Scorpion Venoms

Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science

Volumn 5-6, Issue , 2005, Pages 173-220

  Zlotkin, E ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548831273     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-44-451924-6/00089-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (229)

1. Adam K.R., Schmidt H., Stampfli R., Weiss C. The effect of scorpion venom on single myelinated nerve fibres of the frog. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1966, 26(3):666-677.
2. + channel. J. Biol. Chem. 1982, 257(21):12553-12558.
3. Barres B.A., Chun L.L., Corey D.P. Glial and neuronal forms of the voltage-dependent sodium channel: characteristics and cell-type distribution. Neuron 1989, 2:1375-1388.
4. Ben Khalifa R., Stankiewicz M., Pelhate M., Serrano-Hernandez S.E., Possani L.D., et al. Action of babycurus-toxin 1 from the east African scorpion Babycurus centrurimorphus on the isolated cockroach giant axon. Toxicon 1997, 35(7):1069-1080.
5. Beneski D.A., Catterall W.A. Covalent labeling of protein components of the sodium channel with a photoactivable derivative of scorpion toxin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1980, 77(1):639-643.
6. Benet L.Z. Effect of route of administration and distribution on drug action. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1978, 6(6):559-585.
7. Benoit E., Dubois J.M. Properties of maintained sodium current induced by a toxin from Androctonus scorpion in frog node of Ranvier. J. Physiol. 1987, 383:93-114.
8. Benzinger G.R., Kyle J.W., Blumenthal K.M., Hanck D.A. A specific interaction between the cardiac sodium channel and site-3 toxin Anthopleurin B. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:80-84.
9. Bettini S. Arthropod Venoms 1978, Springer.
10. Blanc E., Hassani O., Meunier S., Mansuelle P., Sampieri F., et al. 1H-NMR-derived secondary structure and overall fold of a natural anatoxin from the scorpion Androctonus australis hector. Eur. J. Biochem. 1997, 247(3):1118-1126.
11. Bloomquist J.R. Ion channels as targets for insecticides. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1996, 41:163-190.
12. Bon C. The Natural Toxins, vol. 82 2000, Biochimie, Elsevier, Paris.
13. Bonning B.C., Hammock B.D. Development and potential of genetically engineered viral insecticides. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 1992, 10:455-489.
14. Bonning B.C., Hammock B.D. Development of recombinant baculoviruses for insect control. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1996, 41:191-210.
15. Brazil O.V., Excell B.J., de Sa S.S. Proceedings: the importance of phospholipase A in the action of the crotoxin complex at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol. 1973, 234(2):63P-64P.
16. Brownell P. Sensory ecology and oriented behaviours. Scorpion Biology and Research 2001, 159. Oxford University Press, Oxford. P. Bronwell, G. Polis (Eds.).
17. Brownell P., Polis G. Scorpion Biology and Research 2001, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
18. Bücherl W. Studien uber einige Brasilieniche Skorpione und ihre Trockengifte. Arzneimittel-Forch. 1955, 5:68-71.
19. Bücherl W. Classification, biology and venom extraction of scorpions. Venomous Animals and their Venoms 1971, vol. 2:317-347. Academic Press, New York. W. Bücherl, E. Buckley (Eds.).
20. Cahalan M.D. Modification of sodium channel gating in frog myelinated nerve fibres by Centruroides sculpturatus scorpion venom. J. Physiol. 1975, 244(2):511-534.
21. Catterall R.D. Cellular and molecular biology of voltage gated sodium channels. Am. J. Physiol. 1992, 72:15-48.
22. + ionophore. J. Biol. Chem. 1976, 251(18):5528-5536.
23. + ionophore. Studies with a toxin derivative prepared by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. J. Biol. Chem. 1977, 252(23):8660-8668.
24. Catterall W.A. Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1980, 20:15-43.
25. Catterall W.A. Structure and function of voltage-gated ion channels. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1995, 64:493-531.
26. Catterall W.A., Beress L. Sea anemone toxin and scorpion toxin share a common receptor site associated with the action potential sodium ionophore. J. Biol. Chem. 1978, 253(20):7393-7396.
27. Catterall W.A., Nurenberg M. Sodium uptake associated with activation of action potential ionophores of cultured neuroblastoma and muscle cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1973, 70(12):3759-3763.
28. Cestele S., Ben Khalifa R.B., Pelhate M., Rochat H., Gordon D. Alpha-scorpion toxins binding on rat brain and insect sodium channels reveal divergent allosteric modulations by brevetoxin and veratridine. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270(25):15153-15161.
29. Cestele S., Catterall W.A. Molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin action on voltage-gated sodium channels. Biochimie 2000, 82(9-10):883-892.
30. Cestele S., Qu Y., Rogers J.C., Rochat H., Scheuer T., et al. Voltage sensor-trapping: enhanced activation of sodium channels by beta-scorpion toxin bound to the S3-S4 loop in domain II. Neuron 1998, 21(4):919-931.
31. Clark J.M. Molecular Actions of Insecticides on Ion Channels 1995, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
32. Cory J.S., Hirst M.L., Williams T., Halls R.S., Gouson D., et al. Field trial of a genetically improved baculovirus insecticide. Nature 1994, 371:138-140.
33. Couraud F., Jover E., Dubois J.M., Rochat H. Two types of scorpion toxin receptor sites, one related to the activation, the other to the inactivation of the action potential sodium channel. Toxicon 1982, 20:9-16.
34. + ionophore in neuroblastoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1978, 83(4):1525-1530.
