The Gender Gap in Occupational Role Attainment: A Social Dominance Approach

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 37-53

  Pratto, Felicia ^b   Stallworth, Lisa M ^c   Sidanius, Jim ^a   Siers, Bret ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Stanford University ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; ROLE PLAYING; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ADULT; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CAREER CHOICE; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HIERARCHY, SOCIAL; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONNEL SELECTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; ROLE; SEX FACTORS; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL VALUES; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 0030636795     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.37     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Acker, J. R. (1980). Women and stratification: A review of recent literature. Contemporary Sociology, 9, 25-39.
2. Bern, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 1129-1146.
3. Beutell, N. J., & Brenner, O. C. (1986). Sex differences in work values. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 28, 29-41.
4. Bobo, L. (1988). Group conflict, prejudice, and the paradox of contemporary racial attitudes. In P. Katz & D. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 85-114). New York: Plenum.
5. Branscombe, N. R., & Smith, E. R. (1990). Gender and racial stereotypes in impression formation and social decision-making processes. Sex Roles, 22, 627-647.
6. Campbell, D. T. (1965). Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 283-311). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
7. Christopher, W., et al. (1991). Report of independent commission on the Los Angeles Police Department. Los Angeles.
8. Chusmir, L. H., & Parker, B. (1991). Gender and situational differences in managers' values: A look at work and home lives. Journal of Business Research, 23, 325-335.
9. Crystal, G. (1995, July 23). In game of "I win, you lose" CEOs are getting richer faster than workers can say "logic" (average CEO earned 187 times what the averaged worker earned in 1994). Los Angeles Times, p. D2.
10. Dannefer, D. (1987). Aging as intracohort differentiation: Accentuation, the Matthew effect, and the life course. Sociological Forum, 2, 211-237.
11. Davis, A. Y. (1981). Women, race, and class. New York: Vintage.
12. Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369-389.
13. Dickemann, M. (1981). Paternal confidence and dowry competition: A biocultural analysis of Purdah. In R. A. Alexander & D. W. Tinkle (Eds.), Natural selection and social behavior (pp. 417-438). New York: Chiron Press.
14. Duncan, O. D. (1961). A socioeconomic index for all occupations. In A. J. Reiss, Jr. (Ed.), Occupations and social status (pp. 109-138). New York: Free Press.
15. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735-754.
17. Eccles, J. S. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 135-172.
18. Engels, F. (1902). The origin of the family, private property, and the state. (E. Unterman, Trans.). Chicago; Charles H. Kerr.
19. Erez, M., Borochov, O., & Mannheim, B. (1989). Work values of youth: Effects of sex or sex role typing? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34, 350-366.
20. Feagin, J. R., & Feagin, L. B. (1978). Discrimination American style: Institutional racism and sexism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
21. Friedl, E. (1975). Women and men: An anthropologist 's view. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
22. Futoran, G. C., & Wyer, R. S. (1986). The effects of traits and gender stereotypes on occupational suitability judgments and the recall of judgment-relevant information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 475-503.
23. Glick, P., Zion, C., & Nelson, C. (1988). What mediates sex discrimination in hiring decisions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 178-186.
24. Gough, H. (1987). California Psychological Inventory: Administrator's guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
25. Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993). Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1010-1022.
26. Hales, L., & Hartman, T. (1978). Personality, sex, and work values. Journal of Experimental Education, 47, 16-21.
27. Harris, M. (1993). The evolution of gender hierarchies: A trial formulation. In D. Miller (Ed.), Sex and gender hierarchies (pp. 57-79). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
28. Holland, J. L. (1959). A theory of vocational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6, 35-44.
29. Johnson, W. R. (1994). Dismantling apartheid: A South African town in transition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
30. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
31. Knight, R. (1990). Sanctions, divestment, and U.S. corporations in South Africa. In R. E. Edgar (Ed.), Sanctioning apartheid (pp. 67-89). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
32. Leape, M. P., & Vacca, S. M. (1991). The Harvard guide to careers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Leitner, D. W., & Sedlacek, W. E. (1976). Characteristics of successful campus police officers. Journal of College Student Personnel, 17, 304-308.
