ApoE genotype, cardiovascular risk and responsiveness to dietary fat manipulation: Symposium on molecular basis for diseases

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 183-197

  Minihane, A M ^a   Jofre Monseny, L ^b   Olano Martin, E ^a   Rimbach, G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

ApoE genotype; CVD; Dietary fat; Inflammation; Oxidative status

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E; APOLIPOPROTEIN E2; APOLIPOPROTEIN E3; APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NITRIC OXIDE; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

AEROBIC METABOLISM; AMINO ACID METABOLISM; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL MIGRATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FAT INTAKE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENOTYPE; GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE CORRELATION; HUMAN; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION;

APOLIPOPROTEINS E; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET; DIET, FAT-RESTRICTED; DIETARY FATS; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 34147170817     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: 14752719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665107005435     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (146)

1. Acharya P, Segall ML, Zaiou M, Morrow J, Weisgraber KH, Phillips MC, Lund-Katz S & Snow J (2002) Comparison of the stabilities and unfolding pathways of human apolipoprotein E isoforms by differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1584, 9-19.
2. Aguilar CA, Talavera G, Ordovas JM, Barriguete JA, Guillen LE, Leco ME, Pedro-Botet J, Gonzalez-Barranco J, Gomez-Perez FJ & Rull JA (1999) The apolipoprotein E4 allele is not associated with an abnormal lipid profile in a Native American population following its traditional lifestyle. Atherosclerosis 142, 409-414.
3. Almeida S, Fiegenbaum M, de Andrade FM, Osorio-Wender MC & Hutz MH (2006) ESR1 and APOE gene polymorphisms, serum lipids, and hormonal replacement therapy. Maturitas 54, 119-126.
4. Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Kaplan M, Coleman R, Hayek T, Presser D & Fuhrman B (2000) Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 1062-1076.
5. Basu SK, Brown MS, Ho YK, Havel RJ & Goldstein JL (1981) Mouse macrophages synthesize and secrete a protein resembling apolipoprotein E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 78, 7545-7549.
6. Basu SK, Ho YK, Brown MS, Bilheimer DW, Anderson RG & Goldstein JL (1982) Biochemical and genetic studies of the apoprotein E secreted by mouse macrophages and human monocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 9788-9795.
7. Beilby JP, Hunt CC, Palmer LJ, Chapman CM, Burley JP, McQuillan BM, Thompson PL & Hung J (2003) Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms are associated with carotid plaque formation but not with intima-media wall thickening: results from the Perth Carotid Ultrasound Disease Assessment Study (CUDAS). Stroke 34, 869-874.
8. Bellosta S, Mahley RW, Sanan DA, Murata J, Newland DL, Taylor JM & Pitas RE (1995) Macrophage-specific expression of human apolipoprotein E reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-null mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 96, 2170-2179.
9. Bercedo-Sanz A, Gonzalez-Lamuno D, Malaga S & Garcia-Fuentes M (1999) Impact of ApoE4 allele on total cholesterol levels of children in northern Spain. Clinical Genetics 55, 69-70.
10. Bhatnagar D & Durrington P (1993) Does measurement of apolipoproteins add to the clinical diagnosis and management of dyslipidaemias. Current Opinion of Lipidology 4, 299-304.
11. Blue ML, Williams DL, Zucker S, Khan SA & Blum CB (1983) Apolipoprotein E synthesis in human kidney, adrenal gland, and liver. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 80, 283-287.
12. Boerwinkle E, Brown S, Sharrett AR, Heiss G & Patsch W (1994) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism influences postprandial retinyl palmitate but not triglyceride concentrations. American Journal of Human Genetics 54, 341-360.
13. Bradley WA & Gianturco SH (1986) ApoE is necessary and sufficient for the binding of large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to the LDL receptor; apoB is unnecessary. Journal of Lipid Research 27, 40-48.
