Differential relationships between intergroup contact and affective and cognitive dimensions of prejudice

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 31, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 1145-1158

  Tropp, Linda R ^a   Pettigrew, Thomas F ^b  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Affective and cognitive dimensions; Affective ties; Intergroup contact; Prejudice

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; META ANALYSIS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 23444436495     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167205274854     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Aberson, C. L., Shoemaker, C., & Tomolillo, C. (2004). Implicit bias and contact: The role of interethnic friendships. Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 335-347.
2. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3. Amir, Y. (1976). The role of intergroup contact in change of prejudice and ethnic relations. In P. A. Katz (Ed.), Toward the elimination of racism (pp. 245-308). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
4. Aron, A., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2001). Including others in the self: Extensions to own and partner's group memberships. In C. Sedikides & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, collective self (pp. 89-108). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
5. Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1981). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1-35). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
6. Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., et al. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105-118.
7. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
8. Bogardus, E. S. (1928). Immigration and race attitudes. Boston: Heath.
9. Breckler, S. J., & Wiggins, E. C. (1989). Affect versus evaluation in the structure of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 253-271.
10. Brigham, J. C. (1993). College students' racial attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1933-1967.
11. Cook, T. D., Cooper, H., Cordray, D. S., Hartman, H., Hedges, L. V., Light, R. J., et al. (Eds.). (1992). Some generic issues and problems for meta-analysis. In T. D. Cook, H. Cooper, D. S. Cordray, H. Hartman, L. V. Hedges, R. J. Light, et al. (Eds.), Meta-analysis for explanation: A casebook (pp. 283-320). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
12. Crites, S. L., Fabrigar, L. R., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: Conceptual and methodological issues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 619-634.
13. Dovidio, J. F., Brigham, J. C., Johnson, B. T., & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 276-319). New York: Guilford.
14. Dovidio, J. F., Esses, V. M., Beach, K. R., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002). The role of affect in determining intergroup behavior: The case of willingness to engage in intergroup contact. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 153-171). New York: Psychology Press.
15. Dunton, B. C., & Fazio, R. H. (1997). Categorization by race: The impact of automatic and controlled components of racial prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 451-470.
16. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
17. Esses, V. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2002). The role of emotions in determining willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1202-1214.
18. Esses, V. M., Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes. In D. Mackie & D. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 137-166). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
19. Finlay, K., & Stephan, W. G. (2000). Reducing prejudice: The effects of empathy on intergroup attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1720-1737.
20. Ford, W. S. (1986). Favorable intergroup contact may not reduce prejudice: Inconclusive journal evidence, 1960-1984. Sociology and Social Research, 70, 256-258.
21. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
22. Hamberger, J., & Hewstone, M. (1997). Inter-ethnic contact as a predictor of blatant and subtle prejudice: Tests of a model in four West European nations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 173-190.
23. Hamilton, D. L. (1981). Stereotyping and intergroup behavior: Some thoughts on the cognitive approach. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 333-353). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Hedges, L. V., & Vevea J. L. (1998). Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 3, 486-504.
25. Henry, P. J., & Sears, D. O. (2002). The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale. Political Psychology, 23, 253-283.
26. Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1996). "Some of my best friends": Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 412-424.
27. Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the "contact hypothesis." In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1-44). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
28. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
30. Jackson, J. W. (1993). Contact theory of intergroup hostility: A review and evaluation of the theoretical and empirical literature. International Journal of Group Tensions, 23, 43-65.
31. Johnson, B. T. (1993). DSTAT: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
32. Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Quantitative synthesis of social psychological research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Hand-book of research methods in social psychology. London: Cambridge University Press.
33. Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893-905.
34. Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1996). Divided by color: Racial politics and democratic ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Levin, S., van Laar, C., & Sidanius, J. (2003). The effects of ingroup and outgroup friendships on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 76-92.
36. Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37. Mackie, D. M., & Hamilton, D. L. (Eds.). (1993). Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
38. Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (1998). Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review, 105, 499-529.