35. Darbon H., Jover E., Couraud F., Rochat H. Photoaffinity labeling of alpha- and beta-scorpion toxin receptors associated with rat brain sodium channel. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1983, 115(2):415-422.
36. Darbon H., Weber C., Braun W. Two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of AaH IT, an anti-insect toxin from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Sequential resonance assignments and folding of the polypeptide chain. Biochemistry 1991, 30(7):1836-1845.
37. Darbon H., Zlotkin E., Kopeyan C., van Rietschoten J., Rochat H. Covalent structure of the insect toxin of the North African scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 1982, 20(4):320-330.
38. De Lima M.E., Martin M.F., Diniz C.R., Rochat H. Tityus serrulatus toxin VII bears pharmacological properties of both beta-toxin and insect toxin from scorpion venoms. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1986, 139(1):296-302.
39. De Lima M.E., Martin-Euclaire M.F. The toxins purified from Tityus serrulatus (Lutz and Mello) venom. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 1995, 14:457-481.
40. De Lima M.E., Martin-Euclaire M.F., Hue B., Loret E., Diniz C.R., et al. On the binding of two scorpion toxins to the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Insect Biochem. 1989, 151(1):187-192.
41. Dehesa-Davila M., Ramirez A.N., Zamudio F., Gurrola-Briones G., Lievano A., et al. Structural and functional comparison of toxins from the venom of the scorpions Centruroides infamatus, Centruroides limpidus limpidus and Centruroides noxius. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1996, 113:331-339.
42. Dong K. A single amino acid change in the para sodium channel protein is associated with knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides in German cockroach. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1997, 27(2):93-100.
43. Dresco-Derouet L. Le metabolisme respiratoire des scorpiones chez quelques especes a differente temperatures. Bull. Mus. Natl d'Hist. Nat. (Paris) ser. 2 1964, 36:97-99.
44. Dresco-Derouet L. Le metabolisme respiratoire des scorpions. II. Mesures de l'intensite respiratoire chez quelque especes a differentes temperatures. Bull. Mus. Natl d'Hist. Nat. (Paris), ser. 2 1964, 36:533-557.
45. Eitan M., Fowler E., Herrmann R., Duval A., Pelhate M., et al. A scorpion venom neurotoxin paralytic to insects that affects sodium current inactivation: purification, primary structure, and mode of action. Biochemistry 1990, 29(25):5941-5947.
46. el Ayeb M., Bahraoui E.M., Granier C., Rochat H. Use of antibodies specific to defined regions of scorpion alpha-toxin to study its interaction with its receptor site on the sodium channel. Biochemistry 1986, 25(21):6671-6678.
47. el Ayeb M., Rochat H. Polymorphism and quantitative variations of toxins in the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Toxicon 1985, 23:755-760.
48. Elazar M., Levi R., Zlotkin E. Targeting of an expressed neurotoxin by its recombinant baculovirus. J. Exp. Biol. 2001, 204(15):2637-2645.
49. Elliot M., Farnham A.W., Janes N.F., Johnson D.M., Pulman D.A., et al. Insecticidal amides with selective potency against a resistant (super-kdr) strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L.). Agric. Biol. Chem. 1986, 50:1347-1349.
50. Endean R., Rudkin C. Studies of the venom of some Conidae. Toxicon 1963, 1:49-64.
51. Endean R., Rudkin C. Further studies of the venoms of Conidae. Toxicon 1965, 2(4):225-249.
52. Engelhard E.K., Kam-Morgan L.N., Washburn J.O., Volkman L.E. The insect tracheal system: a conduit for the systemic spread of Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91(18):3224-3227.
53. Fainzilber M., Kofman O., Zlotkin E., Gordon D. A new neurotoxin receptor site on sodium channels is identified by a conotoxin that affects sodium channel inactivation in molluscs and acts as an antagonist in rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269(4):2574-2580.
54. Feng G., Deak P., Chopra M., Hall L.M. Cloning and functional analysis of TipE, a novel membrane protein that enhances Drosophila para sodium channel function. Cell 1995, 82(6):1001-1011.
55. Fet V., Sisson W.D., Lowe G., Braunwalder M.E. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758-1998) 2000, New York Entomological Society, New York.
56. Fishman L., Herrmann R., Gordon D., Zlotkin E. Insect tolerance to a neurotoxic polypeptide: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects. J. Exp. Biol. 1997, 200(7):1115-1123.
57. Fishman L., Kagan M.L., Zlotkin E. Accessibility of the insect nervous system to a neurotoxic polypeptide. J. Exp. Zool. 1991, 257:10-23.
58. Fishman L., Uliel S., Zlotkin E. Neurotoxic peptide translocation through an insect gut 2003.
59. Fishman L., Primor N., Zlotkin E. The selective permeability of fleshfly midgut to an orally toxic cobra venom cardiotoxic. J. Exp. Biol. 1984, 229:189-195.
60. Fishman L., Zlotkin E. A diffusional route of transport of horseradish peroxidase through the midgut of a fleshfly. J. Exp. Zool. 1984, 229:189-195.
61. Fletcher J.I., Smith R., O'Donoghue S.I., Nilges M., Connor M., et al. The structure of a novel insecticidal neurotoxin, omega-atracotoxin-HV1, from the venom of an Australian funnel web spider. Natl Struct. Biol. 1997, 4(7):559-566.