34. Locksley, A., Borgida, E., Brekke, N., & Hepburn, C. (1980). Sex stereotypes and social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 821-831.
35. Lyson, T. A. (1984). Sex differences in the choice of a male or female career line: An analysis of background characteristics and work values. Work and Occupations, 11, 131-146.
36. McCarrey, M. W., Edwards, S., & Jones, R. (1978). Personal values of Canadian anglophone and francophone employees and ethnolinguistic group membership, sex, and position level. Journal of Social Psychology, 104, 175-184.
37. Memmi, A. (1965). The colonizer and the colonized. Boston: Beacon Press.
38. Mitchell, M. (1993). Attitudes towards the death penalty and use of executions: A social dominance perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
39. Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class: Elements of political science. New York: McGraw-Hill. (original work published 1896)
40. Nader, L. (1988). The ADR explosion - The implications of rhetoric in legal reform. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 8, 269-290.
41. Nam, C. B., & Terrie, E. W. (1988). 1980-based Nam-Powers occupational status scores. Working paper. Center for the Study of Population, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences. Working Paper Series no. 88-48.
42. Newton, J. (1992, Nov. 11). Harsher crack sentences criticized as racial inequality. Los Angeles Times, p. A1.
43. Norris, P. (1987). Politics and sexual equality: The comparative position of women in western democracies. Boulder, CO: Rienner.
44. Pareto, V. (1979). The rise and fall of elites. New York: Arno. (original work published 1901)
45. Parker, B., & Chusmir, L. (1990). A generational and sex-based view of managerial work values. Psychological Reports, 66, 947-950.
46. Perron, J., & St.-Onge, L. (1991). Work values in relation to gender and forecasted career patterns for women. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 14, 91-103.
47. Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46, 384-403.
48. Porter, H. (1995, June 8). Search is on to find new director for police station 31: Lorrain Lavoies's successor will be expected to maintain a good relationship with black community. The Gazette. p. G4.
49. Pratto, F. (1996). Sexual politics: The gender gap in the bedroom, the cupboard, and the cabinet. In D. M. Buss & N. Malamuth (Eds.), Sex, power, and conflict: Evolutionary and feminist perspectives (pp. 179-230). New York: Oxford University Press.
50. Pratto, F., & Bargh, J. A. (1991). Stereotyping based on apparently individuating information: Trait and global components of sex stereotypes under attention overload. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 26-47.
51. Pratto, F., & Choudhury, P. (1996). A group status analysis of ingroup identification and support for group in equality: Ethnicity, sex, and sexual orientation. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
52. Pratto, F., Shih, M. J., & Orton, J. (1996). Social dominance orientation, group threat, and implicit and explicit group discrimination. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
53. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Stallworth, L. M. (1993). Sexual selection and the sexual and ethnic basis of social hierarchy. In L. Ellis (Ed.), Social stratification and socioeconomic inequality: A comparative biosocial analysis (pp. 111-136). New York: Praeger.
54. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. E (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable relevant to social roles and intergroup relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763.
55. Pratto, F., Stallworth, L. M., & Sidanius, J. (in press). The gender gap: Differences in political attitudes and social dominance orientation. British Journal of Social Psychology.
56. Pratto, F., Tatar, D., & Conway-Lanz. S. (1996). Who gets what and why: Determinants of social allocations. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
57. Pryor, R. G. L. (1983). Sex differences in the levels of generality of values/preferences related to work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 23, 233-241.
58. Reiman, J. (1990). The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. New York: Macmillan.
59. Reskin, B. F. (1988). Bringing the men back in: Sex differentiation and the devaluation of women's work. Gender and Society, 2, 58-81.
60. Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes, and values. New York: Free Press.
61. Rosaldo, M. Z. (1974). Woman, culture, and society: A theoretical overview. In M. Z. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere (Eds.), Women, culture, and society (pp. 17-42). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
62. Rosner, M. (1995, April 25). Midnight basketball on its way to Austin: Huston-Tillotsun College will be home to league that helps at-risk youths. The Austin American-Statesman, p. C1.