39. Mann, J. H. (1959). The relationship between cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of racial prejudice. Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 223-228.
40. McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 563-579.
41. McLaughlin-Volpe, T., Aron, A., Wright, S. C., & Reis, H. T. (2000). Intergroup social interaction and intergroup prejudice: Quantity versus quality. Manuscript submitted for publication.
42. Mitchell, J. P., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Contextual variations in implicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 455-469.
43. Moreno, K. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1999). Resisting stereotype change: The role of motivation and attentional capacity in defending social beliefs. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2, 5-16.
44. Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). Causes and consequences of stereotypes in organizations. In M. London (Ed.), How people evaluate others in organizations (pp. 45-62). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
45. Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
46. Ostrom, T. M. (1969). The relationship between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitude. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 12-30.
47. Ostrom, T. M., Skowronski, J. J., & Nowak, A. (1994). The cognitive foundation of attitudes: It's a wonderful construct. In P. G. Devine, D. L. Hamilton, & T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Social cognition: Impact on social psychology (pp. 195-258). New York: Academic Press.
48. Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 770-786.
49. Pettigrew, T. F. (1971). Racially separate or together? New York: McGraw-Hill.
50. Pettigrew, T. F. (1997a). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 173-185.
51. Pettigrew, T. F. (1997b). The affective component of prejudice: Empirical support of the new view. In S. A. Tuch & J. K. Martin (Eds.), Racial attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and change (pp. 76-90). Westport, CT: Praeger.
52. Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85.
53. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology (pp. 93-114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
54. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (in press). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
55. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811-832.
56. Plant, E. A., Devine, P. G., & Brazy, P. C. (2003). The bogus pipeline and motivations to respond without prejudice: Revisiting the fading and faking of racial prejudice. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 187-200.
57. Riordan, C. (1978). Equal-status interracial contact: A review and revision of the concept. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 161-185.
58. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
59. Rothbart, M. (1996). Category-exemplar dynamics and stereotype change. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 305-321.
60. Rothbart, M., &John, O. P. (1985). Social categorization and behavioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 81-104.
61. Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. Mackie & D. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 137-166). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
62. Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E. (1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition, 9, 359-380.
63. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-175.
64. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., &Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
65. Talaska, C., Fiske, S. T., & Chaiken, S. (2004). Predicting discrimination: A meta-analysis of the racial attitude-behavior literature. Manuscript under review.
66. Tropp, L. R. (2003). The psychological impact of prejudice: Implications for intergroup contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 131-149.
67. Turner, R. N., Hewstone,M., &Voci, A. (2004). The impact of cross-group friendship on explicit and implicit prejudice in children. Manuscript under review.
68. van Dick, R., Wagner, U., Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Wolf, C., Petzel, T., et al. (2004). The role of perceived importance in intergroup contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 211-227.
69. Wilder, D. A. (1984). Intergroup contact: The typical member and the exception to the rule. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 177-194.
70. Wilder, D. A. (1986). Cognitive factors affecting the success of intergroup contact. In S. W. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 49-66). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
71. Wilson, D. B. (2002). SPSS macros for performing meta-analytic analyses. Retrieved from http://mason.gmu.edu/~dwilsonb/ma.html
72. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101-126.
73. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Evaluative versus conceptual judgments in automatic stereotyping and prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 244-252.
74. Wolsko, C., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Bachelor, J. (2003). Intergroup contact: Effects on group evaluations and perceived variability. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 93-110.
75. Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 73-90.
76. Wright, S. C., Aron, A., & Tropp, L. R. (2002). Including others (and groups) in the self: Self-expansion and intergroup relations. In J. P. Forgas & K. D. Williams (Eds.), The social self: Cognitive, interpersonal, and intergroup perspectives (pp. 343-363). New York: Psychology Press.
77. Wright, S. C., & Van der Zande, C. C. (1999, October). Bicultural friends: When cross-group friendships cause improved intergroup attitudes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Experimental Psychology, St. Louis, MO.
78. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
79. Zanna, M. P., & Rempel, J. K. (1988). Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In D. Bar Tal & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), The social psychology of knowledge (pp. 315-334). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.