62. Fontecilla-Camps J.C. Three-dimensional model of the insect-directed scorpion toxin from Androctonus australis Hector and its implication for the evolution of scorpion toxins in general. J. Mol. Evol. 1989, 29(1):63-67.
63. Fontecilla-Camps J.C., Almassy R.J., Suddath F.L., Bugg C.E. The three-dimensional structure of scorpion neurotoxins. Toxicon 1982, 20(1):1-7.
64. Fontecilla-Camps J.C., Almassy R.J., Suddath F.L., Watt D.D., Bugg C.E. Three-dimensional structure of a protein from scorpion venom: a new structural class of neurotoxins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1980, 77(11):6496-6500.
65. Fontecilla-Camps J.C., Habersetzer-Rochat C., Rochat H. Orthorhombic crystals and three-dimensional structure of the potent toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1988, 85(20):7443-7447.
66. Froy O., Zilberberg N., Gordon D., Turkov M., Gilles N., et al. The putative bioactive surface of insect-selective scorpion excitatory neurotoxins. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274(9):5769-5776.
67. Garcia C., Becerril B., Selisko B., Delepierre M., Possani L.D. Isolation, characterization and comparison of a novel crustacean toxin with a mammalian toxin from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1997, 116(3):315-322.
68. Gershburg E., Stockholm D., Froy O., Rashi S., Gurevitz M., et al. Baculovirus-mediated expression of a scorpion depressant toxin improves the insecticidal efficacy achieved with excitatory toxins. FEBS Lett. 1998, 422(2):132-136.
69. Gilles N., Blanchet C., Shichor I., Zaninetti M., Lotan I., et al. A scorpion alpha-like toxin that is active on insects and mammals reveals an unexpected specificity and distribution of sodium channel subtypes in rat brain neurons. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19(20):8730-8739.
70. Gilles N., Chen H., Wilson H., Le Gall F., Montoya G., et al. Scorpion alpha and alpha-like toxins differentially interact with sodium channels in mammalian CNS and periphery. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000, 12(8):2823-2832.
71. Gilles N., Gurevitz M., Gordon D. Allosteric interactions among pyrethroid, brevetoxin, and scorpion toxin receptors on insect sodium channels raise an alternative approach for insect control. FEBS Lett. 2003, 540(1-3):81-85.
72. Gilles N., Harrison G., Karbat I., Gurevitz M., Nicholson G.M., et al. Variations in receptor site-3 on rat brain and insect sodium channels highlighted by binding of a funnel-web spider delta-atracotoxin. Eur. J. Biochem. 2002, 269(5):1500-1510.
73. Gilles N., Leipold E., Chen H., Heinemann S.H., Gordon D. Effect of depolarization on binding kinetics of scorpion alpha-toxin highlights conformational changes of rat brain sodium channels. Biochemistry 2001, 40(48):14576-14584.
74. Goldin A.L. Diversity of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1999, 868:38-50.
75. Goldin A.L. Nomenclature of voltage gated sodium channels. Neuron 2001, 28:365-368.
76. Gordon D. A new approach to insect-pest control - combination of neurotoxins interacting with voltage sensitive sodium channels to increase selectivity and specificity. Invert. Neurosci. 1997, 3(2-3):103-116.
77. Gordon D. Sodium channels as a target for neurotoxins: mode of action and interaction of neurotoxins with receptor sites on sodium channels. Toxins and Signal Transduction 1997, 119-149. Harwood, Amsterdam. Y. Gutman, P. Lazarovici (Eds.).
78. Gordon D., Gilles N., Bertrand D., Molgo J., Nicholson G., et al. Scorpion toxins differentiating among neuronal sodium channel subtypes: nature's guide for design of selective drugs. Perspectives in Molecular Toxinology 2002, 215-238. Wiley, Chichester. A. Menez (Ed.).
79. Gordon D., Gurevitz M. The selectivity of scorpion alpha-toxins for sodium channel subtypes is determined by subtle variations at the interacting surface. Toxicon 2003, 41(2):125-128.
80. Gordon D., Jover E., Couraud F., Zlotkin E. The binding of the insect selective neurotoxin (AaIT) from scorpion venom to locust synaptosomal membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1984, 778:349-358.
81. Gordon D., Martin-Euclaire M.F., Cestele S., Kopeyan C., Carlier E., et al. Scorpion toxins affecting sodium current inactivation bind to distinct homologous receptor sites on rat brain and insect sodium channels. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271(14):8034-8045.
82. Gordon D., Moskowitz H., Eitan M., Warner C., Catterall W.A., et al. Localization of receptor sites for insect-selective toxins on sodium channels by site-directed antibodies. Biochemistry 1992, 31(33):7622-7628.
83. Gordon D., Savarin P., Gurevitz M., Zinn-Justin S. Functional anatomy of scorpion toxins affecting sodium channels. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 1998, 17:131-159.
84. Gordon D., Zlotkin E. Binding of an alpha scorpion toxin to insect sodium channels is not dependent on membrane potential. FEBS Lett. 1993, 315(2):125-128.
85. Gurevitz M., Froy O., Zilberberg N., Turkov M., Strugatsky D., et al. Sodium channel modifiers from scorpion venom: structure-activity relationship, mode of action and application. Toxicon 1998, 36(11):1671-1682.
86. Gurevitz M., Gordon D., Ben-Natan S., Turkov M., Froy O. Diversification of neurotoxins by C-tail 'wiggling': a scorpion recipe for survival. FASEB J. 2001, 15(7):1201-1205.