63. Ruble, T. (1983). Sex stereotypes: Issues of change in the 1970s. Sex Roles, 9, 397-402.
64. Sacks, K. (1974). Engels revisited: Women, the organization of production, and private property. In M. Z. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere (Eds.), Women, culture, and society (pp. 207-222). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
65. Sacks, K. (1979). Sisters and wives: The past and future of sexual inequality. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
66. Sanday, P. R. (1974). Female status in the public domain. In M. Z. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere (Eds.), Women, culture, and society (pp. 189-206). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
67. Sanday, P. R. (1981). Female power and male dominance. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
68. Schmittroth, L. (1991). Statistical record of women worldwide. Detroit: Gale Research.
69. Segal, U. A. (1992). Values, personality and career choice. Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 16, 143-159.
70. Sidanius, J. (1993). The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective. In S. Iyengar & W. J. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in political psychology (pp. 183-219). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
71. Sidanius, J., Devereux, E., & Pratto, F. (1992). A comparison of symbolic racism theory and social dominance theory as explanations for racial policy attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 377-395.
72. Sidanius, J., Liu, J., Pratto, F., & Shaw, J. (1994). Social dominance orientation, hierarchy-attenuators and hierarchy-enhancers: Social dominance theory and the criminal justice system. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 338-366.
73. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993a). The dynamics of social dominance and the inevitability of oppression. In P. Sniderman & P. E. Tetlock (Eds.), Prejudice, politics, and race in America today (pp. 173-211). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
74. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993b). Racism and support of free-market capitalism: A cross-cultural analysis. Political Psychology, 14, 383-403.
75. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1994). Social dominance orientation and the political psychology of gender: A case of invariance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 998-1011.
76. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Brief, D. (1995). Group dominance and the political psychology of gender: A cross-cultural comparison. Political Psychology. 16, 381-396.
77. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Martin, M., & Stallworth, L. M. (1991). Consensual racism and career track: Some implications of social dominance theory. Political Psychology, 12, 691-720.
78. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Mitchell, M. (1994). Group identity, social dominance orientation, and intergroup discrimination: Some implications of social dominance theory. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 151-167.
79. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Sinclair, S., & van Laar, C. (1996). Mother Teresa meets Genghis Khan: The dialectics of hierarchy-enhancing and hierarchy-attenuating career choice. Social Justice Research, 9, 145-170.
80. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29-39.
81. Spencer, S. J., & Steele, C. M. (1994). Under suspicion of inability: Stereotype vulnerability and women's math performance. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York at Buffalo.
82. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
83. Strong, E. K. (1954). Vocational interests. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
84. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
85. Tittle, C. K. (1982). Career, marriage, and family: Values in adult roles and guidance. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 61, 154-158.
86. United Nations. (1989). Compendium of statistics and indicators on the situation of women, 1986. New York: Author.
87. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1994, January). Employment and earnings, 41. Washington, DC: Author.
88. United States Department of Labor, Glass Ceiling Commission. (1994). Good for business: Making full use of the nation 's human capital. Washington, DC: Author.
89. United States General Accounting Office. (1990). Death penalty sentencing: Research indicates pattern of racial disparities (GAO/ GGD-90-57). Washington, DC: Author.
90. Vianello, M., & Siemienska, R. (1990). Gender inequality: A comparative study of discrimination and participation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
91. Westinghouse Electric Corporation. (1995, March 7). Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or IS(D) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Pittsburgh, PA: Author.
92. Wijting, J. P., Arnold, C. R., & Conrad, K. A. (1977). Relationships between work values, socio-educational and work experiences, and vocational aspirations of 6th, 9th, 10th, and 12th grades. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 11, 51-65.
93. Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison as a coping mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271.
94. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. (1974). The non-verbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 109-120.
95. World almanac and book of facts. (1993). New York: Pharos Books.