Osteoclast differentiation and gene regulation

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 12, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 2519-2529

  Zhao, Qingxiao ^a   Shao, Jianzhong ^a   Chen, Wei ^b,c   Li, Yi Ping ^a,b,c  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b FORSYTH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c HARVARD SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

AP 1; C fos; C Jun; Mcsf; Mitf; NF B; NFATc1; Osteoclast; Osteoporosis; PU.1; RANKL signaling; Review

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

CYTOKINE; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ANIMAL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL LINEAGE; CYTOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; METABOLISM; OSTEOCLAST; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL LINEAGE; CYTOKINES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; OSTEOCLASTS; RANK LIGAND; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 34447538519     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/2252     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. J. Rubin, C. Rubin & C. R. Jacobs: Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone. Gene 367, 1-16 (2006) (Pubitemid 43286736)
2. Y. P. Li, W. Chen & P. Stashenko: Molecular cloning and characterization of a putative novel human osteoclastspecific 116-kDa vacuolar proton pump subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 218, 813-21 (1996) (Pubitemid 26050746)
3. Y. P. Li, W. Chen, Y. Liang, E. Li & P. Stashenko: Atp6i-deficient mice exhibit severe osteopetrosis due to loss of osteoclast-mediated extracellular acidification. Nat Genet 23, 447-51 (1999)
4. Y. P. Li, M. Alexander, A. L. Wucherpfennig, P. Yelick, W. Chen & P. Stashenko: Cloning and complete coding sequence of a novel human cathepsin expressed in giant cells of osteoclastomas. J Bone Miner Res 10, 1197-202 (1995)
5. K. Tezuka, Y. Tezuka, A. Maejima, T. Sato, K. Nemoto, H. Kamioka, Y. Hakeda & M. Kumegawa: Molecular cloning of a possible cysteine proteinase predominantly expressed in osteoclasts. J Biol Chem 269, 1106-9 (1994) (Pubitemid 24032492)
6. D. Bromme & K. Okamoto: Human cathepsin O2, a novel cysteine protease highly expressed in osteoclastomas and ovary molecular cloning, sequencing and tissue distribution. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 376, 379-84 (1995)
7. T. Inaoka, G. Bilbe, O. Ishibashi, K. Tezuka, M. Kumegawa & T. Kokubo: Molecular cloning of human cDNA for cathepsin K: novel cysteine proteinase predominantly expressed in bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 206, 89-96 (1995)
8. G. P. Shi, H. A. Chapman, S. M. Bhairi, C. DeLeeuw, V. Y. Reddy & S. J. Weiss: Molecular cloning of human cathepsin O, a novel endoproteinase and homologue of rabbit OC2. FEBS Lett 357, 129-34 (1995)
9. A. R. Singh, A. Kaur, N. K. Anand & J. R. Singh: Pyknodysostosis: visceral manifestations and simian crease. Indian J Pediatr 71, 453-5 (2004) (Pubitemid 38788829)
10. M. R. Johnson, M. H. Polymeropoulos, H. L. Vos, R. I. Ortiz de Luna & C. A. Francomano: A nonsense mutation in the cathepsin K gene observed in a family with pycnodysostosis. Genome Res 6, 1050-5 (1996) (Pubitemid 26413616)
11. B. D. Gelb, G. P. Shi, H. A. Chapman & R. J. Desnick: Pycnodysostosis, a lysosomal disease caused by cathepsin K deficiency. Science 273, 1236-8 (1996)
