1948). Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War 2. Public Opinion Quarterly, 12, 280-315.
54. Simonton, D. K. (1981). Presidential greatness and performance: Can we predict leadership in the White House? Journal of Personality, 49, 306-323.
55. Simonton, D. K. (1986a). Presidential greatness: The historical consensus and its psychological significance. Political Psychology, 7, 259-283.
56. Simonton, D. K. (1986b). Presidential personality: Biographical use of the Gough Adjective Check List. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 149-160.
57. Simonton, D. K. (1987). Why presidents succeed: A political psychology of leadership. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
58. Simonton, D. K. (1988). Presidential style: Personality, biography, and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 928-936.
59. Simonton, D. K. (1990). Personality and politics. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 670-692). New York: Guilford Press.
60. Simonton, D. K. (1991). Predicting presidential greatness: An alternative to the Kenney and Rice contextual index. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 21, 301-305.
61. Simonton, D. K. (1993). Putting the best leaders in the White House: Personality, policy, and performance. Political Psychology, 14, 537-548.
62. Simonton, D. K. (1995). Personality and intellectual predictors of leadership. In D. H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner (Eds.), International handbook of personality and intelligence (pp. 739-757). New York: Plenum.
63. Stone, W. F., Lederer, G., & Christie, R. (1993a). Strength and weakness: The authoritarian personality today. New York: Springer-Verlag.
64. Stone, W. F., Lederer, G., & Christie, R. (1993b). The status of authoritarianism. In W. F. Stone, G. Lederer, & R. Christie (Eds.), Strength and weakness: The authoritarian personality today (pp. 229-246). New York: Springer-Verlag.
65. Stone, W. F., & Smith, L. D. (1993). Authoritarianism: left and right. In W. F. Stone, G. Lederer, & R. Christie (Eds.), Strength and weakness: The authoritarian personality today (pp. 144-156). New York: Springer-Verlag.
66. Tarr, H., & Lorr, M. (1991). A comparison of right-wing authoritarianism, conformity, and conservatism. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 307-311.
67. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1975). Historical statistics of the United States, colonial times to 1970, bicentennial edition, part 1. Washington, DC: Author.
68. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1987). Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: Author.
69. Wendt, H. W., & Light, P. C. (1976). Measuring "greatness" in American presidents: Model case for international research on political leadership. European Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 105-109.
70. Wilkinson, R. (1972). The broken rebel. New York: Harper & Row.
71. Wilson, G. D. (1973). The psychology of conservatism. London, England: Academic Press.
72. Winter, D. G. (1973). The power motive. New York: Free Press.
73. Winter, D. G. (1976, July). Candidates and presidents. Who's most like whom? Psychology Today, 45-49, 92.
74. Winter, D. G. (1987). Leader appeal, leader performance, and the motive profiles of leaders and followers: A study of American presidents and elections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 196-202.
75. Winter, D. G., & Stewart, A. J. (1977). Content analysis as a method of studying political leaders. In M. G. Hermann (Ed.), A psychological examination of political leaders (pp. 27-61). New York: Free Press.