Racial ideological beliefs and racial discrimination experiences as predictors of academic engagement among African American adolescents

Journal of Black Psychology

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 299-330

  Smalls, Ciara ^a   White, Rhonda ^a   Chavous, Tabbye ^a   Sellers, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Academic engagement; Adolescents; Discrimination; Racial attitudes; Racial identity

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547310604     PISSN: 00957984     EISSN: 15524558     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095798407302541     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Aiken, L.S., West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Altschul, I., Oyserman, D., Bybee, D. (2006). Racial-ethnic identity in mid-adolescence: Content and change as predictors of academic achievement. Child Development, 77 (5). 1155-1169.
3. Aronson, J. (2002). Stereotype threat: Contending and coping with unnerving expectations. In J. Aronson (Ed.), Improving academic achievement: Impact of psychological factors on education, (pp. 279-301). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
4. Aronson, J., Inzlicht, M. (2004). The ups and downs of attributional ambiguity: Stereotype vulnerability and the academic self-knowledge of African American college students. Psychological Science, 15 (12). 829-836.
5. Arroyo, C.G., Zigler, E. (1995). Racial identity, academic achievement, and the psychological well-being of economically disadvantaged adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69 (5). 903-914.
6. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
7. Branscombe, N., Schmitt, M., Harvey, R. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77 (1). 135-150.
8. Brody, G., Chen, Y., Murry, V., Simons, R., Ge, X., Gibbons, F., et al. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderating effects. Child Development, 77 (5). 1170-1189.
9. Brown, C., Bigler, R. (2005). Children's perceptions of discrimination: A developmental model. Child Development, 76 (3). 533-553.
10. Caldwell, C.H., Kohn-Wood, L.P., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Chavous, T.M., Zimmerman, M. (2004). Racial discrimination and racial identity as risk or protective factors for violent behaviors in African American young adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 91-105.
11. Carter, P. (2006). Intersecting identities: Acting White, gender, and academic achievement. In E. M. Horvat C. O'Connor (Eds.), Beyond acting White: Reframing the debate on Black student achievement (pp. 111-132). Lanham, MD: Rowan Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
12. Chavous, T.M., Bernat, D.H., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Caldwell, C.H., Kohn-Wood, L., Zimmerman, M.A. (2003). Racial identity and academic attainment among African American adolescents. Child Development, 74 (4). 1076-1090.
13. Chavous, T., Branch, L., Cogburn, C., Griffin, T., Maddox, J., Sellers, R.M. (in press). Achievement motivation among African American college students at predominantly White institutions: Risk and protective processes related to group identity and contextual experiences. In F. Salili R. Hoosain (Eds.), Culture, motivation and learning: A multicultural perspective. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
14. Chavous, T.M., Rivas, D., Smalls, C., Griffin, T., Cogburn, C. (2007). Gender matters: An examination of school-based racial discrimination experiences and racial identity as predictors of academic adjustment among African American adolescents. Manuscript submitted for publication.
15. Cohen, J., Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analyses for the behavioral sciences (2 nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
16. Connell, J.P., Spencer, M.B., Aber, J.L. (1994). Educational risk and resilience in African-American youth: Context, self, action, and outcomes in school. Child Development, 65 (2). 493-506.
17. Crocker, J., Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96 (4). 608-630.
18. Cross, W.E., Parham, T.A., Helms, J.E. (1998). Nigrescence revisited: Theory and Research. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), African American identity development: Theory, research, and intervention. Hampton, VA: Cobb Henry.
19. Cross, W.E., Strauss, L., Fhagen-Smith, P. (1999). African American identity development across the life span: Educational implications. In Hernandez Sheets Hollins (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity in school practices: Aspects of human development (pp. 29-48). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Davidson, A. (1996). Making and molding identity in schools: Student narratives on race, gender, and academic engagement. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
21. Davis, C., Aronson, J., Salinas, M. (2006). Shades of threat: Racial identity as a moderator of stereotype threat. Journal of Black Psychology, 32 (4). 399-417.
22. Delpit, L. (1995). Other people's children: Cultural conflict in the classroom. New York: New Press.
23. Demo, D.H., Hughes, M. (1990). Socialization and racial identity among Black Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53 (4). 364-374.
24. Demo, D.H., Parker, K.D. (1987). Academic achievement and self-esteem among African American and White college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 127 (4). 345-355.
25. Dubois, D., Burk-Braxton, C., Swenson, L., Tevendale, H., Hardesty, J. (2002). Race and gender influences on adjustment in early adolescence: Investigation of an integrative model. Child Development, 73 (5). 1573-1592.
26. Finn, J.D., Rock, D.A. (1997). Academic success among students at risk for school failure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 221-234.
27. Fisher, C., Wallace, S., Fenton, R. (2000). Discrimination distress during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 679-695.
28. Ford, D., Harris, J. (1996). Perceptions and attitudes of Black students toward school, achievement, and other educational variables. Child Development, 67 (3). 1141-1152.
29. Ford, D., Harris, J. (1997). A study of racial identity and achievement of Black males and females. Roeper Review, 20 (2). 1-11.
30. Fordham, S. (1988). Racelessness as a factor in Black students' school success: Pragmatic strategy or pyrrhic victory ? Harvard Educational Review, 58 (1). 54-84.
31. Fordham, S., Ogbu, J. (1986). Black students' school success: Coping with the burden of acting White. Urban Review, 18 (3). 176-206.
32. Garcia, T., Pintrich, P.R. (1994). Regulating motivation and cognition in the classroom: The role of self-schemas and self-regulatory strategies. In D. Schunk B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulation of learning and performance (pp. 127-154). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
33. Garcia Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., Pipes McAdoo, H., Crnic, K., Hanna Wasik, B., et al. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67 (5). 1891-1914.
34. Graham, S. (1994). Motivation in African Americans. Review of Educational Research, 64, 55-117.
35. Greene, M.L., Way, N., Pahl, K. (2006). Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates. Developmental Psychology, 42 (2). 218-238.
36. Harrell, S. (1997). The Racism and Life Experience Scales (RaLES). Unpublished manuscript.
37. Hoyt, K.B. (1989). The career status of women and minority persons: A 20-year retrospective. Career Development Quarterly, 37, 202-212.
38. Kaufaman, P., Alt, M.N., Chapman, C.D. (2001). Dropout rates in the United States: 2000 (NCES 2002-114). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics.
39. Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). But that's just good teaching: The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 34 (3). 159-165.
40. Majors, B., Schmader, T. (1998). Coping with stigma through psychological disengagement. In J. K. Swim S. Charles (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 219-241). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
41. Markus, H., Steele, C., Steele, D. (2000). Colorblindness as a barrier to inclusion: Assimilation and nonimmigrant minorities. Daedelus, 129 (4). 233-263.
42. McAllister, G., Irvine, J. (2000). Cultural competency and multicultural teacher education. Review of Educational Research, 70 (1). 3-24.
43. Mendoza-Denton, R., Downey, G., Purdie, V.J., Davis, A., Pietrzak, J. (2002). Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African American student experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (4). 896-918.
44. Mickelson, R.A. (1990). The attitude-achievement paradox among Black adolescents. Sociology of Education, 63 (1). 44-61.
45. Neblett, E.W., Shelton, J.N., Sellers, R.M. (2004). The role of racial identity in managing daily racial hassles. In G. Philogene (Ed.), Racial identity in context: The legacy of Kenneth Clark (pp. 77-90). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
46. O'Connor, C. (1999). Race, class, and gender in America: Narrative of opportunity among low-income African American youths. Sociology of Education, 72 (3). 137-157.
47. O'Connor, C., Horvat, E., Lewis, A. (2006). Framing the field: Past and future research on the historic underachievement of Black students. In E. M. Horvat C. O'Connor (Eds.), Beyond acting White: Reframing the debate on Black student achievement (pp. 1-24). Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
48. Osborne, J.W. (1997). Race and academic disidentification. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89 (4). 728-735.
49. Oyserman, D., Gant, L., Ager, J. (1995). A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69 (6). 1216-1232.
50. Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543 578.
51. Pajares, F., Schunk, D.H. (2005). Self-efficacy and self-concept beliefs: Jointly contributing to the quality of human life. In H. Marsh, R. Craven, D. McInerney (Eds.), International advances in self research (Vol. 2, pp. 95 121). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
52. Perry, T. (1993). Toward a theory of African American school achievement (Report No.16). Baltimore: Center on Families, Communities, Schools and Children's Learning.
53. Phinney, J. (1989). Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 34-49.
54. Phinney, J.S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 18 (3). 499-514.
55. Pintrich, P., Roeser, R., De Groot, E. (1994). Classroom and individual differences in early adolescents' motivation and self-regulated learning. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14 (2). 139-61.
56. Powell, C.L., Arriola, K.R.J. (2003). Relationship between psychosocial factors and academic achievement among African American students. The Journal of Educational Research, 96, 175-181.
57. Rivas, D., Chavous, T. (in press). Understanding achievement motivation within the context of racial stratification: Racial identity and academic adjustment among African American adolescents In F. Salili R. Hoosain (Eds.), Culture, motivation and learning: A multicultural perspective. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
58. Rogosa, D. (1980). Comparing non-parallel regression lines. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 307-321.
59. Romero, A.J., Roberts, R.E. (1998). Perception of discrimination and ethnocultural variables in a diverse group of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 21 (6). 641-656.
60. Rosenbloom, S.R., Way, N. (2004). Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino Adolescents in an urban high school. Youth Society, 35 (4). 420-451.
61. Rousseau, C., Tate, W. (2003). No time like the present: Reflecting on equity in school mathematics. Theory into Practice, 42 (3). 210-216.
62. Rowley, S.J., Chavous, T.M., Cooke, D.Y. (2003). A person-centered approach to African-American gender differences in racial ideology. Self and Identity, 2, 287-306.
63. Ryan, A.M. (2001). The peer group as a context for the development of young adolescent achievement motivation. Child Development, 72, 1135-1150.
64. Sanders, M. (1998). The effects of school, family, and community support on the academic achievement of African American adolescents. Urban Education, 33 (3). 385-410.
65. Sanders Thompson, V.L. (1995). The multidimensional structure of racial identification. Journal of Research in Personality, 29 (2). 208-222.
66. Saunders, J., Davis, L., Williams, T., Williams, J. (2004). Gender differences in self-perceptions and academic outcomes: A study of African American high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33 (1). 81-90.
67. Scottham, K.M., Sellers, R.M., Nguyn, H.X. (2007). The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity-Teen: A new measure for use with African American adolescents. Manuscript submitted for publication.
68. Seaton, E.K. (2005). Perceived racial discrimination and racial identity profiles among African American adolescents. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
69. Sellers, R.M., Caldwell, C.H., Schmeelk-Cone, K.H. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health Social Behavior, 44 (3). 302-317.
70. Sellers, R.M., Chavous, T.M., Cooke, D.Y. (1998). Racial ideology and racial centrality as predictors of African American college students' academic performance. Journal of Black Psychology, 24 (1). 8-27.
71. Sellers, R., Copeland-Linder, N., Martin, P.P., Lewis, R.L. (2006). Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16 (2). 187-216.
72. Sellers, R.M., Rowley, S., Chavous, T.M., Shelton, J.N., Smith, M.A. (1997). The multidimensional inventory of Black identity: Construct validity and reliability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 (4). 805-815.
73. Sellers, R.M., Shelton, J.N. (2003). Racial identity, discrimination, and mental health among African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 (5). 1079-1092.
74. Sellers, R.M., Shelton, J.N., Cooke, D., Chavous, T.M., Rowley, S., Smith, M. (1998). A multidimensional model of racial identity: Assumptions, findings, and future directions. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), African American identity development: Theory, research, intervention. Hampton, VA: Cobb Henry.
75. Sellers, R.M., Smith, M.A., Shelton, J.N., Rowley, S.A.J., Chavous, T.M. (1998). Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2 (1). 18-39.
76. Skinner, E.A., Belmont, M.J. (1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85 (4). 571-581.
77. Spencer, M.B. (1999). Social and cultural influences on school adjustment: The application of an identity-focused cultural ecological perspective. Educational Psychologist, 34 (1). 43-58.
78. Spencer, M.B., Cunningham, M., Swanson, D.P. (1995). Identity as coping: Adolescent African American males' adaptive responses to high risk environments. In H. W. Harris, H. C. Blue, E. H. Griffith (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity (pp. 31-52). New York: Routledge.
79. Spencer, M.B., Dupree, D., Hartmann, T. (1997). A Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST): A self-organization perspective in context. Development and Psychopathology, 9 (4). 817-833.
80. Spencer, M.B., Noll, E., Stoltzfus, J. (2001). Identity and school adjustment: Revisiting the acting White assumption. Educational Psychologist, 36 (1). 21-30.
81. Steele, C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52 (6). 613-629.
82. Steele, C.M., Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69 (5). 797-811.
83. Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S.M., Brown, B.B. (1992). Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement: An ecological perspective. American Psychologist, 47 (6). 723-729.
84. Stevenson, H. (1995). Relationship of adolescent perceptions of racial socialization to racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 21 (1). 49-70.
85. Taylor, R.D., Castern, R., Flickinger, S.M., Roberts, D., Fulmore, C.D. (1994). Explaining the school performance of African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4 (1). 21-44.
86. Thomas, D., Townsend, T., Belgrave, F.Z. (2003). The influence of cultural and racial identification on the psychosocial adjustment of inner-city African American children in school. American Journal of Community Psychology, 32 (3 / 4). 217-228.
87. Tyson, K. (2006). The making of a burden: Tracing the development of a burden of acting White in schools. In In E. M. Horvat C. O'Connor (Eds.), Beyond acting White: Reframing the debate on Black student achievement (pp. 57-88). Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
88. Ward, J.V. (1990). Racial identity formation and transformation. In C. Gilligan, N. D. Lyons, T. J. Hanmer (Eds.), Making connections: The relational worlds and adolescent girls at Emma Willard School. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
89. Ward, J.V., Simmons, C. (1990). Racial identity formation and transformation. In C. Gilligan, N. Lyons, T. J. Hanmer (Eds.), Making connections: The relational worlds of adolescent girls at Emma Willard School (pp. 215-232). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
90. Wong, C.A., Eccles, J.S., Sameroff, A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents' school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71 (6). 1197-1232.
91. Zimmerman, M.A., Bingenheimer, J.B., Notaro, P.C. (2002). Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: a study with urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30 (2). 221-243.
92. Zirkel, S. (2006, June). The paradox of White teachers and African American middle school students' racial identity. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Long Beach.