14. Brenninkmeijer BJ, Stuyt PM, Demacker PN, Stalenhoef AF & van't Laar A (1987) Catabolism of chylomicron remnants in normolipidemic subjects in relation to the apoprotein E phenotype. Journal of Lipid Research 28, 361-370.
15. Brown AJ & Roberts DC (1991) The effect of fasting triacylglyceride concentration and apolipoprotein E polymorphism on postprandial lipemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 11, 1737-1744.
16. Chroni A, Nieland TJ, Kypreos KE, Krieger M & Zannis VI (2005) SR-BI mediates cholesterol efflux via its interactions with lipid-bound ApoE. Structural mutations in SR-BI diminish cholesterol efflux. Biochemistry 44, 13132-13143.
17. Colton CA, Brown CM, Cook D, Needham LK, Xu Q, Czapiga M, Saunders AM, Schmechel DE, Rasheed K & Vitek MP (2002) APOE and the regulation of microglial nitric oxide production: a link between genetic risk and oxidative stress. Neurobiology of Aging 23, 777-785.
18. Colton CA, Czapiga M, Snell-Callanan J, Chernyshev ON & Vitek MP (2001) Apolipoprotein E acts to increase nitric oxide production in macrophages by stimulating arginine transport. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1535, 134-144.
19. Colton CA, Needham LK, Brown C, Cook D, Rasheed K, Burke JR, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE & Vitek MP (2004) APOE genotype-specific differences in human and mouse macrophage nitric oxide production. Journal of Neuroimmunology 147, 62-67.
20. Corbo RM & Scacchi R (1999) Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele distribution in the world. Is APOE*4 a 'thrifty' allele? Annals of Human Genetics 63, 301-310.
21. Corella D, Guillen M, Saiz C, Portoles O, Sabater A, Cortina S, Folch J, Gonzalez JI & Ordovas JM (2001a) Environmental factors modulate the effect of the APOE genetic polymorphism on plasma lipid concentrations: ecogenetic studies in a Mediterranean Spanish population. Metabolism 50, 936-944.
22. Corella D, Tucker K, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ & Ordovas JM (2001b) Alcohol drinking determines the effect of the APOE locus on LDL-cholesterol concentrations in men: the Framingham Offspring Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 736-745.
23. Cullen P, Cignarella A, Brennhausen B, Mohr S, Assmann G & von Eckardstein A (1998) Phenotype-dependent differences in apolipoprotein E metabolism and in cholesterol homeostasis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Journal of Clinical Investigation 101, 1670-1677.
24. Dallongeville J, Lussier-Cacan S & Davignon J (1992) Modulation of plasma triglyceride levels by apoE phenotype: a metaanalysis. Journal of Lipid Research 33, 447-454.
25. Dallongeville J, Tiret L, Visvikis S, O'Reilly DS, Saava M, Tsitouris G, Rosseneu M, DeBacker G, Humphries SE & Beisiegel U (1999) Effect of apo E phenotype on plasma postprandial triglyceride levels in young male adults with and without a familial history of myocardial infarction: the EARS II study. European Atherosclerosis Research Study. Atherosclerosis 145, 381-388.
26. Davignon J, Gregg RE & Sing CF (1988) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 8, 1-21.
27. Dawson PA, Lukaszewski LM, Ells PF, Malbon CC & Williams DL (1989) Quantification and regulation of apolipoprotein E expression in rat Kupffer cells. Journal of Lipid Research 30, 403-413.
28. Demant T, Bedford D, Packard CJ & Shepherd J (1991) Influence of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on apolipoprotein B-100 metabolism in normolipemic subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88, 1490-1501.
29. Desai K, Bruckdorfer KR, Hutton RA & Owen JS (1989) Binding of apoE-rich high density lipoprotein particles by saturable sites on human blood platelets inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation. Journal of Lipid Research 30, 831-840.
30. Dietrich M, Hua Y, Block G, Olano E, Packer L, Morrow JD, Hudes M, Abdukeyum G, Rimbach G & Minihane AM (2005) Associations between apolipoprotein E genotype and circulating F2-isoprostane levels in humans. Lipids 40, 329-334.