87. Gurevitz M., Zilberberg N. Advances in molecular genetics of scorpion neurotoxins. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 1994, 13:65-100.
88. Gurevitz M., Zilberberg N., Froy O., Turkov M., Wilkunsky R., et al. Diversification of toxin sites on a conserved protein scaffold - a scorpion recipe for survival. Perspectives in Molecular Toxinology 2002, 239-253. Wiley, Chichester. A. Menez (Ed.).
89. Hassall K. The Biochemistry and Uses of Pesticides 1990, VCH, Weinheim.
90. Herrmann R., Fishman L., Zlotkin E. The tolerance of lepidopterous larvae to an insect selective neurotoxin. Insect Biochem. 1990, 20:625-637.
91. Herrmann R., Moskowitz H., Zlotkin E., Hammock B.D. Positive cooperativity among insecticidal scorpion neurotoxins. Toxicon 1995, 33:1099-1102.
92. Higg S., Olson K.E., Klimowski L., Powers A.M., Carlson J.O., et al. Mosquito sensitivity to a scorpion neurotoxin expressed using an infectious Sindbis virus vector. Insect Mol. Biol. 1995, 4(2):97-103.
93. Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes 1992, Sinauer, Sunderland.
94. Hjelle J.T. Anatomy and morphology. The Biology of Scorpions 1990, 9-63. Stanford University Press. G. Polis (Ed.).
95. Huang J.Q., Wel Z.M., An H.L., Zhu Y.X. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of rice with the spider insecticidal gene conferring resistance to leaffolder and striped stem borer. Cell Res. 2001, 11(2):149-155.
96. Inceoglu B., Lango J., Jing J., Chen L., Doymaz F., et al. One scorpion, two venoms: prevenom of Parabuthus transvaalicus acts as an alternative type of venom with distinct mechanism of action. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100(3):922-927.
97. Ishaaya I.E. Biochemical Sites of Inscticide Action and Resistance 2001, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg.
98. Jablonsky M.J., Watt D.D., Krishna N.R. Solution structure of an Old World-like neurotoxin from the venom of the New World scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing. J. Mol. Biol. 1995, 248(2):449-458.
99. Jonas P., Vogel W., Arantes E.C., Giglio J.R. Toxin gamma of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus modifies both activation and inactivation of sodium permeability of nerve membrane. Pflugers Arch. 1986, 407(1):92-99.
100. Jover E., Martin-Moutot N., Couraud F., Rochat H. Scorpion toxin: specific binding to rat synaptosomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1978, 85(1):377-382.
101. Jover E., Martin-Moutot N., Couraud F., Rochat H. Binding of scorpion toxins to rat brain synaptosomal fraction. Effects of membrane potential, ions, and other neurotoxins. Biochemistry 1980, 19(3):463-467.
102. + channel subunits and scorpion toxin-binding sites. A study in rat brain synaptosomes and in brain neurons developing in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263(3):1542-1548.
103. Kallen R.G., Cohen S.A., Barchi R.L. Structure, function and expression of voltage-dependent sodium channels. Mol. Neurobiol. 1993, 7(3-4):383-428.
104. Katz N.L., Edwards C. The effect of scorpion venom on the neuromuscular junction of the frog. Toxicon 1972, 10(2):133-137.
105. Keister M., Buck J. Respiration: some exogenous and endogenous effects on rate of respiration. The Physiology of Insecta 1973, vol. 6:469-509. Academic Press, New York. M. Rockstein (Ed.).
106. Kem W.R. Purification and characterization of a new family of polypeptide neurotoxins from the heteronemertine Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy). J. Biol. Chem. 1976, 251(14):4184-4192.
107. Kem W.R., Dunn B.M. Separation and characterization of four different amino acid sequence variants of a sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus) protein cytolysin. Toxicon 1988, 26(11):997-1008.
108. Kharrat R., Darbon H., Rochat H., Granier C. Structure/activity relationships of scorpion alpha-toxins. Multiple residues contribute to the interaction with receptors. Eur. J. Biochem. 1989, 181(2):381-390.
109. Kirkpatrick B.A., Washburn J.O., Engelhard E.K., Volkman L.E. Primary infection of insect tracheae by Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology 1994, 203(1):184-186.
110. Kirsch G.E., Brown A.M. Kinetic properties of single sodium channels in rat heart and rat brain. J. Gen. Physiol. 1989, 93:85-99.
111. Kirsch G.E., Skattebol A., Possani L.D., Brown A.M. Modification of Na channel gating by an alpha scorpion toxin from Tityus serrulatus. J. Gen. Physiol. 1989, 93(1):67-83.
112. Kopeyan C., Mansuelle P., Martin-Euclaire M.F., Rochat H., Miranda F. Characterization of toxin III of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus: a new type of alpha-toxin highly toxic both to mammals and insects. Nat. Toxins 1993, 1(5):308-312.
113. Kopeyan C., Mansuelle P., Sampieri F., Brando T., Bahraoui E.M., et al. Primary structure of scorpion anti-insect toxins isolated from the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus. FEBS Lett. 1990, 261(2):423-426.
114. Krapcho K.J., Kral R.M., Vanwagenen B.C., Eppler K.G., Morgan T.K. Characterization and cloning of insecticidal peptides from the primitive weaving spider Diguetia canities. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1995, 25(9):991-1000.
115. Landon C., Sodano P., Hetru C., Hoffmann J., Ptak M. Solution structure of drosomycin, the first inducible antifungal protein from insects. Protein Sci. 1997, 6(9):1878-1884.
116. Lazarovici P., Menashe M., Zlotkin E. Toxicity to crustacea due to polypeptide-phospholipase interaction in the venom of a chactoid scorpion. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1984, 229(1):270-286.
117. + channels. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1986, 479:204-220.
118. Lebreton F., Delepierre M., Ramirez A.N., Balderas C., Possani L.D. Primary and NMR three-dimensional structure determination of a novel crustacean toxin from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus Karsch. Biochemistry 1994, 33(37):11135-11149.
119. Lee D. Pharmacological and biophysical properties of insect neuronal sodium channels 1997, University of California, Riverside, Ph. D. thesis.
120. Lee D., Adams M.E. Sodium channels in central neurons of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens: basic properties and modification by scorpion toxins. J. Insect Physiol. 2000, 46(4):499-508.
121. Lester D., Lazarovici P., Pelhate M., Zlotkin E. Purification, characterization and action of two insect toxins from the venom of the scorpion Buthotus indiacus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1982, 688:229-236.
122. Levy G., Amitai P. Fauna Palestina: Scorpions 1980, Magnes.
123. Loret E., Hammock B.D. Structure and neurotoxicity of venoms. Scorpion Biology and Research 2001, 204. Oxford University Press, Oxford. P. Bronwell, G. Polis (Eds.).
124. Loret E.P., del Valle R.M., Mansuelle P., Sampieri F., Rochat H. Positively charged amino acid residues located similarly in sea anemone and scorpion toxins. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269(24):16785-16788.
125. Loret E.P., Mansuelle P., Rochat H., Granier C. Neurotoxins active on insects: amino acid sequences, chemical modifications, and secondary structure estimation by circular dichroism of toxins from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Biochemistry 1990, 29(6):1492-1501.
126. Loret E.P., Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Mansuelle P., Sampieri F., Granier C., et al. An anti-insect toxin purified from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector also acts on the alpha- and beta-sites of the mammalian sodium channel: sequence and circular dichroism study. Biochemistry 1991, 30(3):633-640.
127. Loret E.P., Sampieri F., Roussel A., Granier C., Rochat H. Conformational flexibility of a scorpion toxin active on mammals and insects: a circular dichroism study. Proteins 1990, 8(2):164-172.
128. Loughney K., Kreber R., Ganetzky B. Molecular analysis of the para locus, a sodium channel gene in Drosophila. Cell 1989, 58(6):1143-1154.
129. Maeda S. Expression of foreign genes in insects using baculovirus vectors. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1989, 34:351-372.
130. + channels. Circ. Res. 1997, 80(3):363-369.
131. Martin M.F., Rochat H., Marcotte P., Bougis P.E. Use of high performance liquid chromatography to demonstrate quantitative variation in components of venom from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Toxicon 1987, 25:569-573.
132. Martin-Eauclaire M.F., Couraud F. Scorpion neurotoxins: effects and mechanisms. Handbook of Neurotoxicology 1995, 683-716. Dekker, New York. L.W. Chang, R.S. Dyer (Eds.).
133. McCormick S.J., Polis G. Prey, predators and parasites. The Biology of Scorpions 1990, 294-320. Stanford University Press. G. Polis (Ed.).
134. McCutchen B.F., Choudary P.V., Crenshaw R., Maddox D., Kamita S.G., et al. Development of a recombinant baculovirus expressing an insect-selective neurotoxin: potential for pest control. Biotechnology N Y 1991, 9(9):848-852.
135. McCutchen B.F., Hoover K., Preisler H.K., Betana M.D., Herrmann R., et al. Interactions of recombinant and wild-type baculoviruses with classical insecticides and pyrethroid-resistant tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 1997, 90(5):1170-1180.
136. Menez A. Prospectives in Molecular Toxinology 2002, Wiley, Chichester.
137. Meves H., Rubly N., Watt D.D. Effect of toxins isolated from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus on the Na currents of the node of Ranvier. Pflugers Arch. 1982, 393(1):56-62.
138. Meves H., Rubly N., Watt D.D. Voltage-dependent effect of a scorpion toxin on sodium current inactivation. Pflugers Arch. 1984, 402(1):24-33.
139. Meves H., Simard J.M., Watt D.D. Interactions of scorpion toxins with the sodium channel. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1986, 479:113-132.
140. Miranda F., Kupeyan C., Rochat H., Rochat C., Lissitzky S. Purification of animal neurotoxins. Isolation and characterization of eleven neurotoxins from the venoms of the scorpions Androctonus australis hector, Buthus occitanus tunetanus and Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus. Eur. J. Biochem. 1970, 16(3):514-523.
141. Miranda F., Rochat H., Lissitzky S. Sur les neurotoxins deux especes de scorpions nord-africains. I. Purifications de neurotoxins (scorpamines) d'Androctonus australis (L.) et de Buthus occitanus (Am.). Toxicon 1964, 2:51-56.
142. Moskowitz H., Herrmann R., Zlotkin E., Gordon D. Variability among insect sodium channels revealed by binding of selective neurotoxins. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1994, 224:13-19.
143. Mullin C.A., Jeffrey C.S. Molecular Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance 1992, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
144. Narahashi T. Nerve membrane ionic channels as the target of toxicants. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1986, 9:3-13.
145. Nogge G. Absorption of serum proteins by hemolymph in larvae of Hypoderma bovis (De Geer) (Diptera, Hypodermatidae). Experientia 1971, 27(5):524-525.
146. Nogge G., Giannetti M. Specific antibodies: a potential insecticide. Science 1980, 209(4460):1028-1029.
147. O'Reilly D.R., Miller L.K., Luckow V.A. Baculovirus Expression Vectors: A Laboratory Manual 1992, Freeman, New York.
148. Parnas I., Avgar D., Shulov A. Physiological effects of venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus on neuromuscular systems of locust and crab. Toxicon 1970, 8(1):67-79.
149. Parnas I., Russel F.E. Effects of venom on nerve muscles and neuromuscular junction. Animal Toxins 1967, 410-427. Pergamon, Oxford and New York. F.E. Russel, P.R. Saunders (Eds.).
150. + channel: alteration of its properties in pyrethroid-resistant flies. Biochemistry 1989, 28:1673-1678.
151. Payne-Gregory T., Deecher-Darlene C., Soderlund D.M. Structure activity relationship for the action of dihydropyrazole insecticides on mouse brain sodium channels. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 1998, 60:177-180.
152. Pelhate M., Pichon Y. Selective inhibitors of potassium current in the giant axon of the cockroach. J. Physiol. 1974, 242:90-91.
153. + current in the cockroach giant axon induced by the scorpion venom insect toxin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1981, 319:30-31.
154. Pelhate M., Zlotkin E. Actions of insect toxin and other toxins derived from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis on isolated giant axons of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). J. Exp. Biol. 1982, 97:67-77.
155. Pichon Y., Boistel J. Current-voltage relations in the isolated giant axon of the cockroach under voltage-clamp conditions. J. Exp. Biol. 1967, 47(2):343-355.
156. Pittendrigh B., Reenan R., ffrench-Constant R.H., Ganetzky B. Point mutations in the Drosophila sodium channel gene para associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1997, 256(6):602-610.
157. Polis G.A. Ecology. The Biology of Scorpions 1990, 247-293. Stanford University Press. G. Polis (Ed.).
158. Polis G.A. The Biology of Scorpions 1990, Stanford University Press.
159. Possani L.D. Structure of scorpion toxins. Insect Poisons, Allergens and Other Invertebrate Venoms 1984, vol. 2:513-550. Dekker, New York. T. Tu (Ed.).
160. +-channels. Eur. J. Biochem. 1999, 264(2):287-300.
161. Possani L.D., Merino E., Corona M., Bolivar F., Balthazar B. Peptides and genes coding for scorpion toxins that affect ion-channels. Biochimie 2000, 82:861-868.
162. Prikhodko G.G., Robson M., Warmke J.W., Cohen C.J., Smith M.M. Properties of three baculovirus-expressing genes that encode insect-selective toxins: μAga-IV, As. II and Sh.I. Biol. Control 1996, 7:236-244.
163. Primor N., Teitelbaum Z., Zlotkin E. Penetrability of orally toxic protein from cobra venom through the gut of a blowfly. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1980, 627(1):71-81.
164. Primor N., Zlotkin E. Oral toxicity of venoms and toxins to blowflies. Toxins: Animal, Plant and Microbial 1978, 539-547. Pergamon, Oxford. P. Rosenberg (Ed.).
165. Primor N., Zlotkin E. Penetrability of proteins through the digestive system of Sarcophaga falculata blowfly. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1980, 627(1):82-90.
166. Qu Y., Rogers J.C., Chen S.F., McCormick K.A., Scheuer T., et al. Functional roles of the extracellular segments of the sodium channel alpha subunit in voltage-dependent gating and modulation by beta1 subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274(46):32647-32654.
167. Rathmayer W., Ruhland M., Tintpulver M., Walther C., Zlotkin E. The effect of toxins derived from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector on neuromuscular transmission. Toxins: Animal, Plant and Microbial 1978, 629-637. Pergamon, Oxford. P. Rosenberg (Ed.).
168. Regev A., Rivkin H., Inceoglu B., Gershburg E., Hammock B.D., et al. Further enhancement of baculovirus insecticidal efficacy with scorpion toxins that interact cooperatively. FEBS Lett. 2003, 537(1-3):106-110.
169. Rochat C., Rochat H., Miranda F., Lissitzky S. Purification and some properties of the neurotoxins of Androctonus australis Hector. Biochemistry 1967, 6(2):578-585.
170. Rochat H., Bernard P., Couraud F. Scorpion toxins: chemistry and mode of action. Adv. Cytopharmacol. 1979, 3:325-334.
171. Rogers J.C., Qu Y., Tanda T.N., Scheuer T., Catterall W.A. Molecular determinants of high affinity binding of α-scorpion toxin and sea anemone toxin in the S3-S4 extracellular loop in the domain IV of the sodium channel α subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:15950-15962.
172. Ruhland M., Zlotkin E., Rathmayer W. The effect of toxins from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis on a spider nerve-muscle preparation. Toxicon 1977, 15(2):157-160.
173. Sampieri F., Habersetzer-Rochat C. Structure-function relationships in scorpion neurotoxins. Identification of the supperreactive lysine residue in toxin I of Androctonus australis Hector. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1978, 535(1):100-109.
174. Sampieri F., Habersetzer-Rochat C., Martin M.F., Kopeyan C., Rochat H. Amino acid sequence of toxin XI of the scorpion Buthus occitanus tunetanus. Evidence of a mutation having an important effect upon neurotoxic activity. Int. J. Pept. Prot. Res. 1987, 29(2):231-237.
