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A KIE expression of the form in Eq. (10.2) neglects any mass dependence in the prefactor, the contribution of which is usually negligible, except in the case of tunneling [8, 11, 17], as well as assumes that the proton primarily resides in it ground (stretching and bending)vibrational state.
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A KIE expression of the form in Eq. (10.2) neglects any mass dependence in the prefactor, the contribution of which is usually negligible, except in the case of tunneling [8, 11, 17], as well as assumes that the proton primarily resides in it ground (stretching and bending)vibrational state.
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Calculations of KIEs derived from a classical reaction path (e.g. the MEP) in the presence of a solvent or polar environment typically add quantum corrections to that path [22]. Such a reaction path, however, includes classical motion of the proton, especially near the TS, and thus this technique exhibits no difference in quantum corrections between H and D at the TS for a symmetric reaction (DGrxn=0) [22b], in contrast to the present picture. In variational TS theory for gas phase H atom transfer, the TS significantly deviates from the MEP TS and is isotope-dependent [23]. This feature has been calculated for PT in an enzyme, where the KIE has been diminished because the TS position significantly differs between H and D even in a symmetric case [22e].
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Calculations of KIEs derived from a classical reaction path (e.g. the MEP) in the presence of a solvent or polar environment typically add quantum corrections to that path [22]. Such a reaction path, however, includes classical motion of the proton, especially near the TS, and thus this technique exhibits no difference in quantum corrections between H and D at the TS for a symmetric reaction (DGrxn=0) [22b], in contrast to the present picture. In variational TS theory for gas phase H atom transfer, the TS significantly deviates from the MEP TS and is isotope-dependent [23]. This feature has been calculated for PT in an enzyme, where the KIE has been diminished because the TS position significantly differs between H and D even in a symmetric case [22e].
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While these two regimes are distinctly separated, there may exist real systems where different isotopes will be in different regimes. For example, the proton potential barrier at the solvent TS configuration may be small enough such that the proton ground vibration state may be above the barrier, but still large enough such that the deuteron ground vibration state, with a smaller ZPE, may be below the barrier. The present discussion assumes that all isotopes transfer in the same regime.
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While these two regimes are distinctly separated, there may exist real systems where different isotopes will be in different regimes. For example, the proton potential barrier at the solvent TS configuration may be small enough such that the proton ground vibration state may be above the barrier, but still large enough such that the deuteron ground vibration state, with a smaller ZPE, may be below the barrier. The present discussion assumes that all isotopes transfer in the same regime.
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For a perspective on this, we refer the reader to (b). In this connection, see also (c) and (d) concerning the issue of a hydronium ion in the neighborhood of anion produced by PT.
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For a perspective on this, we refer the reader to (b). In this connection, see also (c) and (d) concerning the issue of a hydronium ion in the neighborhood of anion produced by PT.
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N is defined throughout as the free energy difference between reactant and product H-bond complexes, a free energy difference that is rarely experimentally determined. The full connection to experimentally determined quantities is discussed in Ref. 43 of Ref. [4].
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-
-
S is analogous to the electronic diabatic solvent reorganization energy. Even though the reorganization energies and couplings are analogous, the physical picture behind the two reaction types is quite different. The reorganization energy for proton tunneling is the free energy difference associated with a Franck-Condon-like excitation (all nuclear and solvent modes other than the proton mode are held fixed) of the ground diabatic proton vibrational state at the equilibrium reactant solvent position to the ground product diabatic proton vibrational state, followed by relaxation along the solvent coordinate to the equilibrium solvent product position (See Fig. 10.13(d)).
-
S is analogous to the electronic diabatic solvent reorganization energy. Even though the reorganization energies and couplings are analogous, the physical picture behind the two reaction types is quite different. The reorganization energy for proton tunneling is the free energy difference associated with a Franck-Condon-like excitation (all nuclear and solvent modes other than the proton mode are held fixed) of the ground diabatic proton vibrational state at the equilibrium reactant solvent position to the ground product diabatic proton vibrational state, followed by relaxation along the solvent coordinate to the equilibrium solvent product position (See Fig. 10.13(d)).
-
-
-
-
148
-
-
84891305587
-
-
Discussion of the influence of bending on these results can be found in Refs. [4] and [5a]
-
Discussion of the influence of bending on these results can be found in Refs. [4] and [5a].
-
-
-
-
149
-
-
84891291052
-
-
The H-bond vibrational mode is assumed to remain significantly unchanged while the reaction coordinate fluctuates from the 0-0 TS to either the 0-1 or 1-0 TS.
-
The H-bond vibrational mode is assumed to remain significantly unchanged while the reaction coordinate fluctuates from the 0-0 TS to either the 0-1 or 1-0 TS.
-
-
-
-
150
-
-
84891305993
-
-
This is particularly true for H atom transfer reactions because they are weakly coupled to a polar environment, i.e. small reorganization energies (cf. H atom transfer reaction in Ref. [1e]).
-
This is particularly true for H atom transfer reactions because they are weakly coupled to a polar environment, i.e. small reorganization energies (cf. H atom transfer reaction in Ref. [1e]).
-
-
-
-
151
-
-
84891291176
-
-
o are obtained.
-
o are obtained.
-
-
-
-
152
-
-
84891304156
-
-
N and decreased Eg [5].
-
N and decreased Eg [5].
-
-
-
-
156
-
-
84891324372
-
-
Further remarks on the T dependence of the Swain-Schaad ratio can be found in Section 3c of Ref. [5].
-
Further remarks on the T dependence of the Swain-Schaad ratio can be found in Section 3c of Ref. [5].
-
-
-
-
157
-
-
85056424487
-
Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology
-
in, Kohen, A.; Limbach, H.-H. (Eds.), Marcel Decker, Inc., New York, Ch.16
-
E. Pines, in Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology, Kohen, A.; Limbach, H.-H. (Eds.), Marcel Decker, Inc., New York, 2005, Ch.16, pp. 451-464.
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(2005)
, pp. 451-464
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-
Pines, E.1
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158
-
-
84891286849
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-
The observed KIEs [9c, 9e, 63] were measured by changing the solvent from H2O to D2O, and while this change in solvent introduces other possible solvent isotope effects (i.e. viscosity), the rate limiting step in each case has been shown to be a PT step (or a series of PT steps), and thus the measured KIE corresponds to P.
-
The observed KIEs [9c, 9e, 63] were measured by changing the solvent from H2O to D2O, and while this change in solvent introduces other possible solvent isotope effects (i.e. viscosity), the rate limiting step in each case has been shown to be a PT step (or a series of PT steps), and thus the measured KIE corresponds to P.
-
-
-
-
159
-
-
84891343046
-
Ultrafast Reaction Dynamics at Atomic-Scale Resolution Femtochemistry and Femtobiology
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in, Nobel Symposium 101, Villy Sundstrom (Ed.), Imperial College Press, London
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Kim, H. J.; Staib, A.; Hynes, J. T. in Ultrafast Reaction Dynamics at Atomic-Scale Resolution Femtochemistry and Femtobiology, Nobel Symposium 101, Villy Sundstrom (Ed.), Imperial College Press, London, 1998, pp. 510-527.
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Kim, H.J.1
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Peters, K. S; Cashin, A.; Timbers, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 107-113;
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Ultrafast Hydrogen Bonding Dynamics and Proton Transfer Processes in the Condensed Phase
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in, Elsaesser, T.; Bakker, H.J. (Eds.), Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam
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Elsaesser, T. in Ultrafast Hydrogen Bonding Dynamics and Proton Transfer Processes in the Condensed Phase, Elsaesser, T.; Bakker, H.J. (Eds.), Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam, 2002, pp. 119-153.
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Elsaesser, T.1
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