31. Dong LM & Weisgraber KH (1996) Human apolipoprotein E4 domain interaction. Arginine 61 and glutamic acid 255 interact to direct the preference for very low density lipoproteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 19053-19057.
32. Dove DE, Linton MF & Fazio S (2005) ApoE-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages: separation of autocrine and paracrine effects. American Journal of Physiology 288, C586-C592.
33. Eichner JE, Dunn ST, Perveen G, Thompson DM, Stewart KE & Stroehla BC (2002) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review. American Journal of Epidemiology 155, 487-495.
34. Elosua R, Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Fox CS, Polak JF, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RA Sr & O'Donnell CJ (2004) Association of APOE genotype with carotid atherosclerosis in men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. Journal of Lipid Research 45, 1868-1875.
35. Fazio S & Yao Z (1995) The enhanced association of apolipoprotein E with apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in serum-stimulated hepatocytes occurs intracellularly. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 15, 593-600.
36. Gregg RE & Brewer HB Jr (1988) The role of apolipoprotein E and lipoprotein receptors in modulating the in vivo metabolism of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in humans. Clinical Chemistry 34, B28-B32.
37. Gregg RE, Zech LA, Schaefer EJ, Stark D, Wilson D & Brewer HB Jr (1986) Abnormal in vivo metabolism of apolipoprotein E4 in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, 815-821.
38. Gylling H, Kontula K & Miettinen TA (1995) Cholesterol absorption and metabolism and LDL kinetics in healthy men with different apoprotein E phenotypes and apoprotein B Xba I and LDL receptor Pvu II genotypes. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 15, 208-213.
39. Hallman DM, Boerwinkle E, Saha N, Sandholzer C, Menzel HJ, Csazar A & Utermann G (1991) The apolipoprotein E polymorphism: a comparison of allele frequencies and effects in nine populations. American Journal of Human Genetics 49, 338-349.
40. Hara M, Matsushima T, Satoh H, Iso-o N, Noto H, Togo M, Kimura S, Hashimoto Y & Tsukamoto K (2003) Isoform-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages by apolipoprotein E is modulated by cell surface proteoglycans. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 23, 269-274.
41. Harris WS (1997) n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 1645S-1654S.
42. Hatters DM, Peters-Libeu CA & Weisgraber KH (2006) Apolipoprotein E structure: insights into function. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 31, 445-454.
43. Hayek T, Oiknine J, Brook JG & Aviram M (1994) Increased plasma and lipoprotein lipid peroxidation in apo E-deficient mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 201, 1567-1574.
44. Howard BV, Gidding SS & Liu K (1998) Association of apolipoprotein E phenotype with plasma lipoproteins in African-American and white young adults. The CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. American Journal of Epidemiology 148, 859-868.
45. Huang Y, Ji ZS, Brecht WJ, Rall SC Jr, Taylor JM & Mahley RW (1999) Overexpression of apolipoprotein E3 in transgenic rabbits causes combined hyperlipidemia by stimulating hepatic VLDL production and impairing VLDL lipolysis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 19, 2952-2959.
46. Hui DY & Basford JE (2005) Distinct signaling mechanisms for apoE inhibition of cell migration and proliferation. Neurobiology of Aging 26, 317-323.
47. Humphries SE, Talmud PJ, Hawe E, Bolla M, Day IN & Miller GJ (2001) Apolipoprotein E4 and coronary heart disease in middle-aged men who smoke: a prospective study. Lancet 358, 115-119.
48. Ilveskoski E, Perola M, Lehtimaki T, Laippala P, Savolainen V, Pajarinen J et al. (1999) Age-dependent association of apolipoprotein E genotype with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in middle-aged men: an autopsy study. Circulation 100, 608-613.
49. Inamdar PA, Kelkar SM, Devasagayam TP & Bapat MM (2000) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in non-insulin-dependent diabetics of Mumbai, India and its effect on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 47, 217-223.
