Defense mechanisms and psychological adjustment in childhood

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 191, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 487-495

  Sandstrom, Marlene J ^a   Cramer, Phebe ^a  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ADJUSTMENT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RATING SCALE; SCHOOL; SCHOOL CHILD; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SPORT;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS; ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; DENIAL (PSYCHOLOGY); FEMALE; HUMANS; IDENTIFICATION (PSYCHOLOGY); MALE; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PROJECTION; SELF CONCEPT; THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST;

EID: 0042839670     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000082214.19699.6f     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C (1983) Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
2. Anthony EJ (1970) The behavior disorders of childhood. In PH Mussen (Ed) Carmichael's Handbook of Child Psychology (vol 2, pp 667-764). New York: Wiley.
3. Bond M, Gardner ST, Christian J, Sigal JJ (1983) Empirical study of self-rated defense styles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 40:333-338.
4. Chandler MJ, Paget KF, Koch DA (1978) The child's demystification of psychological defense mechanisms: a structural developmental analysis. Develop Psychol. 14:197-205.
5. Compas BE, Connor-Smith JK, Saltzman H, Thomsen AH, Wadsworth ME (2001) Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychol Bull. 127:87-127.
6. Cramer P (199 la) The development of defense mechanisms: theory, research and assessment. New York: Springer-Verlag.
7. Cramer P (1991b) Anger and the use of defense mechanisms in college students. J Pers. 59:39-55.
8. Cramer P (1997) Evidence for change in children's use of defense mechanisms. J Pers. 65:233-247.
9. Cramer P (1998) Threat to gender representation: identity and identification. J Pers. 66:335-357.
10. Cramer P (1999) Personality, personality disorders, and defense mechanisms. J Pers. 67:535-554.
11. Cramer P (2000) Defense mechanisms in psychology today: further processes for adaptation. Am Psychol. 55:637-646.
12. Cramer P, Blatt SJ, Ford RQ (1988) Defense mechanisms in the anaclitic and introjective personality configuration. J Consult Clin Psychol. 56:610-616.
13. Cramer P, Block J (1998) Preschool antecedents of defense mechanism use in young adults. J Pers Soc Psychol. 74:159-169.
14. Cramer P, Brilliant M (2001) Defense use and defense understanding in children. J Pers. 69:291-321.
15. Cramer P, Gaul R (1988) The effects of success and failure on children's use of defense mechanisms. J Pers. 56:729-742.
16. Elkind D (1976). Cognitive development and psychopathology: observations on egocentrism and ego defense. In E Shopler, RJ Reichler (Eds), Psychopathology and Child Development. New York: Plenum Press.
17. Erikson SJ, Feldman SS, Steiner H (1996) Defense mechanisms and adjustment in normal adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 153:826-828.
18. Erikson SJ, Feldman SS, Steiner H (1997) Defense reactions and coping strategies in normal adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 28:45-56.
19. Feldman SS, Araujo KB, Steiner H (1996) Defense mechanisms in adolescents as a function of age, sex and mental health status. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 35:1344-1354.
20. Glasberg R, Aboud F (1982) Keeping one's distance from sadness: children's self-reports of emotional experience. Dev Psychol. 18:287-293.
21. Gleser GC, Ihilevich D (1969) An objective instrument for measuring defensive mechanisms. J Consult Clin Psychol. 33:51-60.
22. Harter S (1982) The perceived competence scale for children. Child Dev. 53:87-97.
23. Harter S (1985) The Self-Perception Profile for Children; Revision of the Perceived Competence Scale for Children [Manual]. Denver, CO: University of Denver. Department of Psychology.
24. Helsel WJ, Matson JL (1984) The assessment of depression in children: the internal structure of the Child Depression Inventory (CDI). Behav Res Ther. 22:289-298.
25. Hibbard S, Farmer L, Wells C, Difillipo E, Barry W, Korman R, Sloan P (1994) Validation of Cramer's Defense Mechanism Manual for the TAT. J Pers Assess. 63:197-210.
26. Hibbard S, Porcerelli J (1998) Further validation for the Cramer Defense Mechanism Manual. J Pers Assess. 70:460-483.
27. Kaslow NJ, Rehm LP, Siegel AW (1984) Social-cognitive and cognitive correlates of depression in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 12:605-620.
28. Kovacs M (1992) Children's Depression Inventory Manual. New York: Multihealth Systems.
29. Kovacs M, Beck AT (1977) An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In JG Schulterbrandt, A Raskin (Eds), Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models (pp 1-25). New York: Raven Press.
30. La Greca AM, Stone WL (1993) Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised: factor structure and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol. 22:17-27.
31. Laor N, Wolmer L, Cicchetti DV (2001) The Comprehensive Assessment of Defense Style: measuring defense mechanisms in children and adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis. 189:360-368.
32. Lazarus RS, Folkman S (1984) Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
33. Luciano JM (1999) Examining the cultural specificity of the Thematic Apperception Test through ego defense measurement. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC.
34. Mayes LC, Cohen DJ (1990) Preschool Children's Assessment of Stress Scale. Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT. Unpublished research instrument.
35. Murray HA (1943) Thematic Apperception Test Manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
36. Noam GG, Recklitis CJ (1990) The relationship between defenses and symptoms in adolescent psychopathology. J Pers Assess. 54:311-327.
37. Perry JC, Cooper SH (1989) An empirical study of defense mechanisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:444-452.
38. Perry JC, Cooper SH (1992) What do cross-sectional measures of defense mechanisms predict? In GE Vaillant (Ed), Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers (pp 195-216). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
39. Perry JC, Hoglend P (1998) Convergent and discriminant validity of overall defensive functioning. J Nerv Ment Dis. 186:529-535.
40. Pfeffer CR, Plutchik R, Mizruchi MS (1986) A comparison of psychopathology in child psychiatric inpatients, outpatients, and nonpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 174:529-535.
41. Porcerelli JH, Thomas S, Hibbard S, Cogan R (1998) Defense mechanism development in children, adolescents, and late adolescents. J Pers Assess. 71:411-420.
42. Saylor CF, Finch AJ, Spirito A, Bennett B (1984) The Children's Depression Inventory: systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 52:955-967.
43. Smith GJW, Danielsson A (1977) Anxiety and defense strategies in childhood and adolescence. New York: International Universities Press.
44. Smith WP, Rossman BBR (1986) Developmental changes in trait and situational denial under stress during childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 27:227-235.
45. Smith C, Thienemann M, Steiner H (1992) Defense style and adaptation in adolescents with depressions and eating disorders. Acta Paedopsychiatr. 55:185-186.
46. Steiner H, Feldman SS (1995) Two approaches to the measurement of adaptive style: comparison of normal, psychosomatically ill, and delinquent adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 34:180-190.
47. Vaillant GE (1977) Adaptation to Life. Boston: Little, Brown.
48. Vaillant GE (1993) The Wisdom of the Ego Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
49. Vaillant GE, Bond M, Vaillant CO (1986) An empirically validated hierarchy of defense mechanisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43:786-794.
50. Vaillant GE, McCullough L (1987) The Washington University Sentence Complete Test compared with other measures of adult ego development. Am J Psychiatry. 144:1189-1194.
51. Vaillant GE, Vaillant CO (1992). Empirical evidence that defensive styles are independent of environmental influence, In GE Vaillant (Ed), Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. pp 105-126.
52. Wolmer L, Laor N, Cicchetti DV (2001) Validation of the Comprehensive Assessment of Defense Style (CADS): mothers' and children's responses to the stresses of missile attacks. J Nerv Ment Dis. 189:369-376.