12. P. Soriano, C. Montgomery, R. Geske & A. Bradley: Targeted disruption of the c-src proto-oncogene leads to osteopetrosis in mice. Cell 64, 693-702 (1991) (Pubitemid 121001157)
13. P. F. Coccia, W. Krivit, J. Cervenka, C. Clawson, J. H. Kersey, T. H. Kim, M. E. Nesbit, N. K. Ramsay, P. I. Warkentin, S. L. Teitelbaum, A. J. Kahn & D. M. Brown: Successful bone-marrow transplantation for infantile malignant osteopetrosis. N Engl J Med 302, 701-8 (1980) (Pubitemid 10132096)
14. R. Baron, L. Neff, P. Tran Van, J. R. Nefussi & A. Vignery: Kinetic and cytochemical identification of osteoclast precursors and their differentiation into multinucleated osteoclasts. Am J Pathol 122, 363-78 (1986) (Pubitemid 16121700)
15. G. B. Schneider & M. Relfson: A bone marrow fraction enriched for granulocyte-macrophage progenitors gives rise to osteoclasts in vitro. Bone 9, 303-8 (1988) (Pubitemid 18262778)
16. N. Kurihara: The origin of osteoclasts. Bull Kanagawa Dent Coll 18, 161-4 (1990)
17. N. Udagawa, N. Takahashi, T. Akatsu, H. Tanaka, T. Sasaki, T. Nishihara, T. Koga, T. J. Martin & T. Suda: Origin of osteoclasts: mature monocytes and macrophages are capable of differentiating into osteoclasts under a suitable microenvironment prepared by bone marrowderived stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, 7260-4 (1990)
18. C. E. Hagenaars, A. A. van der Kraan, E. W. Kawilarang-de Haas, J. W. Visser & P. J. Nijweide: Osteoclast formation from cloned pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. Bone Miner 6, 179-89 (1989) (Pubitemid 19138569)
19. E. H. Burger, J. W. van der Meer & P. J. Nijweide: Osteoclast formation from mononuclear phagocytes: role of bone-forming cells. J Cell Biol 99, 1901-6 (1984) (Pubitemid 15181850)
20. T. Suda, N. Takahashi & T. J. Martin: Modulation of osteoclast differentiation. Endocr Rev 13, 66-80 (1992)
21. T. Suda, N. Takahashi & E. Abe: Role of vitamin D in bone resorption. J Cell Biochem 49, 53-8 (1992)
22. R. L. Jilka, G. Hangoc, G. Girasole, G. Passeri, D. C. Williams, J. S. Abrams, B. Boyce, H. Broxmeyer & S. C. Manolagas: Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: mediation by interleukin-6. Science 257, 88-91 (1992)
23. T. Suda, N. Udagawa, I. Nakamura, C. Miyaura & N. Takahashi: Modulation of osteoclast differentiation by local factors. Bone 17, 87S-91S (1995)
24. B. L. Scott: The occurrence of specific cytoplasmic granules in the osteoclast. J Ultrastruct Res 19, 417-31 (1967)
25. B. R. Rifkin, J. S. Brand, J. E. Cushing, S. J. Coleman & F. Sanavi: Fine structure of fetal rat calvarium; provisional identification of preosteoclasts. Calcif Tissue Int 31, 21-8 (1980) (Pubitemid 10050057)
26. S. Ejiri: The preosteoclast and its cytodifferentiation into the osteoclast: ultrastructural and histochemical studies of rat fetal parietal bone. Arch Histol Jpn 46, 533-57 (1983) (Pubitemid 14236788)
27. B. A. Scheven, E. W. Kawilarang-De Haas, A. M. Wassenaar & P. J. Nijweide: Differentiation kinetics of osteoclasts in the periosteum of embryonic bones in vivo and in vitro. Anat Rec 214, 418-23 (1986) (Pubitemid 16078835)
28. A. L. Wucherpfennig, Y. P. Li, W. G. Stetler-Stevenson, A. E. Rosenberg & P. Stashenko: Expression of 92 kD type IV collagenase/gelatinase B in human osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 9, 549-56 (1994) (Pubitemid 24090338)
29. N. Takahashi, T. Akatsu, N. Udagawa, T. Sasaki, A. Yamaguchi, J. M. Moseley, T. J. Martin & T. Suda: Osteoblastic cells are involved in osteoclast formation. Endocrinology 123, 2600-2 (1988)
30. W. Chen & Y. P. Li: Generation of mouse osteoclastogenic cell lines immortalized with SV40 large T antigen. J Bone Miner Res 13, 1112-23 (1998) (Pubitemid 28311779)
31. W. J. Boyle, W. S. Simonet & D. L. Lacey: Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 423, 337-42 (2003) (Pubitemid 40852708)
32. K. Kanazawa, Y. Azuma, H. Nakano & A. Kudo: TRAF5 functions in both RANKL-and TNFalpha-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 18, 443-50 (2003) (Pubitemid 36241060)
33. K. Kanazawa & A. Kudo: TRAF2 is essential for TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 20, 840-7 (2005)
34. R. Doffinger, A. Smahi, C. Bessia, F. Geissmann, J. Feinberg, A. Durandy, C. Bodemer, S. Kenwrick, S. Dupuis-Girod, S. Blanche, P. Wood, S. H. Rabia, D. J. Headon, P. A. Overbeek, F. Le Deist, S. M. Holland, K. Belani, D. S. Kumararatne, A. Fischer, R. Shapiro, M. E. Conley, E. Reimund, H. Kalhoff, M. Abinun, A. Munnich, A. Israel, G. Courtois & J. L. Casanova: X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency is caused by impaired NF-kappaB signaling. Nat Genet 27, 277-85 (2001) (Pubitemid 32201848)
35. X. Li, N. Udagawa, K. Itoh, K. Suda, Y. Murase, T. Nishihara, T. Suda & N. Takahashi: p38 MAPK-mediated signals are required for inducing osteoclast differentiation but not for osteoclast function. Endocrinology 143, 3105-13 (2002) (Pubitemid 34809883)
36. Z. H. Lee, S. E. Lee, C. W. Kim, S. H. Lee, S. W. Kim, K. Kwack, K. Walsh & H. H. Kim: IL-1alpha stimulation of osteoclast survival through the PI 3-kinase/Akt and ERK pathways. J Biochem (Tokyo) 131, 161-6 (2002) (Pubitemid 34137225)
37. M. Matsumoto, T. Sudo, T. Saito, H. Osada & M. Tsujimoto: Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in osteoclastogenesis mediated by receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL). J Biol Chem 275, 31155-61 (2000)
38. H. B. Kwak, S. W. Lee, H. M. Jin, H. Ha, S. H. Lee, S. Takeshita, S. Tanaka, H. M. Kim, H. H. Kim & Z. H. Lee: Monokine induced by interferon-gamma is induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and is involved in osteoclast adhesion and migration. Blood 105, 2963-9 (2005) (Pubitemid 40446293)
39. J. P. David, K. Sabapathy, O. Hoffmann, M. H. Idarraga & E. F. Wagner: JNK1 modulates osteoclastogenesis through both c-Jun. phosphorylationdependent and-independent mechanisms. J Cell Sci 115, 4317-25 (2002) (Pubitemid 35460702)
40. A. Yamamoto, T. Miyazaki, Y. Kadono, H. Takayanagi, T. Miura, H. Nishina, T. Katada, K. Wakabayashi, H. Oda, K. Nakamura & S. Tanaka: Possible involvement of IkappaB kinase 2 and MKK7 in osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand. J Bone Miner Res 17, 612-21 (2002) (Pubitemid 34246636)
41. G. R. Crabtree & E. N. Olson: NFAT signaling: choreographing the social lives of cells. Cell 109 Suppl, S67-79 (2002) (Pubitemid 34457853)
42. T. Koga, M. Inui, K. Inoue, S. Kim, A. Suematsu, E. Kobayashi, T. Iwata, H. Ohnishi, T. Matozaki, T. Kodama, T. Taniguchi, H. Takayanagi & T. Takai: Costimulatory signals mediated by the ITAM motif cooperate with RANKL for bone homeostasis. Nature 428, 758-63 (2004) (Pubitemid 38508286)
43. T. Wada, T. Nakashima, A. J. Oliveira-dos-Santos, J. Gasser, H. Hara, G. Schett & J. M. Penninger: The molecular scaffold Gab2 is a crucial component of RANK signaling and osteoclastogenesis. Nat Med 11, 394-9 (2005) (Pubitemid 40562329)
44. P. Ducy, R. Zhang, V. Geoffroy, A. L. Ridall & G. Karsenty: Osf2/Cbfa1: a transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation. Cell 89, 747-54 (1997) (Pubitemid 27516177)
45. M. J. Klemsz, S. R. McKercher, A. Celada, C. Van Beveren & R. A. Maki: The macrophage and B cellspecific transcription factor PU.1 is related to the ets oncogene. Cell 61, 113-24 (1990)
46. T. Maniatis, S. Goodbourn & J. A. Fischer: Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression. Science 236, 1237-45 (1987) (Pubitemid 17087887)
47. S. H. Orkin: Transcription factors and hematopoietic development. J Biol Chem 270, 4955-8 (1995)
48. W. Zheng & R. A. Flavell: The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells. Cell 89, 587-96 (1997) (Pubitemid 27511769)
49. R. S. Johnson, B. M. Spiegelman & V. Papaioannou: Pleiotropic effects of a null mutation in the c-fos protooncogene. Cell 71, 577-86 (1992)
50. Z. Q. Wang, J. Liang, K. Schellander, E. F. Wagner & A. E. Grigoriadis: c-fos-induced osteosarcoma formation in transgenic mice: cooperativity with c-jun and the role of endogenous c-fos. Cancer Res 55, 6244-51 (1995)
51. H. Takayanagi, S. Kim, T. Koga, H. Nishina, M. Isshiki, H. Yoshida, A. Saiura, M. Isobe, T. Yokochi, J. Inoue, E. F. Wagner, T. W. Mak, T. Kodama & T. Taniguchi: Induction and activation of the transcription factor NFATc1 (NFAT2) integrate RANKL signaling in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts. Dev Cell 3, 889-901 (2002) (Pubitemid 35460788)
52. K. Matsuo, D. L. Galson, C. Zhao, L. Peng, C. Laplace, K. Z. Wang, M. A. Bachler, H. Amano, H. Aburatani, H. Ishikawa & E. F. Wagner: Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) rescues osteoclastogenesis in precursors lacking c-Fos. J Biol Chem 279, 26475-80 (2004) (Pubitemid 38798801)
53. C. L. Hershey & D. E. Fisher: Mitf and Tfe3: members of a b-HLH-ZIP transcription factor family essential for osteoclast development and function. Bone 34, 689-96 (2004) (Pubitemid 38393805)
54. E. W. Scott, M. C. Simon, J. Anastasi & H. Singh: Requirement of transcription factor PU.1 in the development of multiple hematopoietic lineages. Science 265, 1573-7 (1994)
55. G. W. Henkel, S. R. McKercher, H. Yamamoto, K. L. Anderson, R. G. Oshima & R. A. Maki: PU.1 but not ets-2 is essential for macrophage development from embryonic stem cells. Blood 88, 2917-26 (1996) (Pubitemid 26357372)
56. M. C. Olson, E. W. Scott, A. A. Hack, G. H. Su, D. G. Tenen, H. Singh & M. C. Simon PU. 1 is not essential for early myeloid gene expression but is required for terminal myeloid differentiation. Immunity 3, 703-14 (1995) (Pubitemid 26092190)
57. G. W. Henkel, S. R. McKercher, P. J. Leenen & R. A:. Maki Commitment to the monocytic lineage occurs in the absence of the transcription factor PU.1. Blood 93, 2849-58 (1999) (Pubitemid 29200775)
58. H. Singh, R. P. DeKoter & J. C. Walsh: PU.1, a shared transcriptional regulator of lymphoid and myeloid cell fates. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 64, 13-20 (1999) (Pubitemid 30329258)
59. M. M. Tondravi, S. R. McKercher, K. Anderson, J. M. Erdmann, M. Quiroz, R. Maki & S. L. Teitelbaum: Osteopetrosis in mice lacking haematopoietic transcription factor PU.1. Nature 386, 81-4 (1997) (Pubitemid 27130924)
60. O. H. Kwon, C. K. Lee, Y. I. Lee, S. G. Paik & H. J. Lee: The hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1 regulates RANK gene expression in myeloid progenitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 335, 437-46 (2005)
61. M. Matsumoto, M. Kogawa, S. Wada, H. Takayanagi, M. Tsujimoto, S. Katayama, K. Hisatake & Y. Nogi: Essential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in cathepsin K gene expression during osteoclastogenesis through association of NFATc1 and PU.1. J Biol Chem 279, 45969-79 (2004) (Pubitemid 39491590)
62. G. A. Partington, K. Fuller, T. J. Chambers & M. Pondel: Mitf-PU.1 interactions with the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase gene promoter during osteoclast differentiation. Bone 34, 237-45 (2004) (Pubitemid 38177605)
63. C. J. Sherr, C. W. Rettenmier & M. F. Roussel: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CSF-1, and its proto-oncogene-encoded receptor. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 53 Pt 1, 521-30 (1988) (Pubitemid 20007886)
64. S. Tanaka, N. Takahashi, N. Udagawa, T. Tamura, T. Akatsu, E. R. Stanley, T. Kurokawa & T. Suda: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is indispensable for both proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast progenitors. J Clin Invest 91, 257-63 (1993) (Pubitemid 23037280)
65. W. Wiktor-Jedrzejczak, A. Bartocci, A. W. Ferrante, Jr., A. Ahmed-Ansari, K. W. Sell, J. W. Pollard & E. R. Stanley: Total absence of colony-stimulating factor 1 in the macrophage-deficient osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, 4828-32 (1990)
66. A. E. Grigoriadis, Z. Q. Wang, M. G. Cecchini, W. Hofstetter, R. Felix, H. A. Fleisch & E. F. Wagner: c-Fos: a key regulator of osteoclast- macrophage lineage determination and bone remodeling. Science 266, 443-8 (1994)
67. H. Kodama, A. Yamasaki, M. Abe, S. Niida, Y. Hakeda & H. Kawashima: Transient recruitment of osteoclasts and expression of their function in osteopetrotic (op/op) mice by a single injection of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Bone Miner Res 8, 45-50 (1993) (Pubitemid 23033995)
68. T. H. Lee, K. L. Fevold, Y. Muguruma, J. L. Lottsfeldt & M. Y. Lee: Relative roles of osteoclast colonystimulating factor and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the course of osteoclast development. Exp Hematol 22, 66-73 (1994) (Pubitemid 24112000)
69. X. Fan, D. M. Biskobing, D. Fan, W. Hofstetter & J. Rubin: Macrophage colony stimulating factor downregulates MCSF-receptor expression and entry of progenitors into the osteoclast lineage. J Bone Miner Res 12, 1387-95 (1997) (Pubitemid 27375381)
70. D. Cappellen, N. H. Luong-Nguyen, S. Bongiovanni, O. Grenet, C. Wanke & M. Susa: Transcriptional program of mouse osteoclast differentiation governed by the macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the ligand for the receptor activator of NFkappa B. J Biol Chem 277, 21971-82 (2002) (Pubitemid 34952352)
71. K. M. Woo, H. M. Kim & J. S. Ko: Macrophage colonystimulating factor promotes the survival of osteoclast precursors by up-regulating Bcl-X (L). Exp Mol Med 34, 340-6 (2002) (Pubitemid 36019389)
72. W. C. Dougall, M. Glaccum, K. Charrier, K. Rohrbach, K. Brasel, T. De Smedt, E. Daro, J. Smith, M. E. Tometsko, C. R. Maliszewski, A. Armstrong, V. Shen, S. Bain, D. Cosman, D. Anderson, P. J. Morrissey, J. J. Peschon & J. Schuh: RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. Genes Dev 13, 2412-24 (1999) (Pubitemid 29453612)
73. E. Jimi & S. Ghosh: Role of nuclear factor-kappaB in the immune system and bone. Immunol Rev 208, 80-7 (2005) (Pubitemid 41746386)
74. D. Thanos & T. Maniatis: NF-kappa B: a lesson in family values. Cell 80, 529-32 (1995)
75. V. Iotsova, J. Caamano, J. Loy, Y. Yang, A. Lewin & R. Bravo: Osteopetrosis in mice lacking NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2. Nat Med 3, 1285-9 (1997) (Pubitemid 27508833)
76. L. Xing, T. P. Bushnell, L. Carlson, Z. Tai, M. Tondravi, U. Siebenlist, F. Young & B. F. Boyce: NF-kappaB p50 and p52 expression is not required for RANK-expressing osteoclast progenitor formation but is essential for RANK-and cytokine-mediated osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 17, 1200-10 (2002) (Pubitemid 34680496)
77. E. F. Wagner & R. Eferl: Fos/AP-1 proteins in bone and the immune system. Immunol Rev 208, 126-40 (2005) (Pubitemid 41746389)
78. K. Matsuo & N. Ray: Osteoclasts, mononuclear phagocytes, and c-Fos: new insight into osteoimmunology. Keio J Med 53, 78-84 (2004) (Pubitemid 38899740)
79. P. Angel & M. Karin: The role of Jun, Fos and the AP-1 complex in cell-proliferation and transformation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1072, 129-57 (1991) (Pubitemid 121007534)
80. Z. Q. Wang, C. Ovitt, A. E. Grigoriadis, U. Mohle-Steinlein, U. Ruther & E. F. Wagner: Bone and haematopoietic defects in mice lacking c-fos. Nature 360, 741-5 (1992) (Pubitemid 23012271)
81. F. Ikeda, R. Nishimura, T. Matsubara, S. Tanaka, J. Inoue, S. V. Reddy, K. Hata, K. Yamashita, T. Hiraga, T. Watanabe, T. Kukita, K. Yoshioka, A. Rao & T. Yoneda: Critical roles of c-Jun. signaling in regulation of NFAT family and RANKL-regulated osteoclast differentiation. J Clin Invest 114, 475-84 (2004) (Pubitemid 39572097)
82. S. L. Teitelbaum: RANKing c-Jun. in osteoclast development. J Clin Invest 114, 463-5 (2004)
83. H. H. Kim, D. E. Lee, J. N. Shin, Y. S. Lee, Y. M. Jeon, C. H. Chung, J. Ni, B. S. Kwon & Z. H. Lee: Receptor activator of NF-kappaB recruits multiple TRAF family adaptors and activates c-Jun. N-terminal kinase. FEBS Lett 443, 297-302 (1999) (Pubitemid 29080814)
84. C. J. Day, M. S. Kim, C. M. Lopez, G. C. Nicholson & N. A. Morrison: NFAT expression in human osteoclasts. J Cell Biochem 95, 17-23 (2005) (Pubitemid 41420211)
85. H. Takayanagi: Mechanistic insight into osteoclast differentiation in osteoimmunology. J Mol Med (2005)
86. Y. Kim, K. Sato, M. Asagiri, I. Morita, K. Soma & H. Takayanagi: Contribution of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 to the transcriptional control of immunoreceptor osteoclastassociated receptor but not triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells-2 during osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 280, 32905-13 (2005) (Pubitemid 41368340)
87. T. N. Crotti, M. Flannery, N. C. Walsh, J. D. Fleming, S. R. Goldring & K. P. McHugh: NFATc1 directly induces the human beta (3) integrin gene in osteoclast differentiation. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 5, 335-7 (2005)
88. K. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. Lee, H. M. Jin, S. H. Lee, D. E. Fisher, H. Kook, K. K. Kim, Y. Choi & N. Kim: Nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 induces osteoclast-associated receptor gene expression during tumor necrosis factor-related activation-induced cytokine-mediated osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 280, 35209-16 (2005) (Pubitemid 41532708)
89. M. E. Holtrop, K. A. Cox, G. Eilon, H. A. Simmons & L. G. Raisz: The ultrastructure of osteoclasts in microphthalmic mice. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 3, 123-9 (1981)
90. C. W. Thesingh & J. P. Scherft: Fusion disability of embryonic osteoclast precursor cells and macrophages in the microphthalmic osteopetrotic mouse. Bone 6, 43-52 (1985) (Pubitemid 15225836)
91. P. M. Green, M. J. Marshall & N. W. Nisbet: A study of osteoclasts on calvaria of normal and osteopetrotic (mi/mi) mice by vital staining with acridine orange. Br J Exp Pathol 67, 85-93 (1986) (Pubitemid 16050598)
92. J. Glowacki, K. A. Cox & S. Wilcon: Impaired osteoclast differentiation in subcutaneous implants of bone particles in osteopetrotic mutants. Bone Miner 5, 271-8 (1989) (Pubitemid 19065489)
93. G. Franzoso, L. Carlson, L. Xing, L. Poljak, E. W. Shores, K. D. Brown, A. Leonardi, T. Tran, B. F. Boyce & U. Siebenlist: Requirement for NF-kappaB in osteoclast and B-cell development. Genes Dev 11, 3482-96 (1997) (Pubitemid 28023969)
94. H. So, J. Rho, D. Jeong, R. Park, D. E. Fisher, M. C. Ostrowski, Y. Choi & N. Kim: Microphthalmia transcription factor and PU.1 synergistically induce the leukocyte receptor osteoclast-associated receptor gene expression. J Biol Chem 278, 24209-16 (2003) (Pubitemid 36830257)
95. K. C. Mansky, U. Sankar, J. Han & M. C. Ostrowski: Microphthalmia transcription factor is a target of the p38 MAPK pathway in response to receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand signaling. J Biol Chem 277, 11077-83 (2002) (Pubitemid 34952867)
96. K. N. Weilbaecher, G. Motyckova, W. E. Huber, C. M. Takemoto, T. J. Hemesath, Y. Xu, C. L. Hershey, N. R. Dowland, A. G. Wells & D. E. Fisher: Linkage of M-CSF signaling to Mitf, TFE3, and the osteoclast defect in Mitf (mi/mi) mice. Mol Cell 8, 749-58 (2001) (Pubitemid 33030209)
97. S. Adhikary & M. Eilers: Transcriptional regulation and transformation by Myc proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6, 635-45 (2005) (Pubitemid 41081267)
98. R. Battaglino, D. Kim, J. Fu, B. Vaage, X. Y. Fu & P. Stashenko: c-myc is required for osteoclast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 17, 763-73 (2002) (Pubitemid 34441892)
99. K. M. Daumer, E. J. Taparowsky, D. J. Hall & M. J. Steinbeck: Transcription from the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase promoter is negatively regulated by the Myc oncoprotein. J Bone Miner Res 17, 1701-9 (2002)
100. M. T. Brown & J. A. Cooper: Regulation, substrates and functions of src. Biochim Biophys Acta 1287, 121-49 (1996) (Pubitemid 26189191)
101. W. C. Horne, A. Sanjay, A. Bruzzaniti & R. Baron: The role (s) of Src kinase and Cbl proteins in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function. Immunol Rev 208, 106-25 (2005) (Pubitemid 41746388)
102. B. F. Boyce, T. Yoneda, C. Lowe, P. Soriano & G. R. Mundy: Requirement of pp60c-src expression for osteoclasts to form ruffled borders and resorb bone in mice. J Clin Invest 90, 1622-7 (1992)
103. T. Miyazaki, S. Tanaka, A. Sanjay & R. Baron: The role of c-Src kinase in the regulation of osteoclast function. Mod Rheumatol 16, 68-74 (2006)
104. M. Tsuneto, A. Tominaga, H. Yamazaki, M. Yoshino, S. H. Orkin & S. Hayashi: Enforced expression of PU.1 rescues osteoclastogenesis from embryonic stem cells lacking Tal-1. Stem Cells 23, 134-43 (2005) (Pubitemid 40105299)