50. Innerarity TL, Friedlander EJ, Rall SC Jr, Weisgraber KH & Mahley RW (1983) The receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E. Binding of apolipoprotein E fragments. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258, 12341-12347.
51. Ishida BY, Bailey KR, Duncan KG, Chalkley RJ, Burlingame AL, Kane JP & Schwartz DM (2004) Regulated expression of apolipoprotein E by human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Journal of Lipid Research 45, 263-271.
52. Jackson KG, Maitin V, Leake DS, Yaqoob P & Williams CM (2006) Saturated fat-induced changes in Sf 60-400 particle composition reduces uptake of LDL by HepG2 cells. Journal of Lipid Research 47, 393-403.
53. Jarvik GP, Austin MA, Fabsitz RR, Auwerx J, Reed T, Christian JC & Deeb S (1994) Genetic influences on age-related change in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels: longitudinal apolipoprotein E genotype effects. Genetic Epidemiology 11, 375-384.
54. Jofre-Monseny L, de Pascual-Teresa S, Plonka E, Huebbe P, Boesch-Saasatmandi C, Minihane AM & Rimbach G (2007) Differential effects of apolipoprotein E3 and E4 on markers of oxidative status in macrophages. British Journal of Nutrition (In the Press).
55. Jolivalt C, Leininger-Muller B, Bertrand P, Herber R, Christen Y & Siest G (2000) Differential oxidation of apolipoprotein E isoforms and interaction with phospholipids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 28, 129-140.
56. Kayden HJ, Maschio F & Traber MG (1985) The secretion of apolipoprotein E by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 239, 388-395.
57. Kesaniemi YA, Ehnholm C & Miettinen TA (1987) Intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency in man is related to apoprotein E phenotype. Journal of Clinical Investigation 80, 578-581.
58. Kim DH, Iijima H, Goto K, Sakai J, Ishii H, Kim HJ, Suzuki H, Kondo H, Saeki S & Yamamoto T (1996) Human apolipoprotein E receptor 2. A novel lipoprotein receptor of the low density lipoprotein receptor family predominantly expressed in brain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 8373-8380.
59. Kitagawa K, Matsumoto M, Kuwabara K, Takasawa K, Tanaka S, Sasaki T, Matsushita K, Ohtsuki T, Yanagihara T & Hori M (2002) Protective effect of apolipoprotein E against ischemic neuronal injury is mediated through antioxidant action. Journal of Neuroscience Research 68, 226-232.
60. Kuusisto J, Mykkanen L, Kervinen K, Kesaniemi YA & Laakso M (1995) Apolipoprotein E4 phenotype is not an important risk factor for coronary heart disease or stroke in elderly subjects. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 15, 1280-1286.
61. Lahoz C, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Levy D, Osgood D, Parpos S, Pedro-Botet J, Daly JA & Ordovas JM (2001) Apolipoprotein E genotype and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 154, 529-537.
62. Law MR, Wald NJ & Thompson SG (1994) By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? British Medical Journal 308, 367-372.
63. Lehtimaki T, Metso S, Ylitalo R, Rontu R, Nikkila M, Wuolijoki E & Ylitalo P (2005) Microcrystalline chitosan is ineffective to decrease plasma lipids in both apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 carriers and non-carriers: a long-term placebo-controlled trial in hypercholesterolaemic volunteers. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 97, 98-103.
64. Lenzen HJ, Assmann G, Buchwalsky R & Schulte H (1986) Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and coronary artery disease. Clinical Chemistry 32, 778-781.
65. Li X, Kypreos K, Zanni EE & Zannis V (2003) Domains of apoE required for binding to apoE receptor 2 and to phospholipids: implications for the functions of apoE in the brain. Biochemistry 42, 10406-10417.