175. Schlein Y., Spira D.T., Jacobson R.L. The passage of serum immunoglobulins through the gut of Sarcophaga faculata Pand. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1976, 70:227-230.
176. Schweitz H., Vincent J.P., Barhanin J., Frelin C., Linden G., et al. Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus, and Actinodendron plumosum. Biochemistry 1981, 20(18):5245-5252.
177. Scott J., Wheelock G.D. Characterization of the cytochrome p450 responsible for pyrethroid resistance in the housefly. Molecular Mechanisms of Insecticide Resistance 1992, 16-30. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. C.A. Mullin, C.S. Jeffrey (Eds.).
178. Selisko B., Garcia C., Becerril B., Delepierre M., Possani L.D. A new insect selective toxin from Centruroides noxius Hoffman: cDNA, primary structure, three dimensional model and electrostatic potentials in comparison to other toxin variants. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 242:235-242.
179. Sharkey R.G., Beneski D.A., Catterall W.A. Differential labeling of the alpha and beta 1 subunits of the sodium channel by photoreactive derivatives of scorpion toxin. Biochemistry 1984, 23(25):6078-6086.
180. Shichor I., Zlotkin E., Ilan N., Chikashvili D., Stuhmer W., et al. Domain 2 of Drosophila para voltage-gated sodium channel confers insect properties to a rat brain channel. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22(11):4364-4371.
181. Simard J.M., Meves H., Watt D.D. Effect of toxins VI and VII from the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus on the sodium currents of the frog Node of Ranvier. Pflugers Arch. 1986, 406:620-628.
182. Simard J.M., Watt D.D. Venoms and toxins. The Biology of Scorpions 1990, 414. Stanford University Press. G. Polis (Ed.).
183. Sissom W.D. Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. The Biology of Scorpions 1990, 64. Stanford University Press. G. Polis (Ed.).
184. Soderlund D.M., Knipple D.C. Action of insecticides on sodium channels: multiple target sites and site specific resistance. Molecular Action of Insecticides on Ion Channels 1995, 97-108. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. J.M. Clark (Ed.).
185. Stankiewicz M., Grolleau F., Lapied B., Borchani L., el Ayeb M., et al. BotIT2, a toxin paralytic to insects from the Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom modifying the activity of insect sodium channels. J. Insect Physiol. 1996, 42(4):397-405.
186. Stewart L.M., Hirst M., Lopez Ferber M., Merryweather A.T., Cayley P.J., et al. Construction of an improved baculovirus insecticide containing an insect-specific toxin gene. Nature 1991, 352(6330):85-88.
187. Stryer L. Biochemistry 1995, Freeman. 4th edn.
188. Tatebayashi H., Narahashi T. Differential mechanism of action of the pyrethroid tetramethrin on tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994, 270(2):595-603.
189. Taylor M.F., Heckel D.G., Brown T.M., Kreitman M.E., Black B. Linkage of pyrethroid insecticide resistance to a sodium channel locus in the tobacco budworm. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1993, 23(7):763-775.
190. Teitelbaum Z., Lazarovici P., Zlotkin E. Selective binding of the scorpion venom insect toxin to insect nervous tissue. Insect Biochem. 1979, 9:343-346.
191. Tintpulver M., Zerachia T., Zlotkin E. The action of toxins derived from scorpion venom on the ileal smooth muscle preparation. Toxicon 1976, 14(15):371-377.
192. Tomalski M.D., Miller L.K. Insect paralysis by baculovirus-mediated expression of a mite neurotoxin gene. Nature 1991, 352(6330):82-85.
193. Treacy M.F., Rensner P.E., All J.N. Comparative insecticidal properties of two nucleopolyhedrovirus vectors encoding a similar toxin gene chimer. J. Econ. Entomol. 2000, 93(4):1096-1104.
194. Tsushima R.G., Borges A., Backx P.H. Inactivated state dependence of sodium channel modulation by beta-scorpion toxin. Pflugers Arch. 1999, 437(5):661-668.
195. Turkov M., Rashi S., Noam Z., Gordon D., Ben Khalifa R., et al. In vitro folding and functional analysis of an anti-insect selective scorpion depressant neurotoxin produced in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr. Purif. 1997, 10(1):123-131.
196. Vijverberg H.P., Pauron D., Lazdunski M. The effect of Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxin gamma on Na channels in neuroblastoma cells. Pflugers Arch. 1984, 401(3):297-303.
197. Walther C., Zlotkin E., Rathmayer W. Action of different toxins from the scorpion Androctonus australis on the locust nerve-muscle preparation. J. Insect Physiol. 1976, 22:1187-1194.
198. Wang G.K., Strichartz G. Simultaneous modifications of sodium channel gating by two scorpion toxins. Biophys. J. 1982, 40(2):175-179.
199. Wang G.K., Strichartz G.R. Purification and physiological characterization of neurotoxins from venoms of the scorpions Centruroides sculpturatus and Leiurus quinquestriatus. Mol. Pharmacol. 1983, 23(2):519-533.
200. Wang X., Smith R., Fletcher J.I., Wilson H., Wood C.J., et al. Structure-function studies of omega-atracotoxin, a potent antagonist of insect voltage-gated calcium channels. Eur. J. Biochem. 1999, 264(2):488-494.
201. Warmke J.W., Reenan R.A., Wang P., Qian S., Arena J.P., et al. Functional expression of Drosophila para sodium channels. Modulation by the membrane protein TipE and toxin pharmacology. J. Gen. Physiol. 1997, 110(2):119-133.
202. Williamson M.S., Martinez-Torres D., Hick C.A., Devonshire A.L. Identification of mutations in the housefly para-type sodium channel gene associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996, 252(1-2):51-60.
203. Xiong Y.M., Ling M.H., Lan Z.D., Wang D.C., Chi C.W. The cDNA sequence of an excitatory insect selective neurotoxin from the scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch. Toxicon 1999, 37(2):335-341.
204. Yahel-Niv A., Zlotkin E. Comparative studies on venom obtained from individual scorpions by natural stings. Toxicon 1979, 17(5):435-446.
205. Yao B., Fan Y., Zeng Q., Zhao R. Insect-resistant tobacco plants expressing insect-specific neurotoxin AaIT. Chin. J. Biotechnol. 1996, 12(2):67-72.
206. Zamudio F., Saavedra R., Martin B.M., Gurrola-Briones G., Herion P., et al. Amino acid sequence and immunological characterization with monoclonal antibodies of two toxins from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. Eur. J. Biochem. 1992, 204(1):281-292.
207. Zilberberg N., Gordon D., Pelhate M., Adams M.E., Norris T.M., et al. Functional expression and genetic alteration of an alpha scorpion neurotoxin. Biochemistry 1996, 35(31):10215-10222.
208. Zilberberg N., Gurevitz M. Rapid isolation of full length cDNA clones by "inverse PCR": purification of a scorpion cDNA family encoding alpha-neurotoxins. Anal. Biochem. 1993, 209(1):203-305.
209. Zilberberg N., Zlotkin E., Gurevitz M. The cDNA sequence of a depressant insect selective neurotoxin from the scorpion Buthotus judaicus. Toxicon 1991, 29(9):1155-1158.
210. Zlotkin E. Insect selective toxins derived from scorpion venoms: an approach to insect neuropharmacology. Insect Biochem. 1983, 13:219-236.
211. Zlotkin E. The interaction of insect selective neurotoxins from scorpion venoms with insect neuronal membranes. Neuropharmacology and Pesticide Action 1986, 352-383. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. M.G. Ford, G.G. Lunt, R.C. Reay, P.N.R. Usherwood (Eds.).
212. Zlotkin E. Pharmacology of survival: insect selective neurotoxins derived from scorpion venom. Endeavour 1987, 11(4):168-174.
213. Zlotkin E. Venom neurotoxins - models for selective insecticides. Phytoparasitica 1991, 19:177-182.
214. Zlotkin E. The insect voltage-gated sodium channel as target of insecticides. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1999, 44:429-455.
215. Zlotkin E., Devonshire A.L., Warmke J.W. The pharmacological flexibility of the insect voltage gated sodium channel: toxicity of AaIT to knockdown resistant (kdr) flies. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1999, 29:849-853.
216. Zlotkin E., Eitan M., Bindokas V.P., Adams M.E., Moyer M., et al. Functional duality and structural uniqueness of depressant insect-selective neurotoxins. Biochemistry 1991, 30(19):4814-4821.
217. Zlotkin E., Fishman L., Shapiro J.P. Oral toxicity to flesh flies of a neurotoxic polypeptide. Arch. Insect. Biochem. Physiol. 1992, 21(1):41-52.
218. Zlotkin E., Fishman Y., Elazar M. AaIT: from neurotoxin to insecticide. Biochimie 2000, 82(9-10):869-881.
219. Zlotkin E., Fraenkel G., Miranda F., Lissitzky S. The effect of scorpion venom on blowfly larvae - a new method for the evaluation of scorpion venoms potency. Toxicon 1971, 9(1):1-8.
220. Zlotkin E., Gordon D. Detection, purification and receptor-binding assays on insect-selective neurotoxins derived from scorpion venom. Neurochemical Techniques in Insect Research 1985, 243-295. Springer, Berlin. H. Breer, T.A. Miller (Eds.).
221. Zlotkin E., Kadouri D., Gordon D., Pelhate M., Martin M.F., et al. An excitatory and a depressant insect toxin from scorpion venom both affect sodium conductance and possess a common binding site. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1985, 240(2):877-887.
222. Zlotkin E., Martinez H., Rochat H., Miranda F. A protein toxic to crustacea from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis. Insect Biochem. 1975, 5:243-250.
223. Zlotkin E., Milman T., Sion G., Werner Y.L. Predatory behaviour of gekkonid lizards, Ptydactylus spp., towards the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus heraeus and their tolerance of its venom. J. Nat. Hist. 2003, 37:641-646.
224. Zlotkin E., Miranda F., Kopeyan C., Lissitzky S. A new toxic protein in the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Toxicon 1971, 9(1):9-13.
225. Zlotkin E., Miranda F., Lissitzky S. A factor toxic to crustacean in the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Toxicon 1972, 10(3):211-216.
226. Zlotkin E., Miranda F., Lissitzky S. Proteins in scorpion venoms toxic to mammals and insects. Toxicon 1972, 10(3):207-209.
227. Zlotkin E., Miranda T., Rochat H. Chemistry and pharmacology of Buthidae scorpion venoms. Arthropod Venoms 1978, vol. 48:317-369. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, NewYork. S. Bettini (Ed.).
228. Zlotkin E., Rochat H., Kopeyan C., Miranda F., Lissitzky S. Purification and properties of the insect toxin from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Biochimie 1971, 53(10):1073-1078.
229. Zlotkin E., Shulov A. A simple device for collecting scorpion venom. Toxicon 1969, 7:331-332.