Defense mechanisms predict differential lifespan change in Self-control and Self-acceptance

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 841-855

  Cramer, Phebe ^a   Jones, Constance J ^b  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Defense mechanisms; Longitudinal change; Self acceptance; Self control

Indexed keywords

EID: 34248561811     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: 10957251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.10.005     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Agronick G.S., and Duncan L.E. Personality and social change: individual differences, life path, and importance attributed to the women's movement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1545-1555
2. Bennion L.D., and Adams G.R. A revision of the extended version of the objective measure of ego identity status: an identity instrument for use with late adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research 1 (1986) 183-198
3. Bryk A.S., and Raudenbush S.W. Hierarchical linear models: Application and data analysis methods (1992), Sage, Newbury Park, CA
4. Cartwright L.K., and Wink P. Personality change in women physicians from medical student years to mid-40s. Psychology of Women Quarterly 18 (1994) 291-308
5. Colvin C.R., and Block J. Do positive illusions foster mental health? An examination of the Taylor and Brown formulation. Psychological Bulletin 116 (1994) 3-20
6. Cramer P. The development of defense mechanisms: Theory, research and assessment (1991), Springer, New York
7. Cramer P. Anger and the use of defense mechanisms in college students. Journal of Personality 59 (1991) 39-55
8. Cramer P. Identity, narcissism and defense mechanisms in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality 29 (1995) 341-361
9. Cramer P. Threat to gender representation: identity and identification. Journal of Personality 66 (1998) 335-357
10. Cramer P. Freshman to senior year: a follow-up study of identity, narcissism and defense mechanisms. Journal of Research in Personality 32 (1998) 156-172
11. Cramer P. Ego functions and ego development: defense mechanisms and intelligence as predictors of ego level. Journal of Personality 67 (1999) 735-760
12. Cramer P. Defense mechanisms, behavior, and affect in young adulthood. Journal of Personality 70 (2002) 103-126
13. Cramer P. Personality change in later adulthood is predicted by defense mechanism use in early adulthood. Journal of Research in Personality 37 (2003) 76-104
14. Cramer P. Identity change in adulthood: the contribution of defense mechanisms and life experiences. Journal of Research in Personality 38 (2004) 280-316
15. Cramer P. Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action (2006), Guilford, New York
16. Cramer P., and Block J. Preschool antecedents of defense mechanism use in young adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 159-169
17. Cramer P., and Gaul R. The effects of success and failure on children's use of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality 56 (1988) 729-742
18. Cramer P., and Kelly F.D. Defense mechanisms in adolescent conduct disorder and adjustment reaction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192 (2004) 139-145
19. Dudek S.Z., and Hall W.B. Personality consistency: eminent architects 25 years later. Creativity Research Journal 4 (1991) 213-232
20. Eichorn D.H. Samples and procedures. In: Eichorn D.H., Clausen J.A., Haan N., Honzik M.P., and Mussen P.H. (Eds). Present and past in middle life (1981), Academic Press, New York 33-51
21. Elder Jr. G.H. Military times and turning points in men's lives. Developmental Psychology 22 (1986) 233-245
22. Fenichel O. The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis (1945), Norton, New York
23. Gough H.G., and Bradley P. California Psychological Inventory (1996), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA
24. Grzegolowska-Klarkowska H., and Zolnierczyk D. Predictors of defense mechanisms under conditions of threat to the objective self: empirical testing of a theoretical model. Polish Psychological Bulletin 21 (1990) 129-155
25. Haan N., Millsap R., and Hartka E. As time goes by: change and stability in personality over fifty years. Psychology and Aging 1 (1986) 220-232
26. Helson R., Kwan V.S.Y., John O.P., and Jones C. The growing evidence for personality change in adulthood: findings from research with personality inventories. Journal of Research in Personality 36 (2002) 287-306
27. Helson R., and Soto C.J. Up and down in middle age: monotonic and nonmonotonic changes in roles, status and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (2005) 194-204
28. Hibbard S., Farmer L., Wells C., Difillipo E., Barry W., Korman R., et al. Validation of Cramer's Defense Mechanism Manual for the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment 63 (1994) 197-210
29. Hibbard S., and Porcerelli J. Further validation for Cramer's Defense Mechanism Manual. Journal of Personality Assessment 70 (1998) 460-483
30. Hibbard S., Tang P.C.-Y., Latko R., Park J.-H., Munn S., Bolz S., et al. Differential validity of the Defense Mechanism Manual for the TAT between Asian Americans and Whites. Journal of Personality Assessment 75 (2000) 351-372
31. Jones C.J., Livson N., and Peskin H. Longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling analyses of California Psychological Inventory data from age 33 to age 75: An examination of stability and change in adult personality. Journal of Personality Assessment 80 (2003) 294-308
32. Jones C.J., and Meredith W. Patterns of personality change across the life span. Psychology and Aging 11 (1996) 57-65
33. Kohut H. The restoration of the self (1977), International Universities Press, New York
34. Marcia J.E. Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3 (1966) 551-558
35. McClelland D.C., Koestner R., and Weinberger J. How do Self-attributed and implicit motives differ?. Psychological Review 96 (1988) 690-702
36. Meredith W., and Tisak J. Latent curve analysis. Psychometrika 55 (1990) 107-122
37. Nagin D.S. Group-based modeling of development (2005), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
38. Newman L.S., Duff K.J., and Baumeister R.F. A new look at defensive projection: thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997) 980-1001
39. Porcerelli J., Thomas S., Hibbard S., and Cogan R. Defense mechanisms in children, adolescents, and young adults: a TAT validity study. Journal of Personality Assessment 71 (1998) 411-420
40. Roberts B.W. Plaster or plasticity: Are adult work experiences associated with personality change in women?. Journal of Personality 65 (1997) 205-232
41. Roberts B.W., and Caspi A. The cumulative continuity model of personality development: Striking a balance between continuity and change in personality traits across the life course. In: Staudinger R.M., and Linderberger U. (Eds). Understanding human development: Lifespan psychology in exchange with other disciplines (2003), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands 183-214
42. Roberts B.W., and DelVecchio W.F. The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin 126 (2000) 3-25
43. Sandstrom M., and Cramer P. Girls' use of defense mechanisms following peer rejection. Journal of Personality 71 (2003) 605-627
44. Sandstrom M., and Cramer P. Defense mechanisms and psychological adjustment in childhood. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 191 (2003) 487-495
45. Schimel J., Greenberg J., and Martens A. Evidence that projection of a feared trait can serve a defensive function. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 969-979
46. Smith G.J.W., and Danielsson A. Anxiety and defense strategies in childhood and adolescence (1982), International Universities Press, New York
47. Smith W.P., and Rossman B.B.R. Developmental changes in trait and situational denial under stress during childhood. Journal of Child Psychiatry 27 (1986) 227-235
48. Taylor S.E., and Brown J.D. Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988) 193-210
49. Vaillant G.E. The wisdom of the ego (1993), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
50. Vaillant G.E. Adaptive mental mechanisms. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 89-98