66. Libeu CP, Lund-Katz S, Phillips MC, Wehrli S, Hernaiz MJ, Capila I, Linhardt RJ, Raffai RL, Newhouse YM, Zhou F & Weisgraber KH (2001) New insights into the heparan sulfate proteoglycan-binding activity of apolipoprotein E. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 39138-39144.
67. Lin CY, Duan H & Mazzone T (1999) Apolipoprotein E-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages: kinetic study and divergent mechanisms for endogenous versus exogenous apolipoprotein E. Journal of Lipid Research 40, 1618-1627.
68. Lynch JR, Tang W, Wang H, Vitek MP, Bennett ER, Sullivan PM, Warner DS & Laskowitz DT (2003) APOE genotype and an ApoE-mimetic peptide modify the systemic and central nervous system inflammatory response. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 48529-48533.
69. Mahley RW (1988) Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 240, 622-630.
70. Mahley RW & Ji ZS (1999) Remnant lipoprotein metabolism: key pathways involving cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and apolipoprotein E. Journal of Lipid Research 40, 1-16.
71. Marques-Vidal P, Bongard V, Ruidavets JB, Fauvel J, Hanaire-Broutin H, Perret B & Ferrieres J (2003) Obesity and alcohol modulate the effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipids and insulin. Obesity Research 11, 1200-1206.
72. Masson LF, McNeill G & Avenell A (2003) Genetic variation and the lipid response to dietary intervention: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77, 1098-1111.
73. Mazzone T & Reardon C (1994) Expression of heterologous human apolipoprotein E by J774 macrophages enhances cholesterol efflux to HDL3. Journal of Lipid Research 35, 1345-1353.
74. Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Vanhanen H & Ollus A (1992) Cholesterol absorption, elimination, and synthesis related to LDL kinetics during varying fat intake in men with different apoprotein E phenotypes. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 12, 1044-1052.
75. Miltiadous G, Hatzivassiliou M, Liberopoulos E, Bairaktari E, Tselepis A, Cariolou M & Elisaf M (2005) Gene polymorphisms affecting HDL-cholesterol levels in the normolipidemic population. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 15, 219-224.
76. Minihane AM, Khan S, Leigh-Firbank EC, Talmud P, Wright JW, Murphy MC, Griffin BA & Williams CM (2000) ApoE polymorphism and fish oil supplementation in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 20, 1990-1997.
77. Mistry MJ, Clay MA, Kelly ME, Steiner MA & Harmony JA (1995) Apolipoprotein E restricts interleukin-dependent T lymphocyte proliferation at the G1A/G1B boundary. Cellular Immunology 160, 14-23.
78. Miyata M & Smith JD (1996) Apolipoprotein E allelespecific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and beta-amyloid peptides. Nature Genetics 14, 55-61.
79. Morrow JA, Hatters DM, Lu B, Hochtl P, Oberg KA, Rupp B & Weisgraber KH (2002) Apolipoprotein E4 forms a molten globule. A potential basis for its association with disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 50380-50385.
80. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2006) Single nucleotide polymorphism. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/ (accessed November 2006)
81. Newman TC, Dawson PA, Rudel LL & Williams DL (1985) Quantitation of apolipoprotein E mRNA in the liver and peripheral tissues of nonhuman primates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 2452-2457.
82. Nolte RT & Atkinson D (1992) Conformational analysis of apolipoprotein A-I and E-3 based on primary sequence and circular dichroism. Biophysical Journal 63, 1221-1239.
83. Ophir G, Amariglio N, Jacob-Hirsch J, Elkon R, Rechavi G & Michaelson DM (2005) Apolipoprotein E4 enhances brain inflammation by modulation of the NF-kappaB signaling cascade. Neurobiology of Disease 20, 709-718.
84. Ophir G, Meilin S, Efrati M, Chapman J, Karussis D, Roses A & Michaelson DM (2003) Human apoE3 but not apoE4 rescues impaired astrocyte activation in apoE null mice. Neurobiology of Disease 12, 56-64.
85. Orth M, Wahl S, Hanisch M, