메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 3-4, 2007, Pages 470-477

Development, extinction and reinstatement of morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats

Author keywords

Conditioned place aversion; Extinction; Morphine; Negative reinforcement; Reinstatement; Withdrawal

Indexed keywords

MORPHINE; NALOXONE; OPIATE;

EID: 34547569296     PISSN: 13556215     EISSN: 13691600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00059.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0033956145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent increase in the motivation to take heroin in rats with a history of drug escalation
    • Ahmed SH, Walker JR, Koob GF (2000) Persistent increase in the motivation to take heroin in rats with a history of drug escalation. Neuropsychopharmacology 22: 413 421.
    • (2000) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.22 , pp. 413-421
    • Ahmed, S.H.1    Walker, J.R.2    Koob, G.F.3
  • 2
    • 0242490819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioned place aversion is a highly sensitive index of acute opioid dependence and withdrawal
    • Azar MR, Jones BC, Schulteis G (2003) Conditioned place aversion is a highly sensitive index of acute opioid dependence and withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 170: 42 50.
    • (2003) Psychopharmacology , vol.170 , pp. 42-50
    • Azar, M.R.1    Jones, B.C.2    Schulteis, G.3
  • 3
    • 0037365732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risky business: Emotion, decision-making, and addiction
    • Bechara A (2003) Risky business: emotion, decision-making, and addiction. J Gambl Stud 19: 23 51.
    • (2003) J Gambl Stud , vol.19 , pp. 23-51
    • Bechara, A.1
  • 4
    • 0028894229 scopus 로고
    • Neurobiology of withdrawal motivation: Evidence for two separate aversive effects produced in morphine-naive versus morphine-dependent rats by both naloxone and spontaneous withdrawal
    • Bechara A, Nader K, van der KD (1995) Neurobiology of withdrawal motivation: evidence for two separate aversive effects produced in morphine-naive versus morphine-dependent rats by both naloxone and spontaneous withdrawal. Behav Neurosci 109: 91 105.
    • (1995) Behav Neurosci , vol.109 , pp. 91-105
    • Bechara, A.1    Nader, K.2    Van Der, K.D.3
  • 5
    • 0033695676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction, dopamine, and the molecular mechanisms of memory
    • Berke JD, Hyman SE (2000) Addiction, dopamine, and the molecular mechanisms of memory. Neuron 25: 515 532.
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.25 , pp. 515-532
    • Berke, J.D.1    Hyman, S.E.2
  • 7
    • 0035200913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxiety sensitivity: Relationship to negative affect smoking and smoking cessation in smokers with past major depressive disorder
    • Brown RA, Kahler CW, Zvolensky MJ, Lejuez CW, Ramsey SE (2001) Anxiety sensitivity: relationship to negative affect smoking and smoking cessation in smokers with past major depressive disorder. Addict Behav 26: 887 899.
    • (2001) Addict Behav , vol.26 , pp. 887-899
    • Brown, R.A.1    Kahler, C.W.2    Zvolensky, M.J.3    Lejuez, C.W.4    Ramsey, S.E.5
  • 8
    • 0141988769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission do not alter somatic or motivational opiate withdrawal-induced symptoms in rats
    • Caille S, Rodriguez-Arias M, Minarro J, Espejo EF, Cador M, Stinus L (2003) Changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission do not alter somatic or motivational opiate withdrawal-induced symptoms in rats. Behav Neurosci 117: 995 1005.
    • (2003) Behav Neurosci , vol.117 , pp. 995-1005
    • Caille, S.1    Rodriguez-Arias, M.2    Minarro, J.3    Espejo, E.F.4    Cador, M.5    Stinus, L.6
  • 9
    • 0036900019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivational responses to natural and drug rewards in rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions: An animal model of dual diagnosis schizophrenia
    • Chambers RA, Self DW (2002) Motivational responses to natural and drug rewards in rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions: an animal model of dual diagnosis schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 27: 889 905.
    • (2002) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.27 , pp. 889-905
    • Chambers, R.A.1    Self, D.W.2
  • 10
    • 0029817601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine reinstatement of nicotine self-administration after long-term extinction
    • Chiamulera C, Borgo C, Falchetto S, Valerio E, Tessari M (1996) Nicotine reinstatement of nicotine self-administration after long-term extinction. Psychopharmacology 127: 102 107.
    • (1996) Psychopharmacology , vol.127 , pp. 102-107
    • Chiamulera, C.1    Borgo, C.2    Falchetto, S.3    Valerio, E.4    Tessari, M.5
  • 11
    • 0036742770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision-making deficits in drug addiction
    • Clark L, Robbins T (2002) Decision-making deficits in drug addiction. Trends Cogn Sci 6: 361.
    • (2002) Trends Cogn Sci , vol.6 , pp. 361
    • Clark, L.1    Robbins, T.2
  • 12
    • 0037273172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the amygdala in fear extinction measured with potentiated startle
    • Davis M, Walker DL, Myers KM (2003) Role of the amygdala in fear extinction measured with potentiated startle. Ann N Y Acad Sci 985: 218 232.
    • (2003) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.985 , pp. 218-232
    • Davis, M.1    Walker, D.L.2    Myers, K.M.3
  • 13
    • 0027983993 scopus 로고
    • Effects of chronic cocaine treatment on rat brain: Long-term reduction in frontal cortical serotonin
    • Egan MF, Wing L, Li R, Kirch DG, Wyatt RJ (1994) Effects of chronic cocaine treatment on rat brain: long-term reduction in frontal cortical serotonin. Biol Psychiatry 36: 637 640.
    • (1994) Biol Psychiatry , vol.36 , pp. 637-640
    • Egan, M.F.1    Wing, L.2    Li, R.3    Kirch, D.G.4    Wyatt, R.J.5
  • 15
    • 0035204459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opiate withdrawal-induced fos immunoreactivity in the rat extended amygdala parallels the development of conditioned place aversion
    • Gracy KN, Dankiewicz LA, Koob GF (2001) Opiate withdrawal-induced fos immunoreactivity in the rat extended amygdala parallels the development of conditioned place aversion. Neuropsychopharmacology 24: 152 160.
    • (2001) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.24 , pp. 152-160
    • Gracy, K.N.1    Dankiewicz, L.A.2    Koob, G.F.3
  • 16
    • 0023796363 scopus 로고
    • Aversive properties of opiate receptor blockade: Evidence for exclusively central mediation in naive and morphine-dependent rats
    • Hand TH, Koob GF, Stinus L, Le Moal M (1988) Aversive properties of opiate receptor blockade: evidence for exclusively central mediation in naive and morphine-dependent rats. Brain Res 474: 364 368.
    • (1988) Brain Res , vol.474 , pp. 364-368
    • Hand, T.H.1    Koob, G.F.2    Stinus, L.3    Le Moal, M.4
  • 17
    • 0028860024 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of corticotropin-releasing factor in the amygdala attenuates aversive consequences of morphine withdrawal
    • Heinrichs SC, Menzaghi R, Schulteis G, Koob GF, Stinus L (1995) Suppression of corticotropin-releasing factor in the amygdala attenuates aversive consequences of morphine withdrawal. Behav Pharmacol 6: 74 80.
    • (1995) Behav Pharmacol , vol.6 , pp. 74-80
    • Heinrichs, S.C.1    Menzaghi, R.2    Schulteis, G.3    Koob, G.F.4    Stinus, L.5
  • 18
    • 0026557989 scopus 로고
    • The NMD a antagonist dizocilpine (MK801) attenuates motivational as well as somatic aspects of naloxone precipitated opioid withdrawal
    • Higgins GA, Nguyen P, Sellers EM (1992) The NMD A antagonist dizocilpine (MK801) attenuates motivational as well as somatic aspects of naloxone precipitated opioid withdrawal. Life Sci 50: L167 L172.
    • (1992) Life Sci , vol.50
    • Higgins, G.A.1    Nguyen, P.2    Sellers, E.M.3
  • 19
    • 23344453715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction: A disease of learning and memory
    • Hyman SE (2005) Addiction: a disease of learning and memory. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1414 1422.
    • (2005) Am J Psychiatry , vol.162 , pp. 1414-1422
    • Hyman, S.E.1
  • 20
    • 0035489031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence
    • Hyman SE, Malenka RC (2001) Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nat Rev Neurosci 2: 695 703.
    • (2001) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 695-703
    • Hyman, S.E.1    Malenka, R.C.2
  • 21
    • 17344384032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI study
    • LaBar KS, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (1998) Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron 20: 937 945.
    • (1998) Neuron , vol.20 , pp. 937-945
    • Labar, K.S.1    Gatenby, J.C.2    Gore, J.C.3    Ledoux, J.E.4    Phelps, E.A.5
  • 22
    • 0036467269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivational state determines the functional role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in the mediation of opiate reward processes
    • Laviolette SR, Nader K, van der KD (2002) Motivational state determines the functional role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in the mediation of opiate reward processes. Behav Brain Res 129: 17 29.
    • (2002) Behav Brain Res , vol.129 , pp. 17-29
    • Laviolette, S.R.1    Nader, K.2    Van Der, K.D.3
  • 23
    • 0024989879 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol: Mechanisms of addiction and reinforcement
    • Lewis MJ (1990) Alcohol: mechanisms of addiction and reinforcement. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 9: 47 66.
    • (1990) Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse , vol.9 , pp. 47-66
    • Lewis, M.J.1
  • 24
    • 20444406858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioned place preference associates with the mRNA expression of diazepam binding inhibitor in brain regions of the addicted rat during withdrawal
    • Liu X, Li Y, Zhou L, Chen H, Su Z, Hao W (2005) Conditioned place preference associates with the mRNA expression of diazepam binding inhibitor in brain regions of the addicted rat during withdrawal. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 137: 47 54.
    • (2005) Brain Res Mol Brain Res , vol.137 , pp. 47-54
    • Liu, X.1    Li, Y.2    Zhou, L.3    Chen, H.4    Su, Z.5    Hao, W.6
  • 25
    • 0034601448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type I mediates stress-induced relapse to opiate dependence in rats
    • Lu L, Ceng X, Huang M (2000) Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type I mediates stress-induced relapse to opiate dependence in rats. Neuroreport 11: 2373 2378.
    • (2000) Neuroreport , vol.11 , pp. 2373-2378
    • Lu, L.1    Ceng, X.2    Huang, M.3
  • 26
    • 0036838507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactivation of cocaine conditioned place preference induced by stress is reversed by cholecystokinin-B receptors antagonist in rats
    • Lu L, Zhang B, Liu Z, Zhang Z (2002) Reactivation of cocaine conditioned place preference induced by stress is reversed by cholecystokinin-B receptors antagonist in rats. Brain Res 954: 132 140.
    • (2002) Brain Res , vol.954 , pp. 132-140
    • Lu, L.1    Zhang, B.2    Liu, Z.3    Zhang, Z.4
  • 27
    • 0141459260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an implicit mood prime on the accessibility of smoking expectancies in college women
    • McKee SA, Wall AM, Hinson RE, Goldstein A, Bissonnette M (2003) Effects of an implicit mood prime on the accessibility of smoking expectancies in college women. Psychol Addict Behav 17: 219 225.
    • (2003) Psychol Addict Behav , vol.17 , pp. 219-225
    • McKee, S.A.1    Wall, A.M.2    Hinson, R.E.3    Goldstein, A.4    Bissonnette, M.5
  • 28
    • 0026773463 scopus 로고
    • Role of different brain structures in the expression of the physical morphine withdrawal syndrome
    • Maldonado R, Stinus L, Gold LH, Koob GF (1992) Role of different brain structures in the expression of the physical morphine withdrawal syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261: 669 677.
    • (1992) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.261 , pp. 669-677
    • Maldonado, R.1    Stinus, L.2    Gold, L.H.3    Koob, G.F.4
  • 29
    • 0023231649 scopus 로고
    • Is the motivational effect of opiate withdrawal reflected by common somatic indices of precipitated withdrawal? a place conditioning study in the rat
    • Mucha RF (1987) Is the motivational effect of opiate withdrawal reflected by common somatic indices of precipitated withdrawal? A place conditioning study in the rat. Brain Res 418: 214 220.
    • (1987) Brain Res , vol.418 , pp. 214-220
    • Mucha, R.F.1
  • 30
    • 0021876216 scopus 로고
    • Motivational properties of kappa and mu opioid receptor agonists studied with place and taste preference conditioning
    • Mucha RF, Herz A (1985) Motivational properties of kappa and mu opioid receptor agonists studied with place and taste preference conditioning. Psychopharmacology 86: 274 280.
    • (1985) Psychopharmacology , vol.86 , pp. 274-280
    • Mucha, R.F.1    Herz, A.2
  • 31
    • 0033833773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference: Reinstatement by priming injections of cocaine after extinction
    • Mueller D, Stewart J (2000) Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference: reinstatement by priming injections of cocaine after extinction. Behav Brain Res 115: 39 47.
    • (2000) Behav Brain Res , vol.115 , pp. 39-47
    • Mueller, D.1    Stewart, J.2
  • 32
    • 0037079060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and neural analysis of extinction
    • Myers KM, Davis M (2002) Behavioral and neural analysis of extinction. Neuron 36: 567 584.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.36 , pp. 567-584
    • Myers, K.M.1    Davis, M.2
  • 33
    • 0033921271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reinstatement of both a conditioned place preference and a conditioned place aversion with drug primes
    • Parker LA, Mcdonald RV (2000) Reinstatement of both a conditioned place preference and a conditioned place aversion with drug primes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 66: 559 561.
    • (2000) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.66 , pp. 559-561
    • Parker, L.A.1    McDonald, R.V.2
  • 35
    • 0027305458 scopus 로고
    • The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
    • Robinson TE, Berridge KC (1993) The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 18: 247 291.
    • (1993) Brain Res Brain Res Rev , vol.18 , pp. 247-291
    • Robinson, T.E.1    Berridge, K.C.2
  • 36
    • 0033842872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: An incentive-sensitization view
    • Robinson TE, Berridge KC (2000) The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. Addiction 95 (Suppl. 2 S91 S117.
    • (2000) Addiction , vol.95 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Robinson, T.E.1    Berridge, K.C.2
  • 37
    • 0035139761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentive-sensitization and addiction
    • Robinson TE, Berridge KC (2001) Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction 96: 103 114.
    • (2001) Addiction , vol.96 , pp. 103-114
    • Robinson, T.E.1    Berridge, K.C.2
  • 40
    • 33750686609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: An overview
    • Sanchis-Segura C, Spanagel R (2006) Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: an overview. Addict Biol 11: 2 38.
    • (2006) Addict Biol , vol.11 , pp. 2-38
    • Sanchis-Segura, C.1    Spanagel, R.2
  • 41
    • 0035890145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consolidation of extinction learning involves transfer from NMDA-independent to NMDA-dependent memory
    • Santini E, Muller RU, Quirk GJ (2001) Consolidation of extinction learning involves transfer from NMDA-independent to NMDA-dependent memory. J Neurosci 21: 9009 9017.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 9009-9017
    • Santini, E.1    Muller, R.U.2    Quirk, G.J.3
  • 42
    • 0031759069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continued trends in the conditioned place preference literature from 1992 to 1996, inclusive, with a cross-indexed bibliography
    • Schechter MD, Calcagnetti DJ (1998) Continued trends in the conditioned place preference literature from 1992 to 1996, inclusive, with a cross-indexed bibliography. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22: 827 846.
    • (1998) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.22 , pp. 827-846
    • Schechter, M.D.1    Calcagnetti, D.J.2
  • 43
    • 0028277970 scopus 로고
    • Reinstatement of heroin-reinforced behavior following long-term extinction: Implications for the treatment of relapse to drug taking
    • Shaham Y, Rodaros D, Stewart J (1994) Reinstatement of heroin-reinforced behavior following long-term extinction: implications for the treatment of relapse to drug taking. Behav Pharmacol 5: 360 364.
    • (1994) Behav Pharmacol , vol.5 , pp. 360-364
    • Shaham, Y.1    Rodaros, D.2    Stewart, J.3
  • 44
    • 0038786581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reinstatement model of drug relapse: History, methodology and major findings
    • Shaham Y, Shalev U, Lu L, De Wit H, Stewart J (2003) The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings. Psychopharmacology 168: 3 20.
    • (2003) Psychopharmacology , vol.168 , pp. 3-20
    • Shaham, Y.1    Shalev, U.2    Lu, L.3    De Wit, H.4    Stewart, J.5
  • 45
    • 0036194738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: A review
    • Shalev U, Grimm JW, Shaham Y (2002) Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review. Pharmacol Rev 54: 1 42.
    • (2002) Pharmacol Rev , vol.54 , pp. 1-42
    • Shalev, U.1    Grimm, J.W.2    Shaham, Y.3
  • 47
    • 11144275200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buprenorphine and a CRF1 antagonist block the acquisition of opiate withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats
    • Stinus L, Cador M, Zorrilla EP, Koob GF (2005) Buprenorphine and a CRF1 antagonist block the acquisition of opiate withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 30: 90 98.
    • (2005) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.30 , pp. 90-98
    • Stinus, L.1    Cador, M.2    Zorrilla, E.P.3    Koob, G.F.4
  • 48
    • 0034088863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opiate withdrawal-induced place aversion lasts for up to 16 weeks
    • Stinus L, Caille S, Koob GF (2000) Opiate withdrawal-induced place aversion lasts for up to 16 weeks. Psychopharmacology 149: 115 120.
    • (2000) Psychopharmacology , vol.149 , pp. 115-120
    • Stinus, L.1    Caille, S.2    Koob, G.F.3
  • 49
    • 0025063449 scopus 로고
    • Nucleus accumbens and amygdala are possible substrates for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal
    • Stinus L, Le Moal M, Koob GF (1990) Nucleus accumbens and amygdala are possible substrates for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal. Neuroscience 37: 767 773.
    • (1990) Neuroscience , vol.37 , pp. 767-773
    • Stinus, L.1    Le Moal, M.2    Koob, G.F.3
  • 50
    • 0026144263 scopus 로고
    • Blocking between occasion setters and contextual stimuli
    • Swartzentruber D (1991) Blocking between occasion setters and contextual stimuli. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 17: 163 173.
    • (1991) J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process , vol.17 , pp. 163-173
    • Swartzentruber, D.1
  • 51
    • 0032436807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: A comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress and new issues
    • Tzschentke TM (1998) Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: a comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress and new issues. Prog Neurobiol 56: 613 672.
    • (1998) Prog Neurobiol , vol.56 , pp. 613-672
    • Tzschentke, T.M.1
  • 52
    • 0030461745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein kinases in the rat nucleus accumbens are involved in the aversive component of opiate withdrawal
    • Valverde O, Tzavara E, Hanoune J, Roques BP, Maldonado R (1996) Protein kinases in the rat nucleus accumbens are involved in the aversive component of opiate withdrawal. Eur J Neurosci 8: 2671 2678.
    • (1996) Eur J Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 2671-2678
    • Valverde, O.1    Tzavara, E.2    Hanoune, J.3    Roques, B.P.4    Maldonado, R.5
  • 54
    • 0034698953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress or drug priming induces reinstatement of extinguished conditioned place preference
    • Wang B, Luo F, Zhang WT, Han JS (2000) Stress or drug priming induces reinstatement of extinguished conditioned place preference. Neuroreport 11: 2781 2784.
    • (2000) Neuroreport , vol.11 , pp. 2781-2784
    • Wang, B.1    Luo, F.2    Zhang, W.T.3    Han, J.S.4
  • 55
    • 0035985275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of glutamate receptors within the central nucleus of the amygdala in naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats
    • Watanabe T, Nakagawa T, Yamamoto R, Maeda A, Minami M, Satoh M (2002) Involvement of glutamate receptors within the central nucleus of the amygdala in naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 88: 399 406.
    • (2002) Jpn J Pharmacol , vol.88 , pp. 399-406
    • Watanabe, T.1    Nakagawa, T.2    Yamamoto, R.3    Maeda, A.4    Minami, M.5    Satoh, M.6
  • 56
    • 22044457008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naltrexone-induced conditioned place aversion following a single dose of morphine in the rat
    • White DA, Hwang ML, Holtzman SG (2005) Naltrexone-induced conditioned place aversion following a single dose of morphine in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81: 451 458.
    • (2005) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.81 , pp. 451-458
    • White, D.A.1    Hwang, M.L.2    Holtzman, S.G.3
  • 57
    • 0026423765 scopus 로고
    • Negative reinforcement
    • Wilson WJ (1991) Negative reinforcement. Science 254: 1566 1567.
    • (1991) Science , vol.254 , pp. 1566-1567
    • Wilson, W.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.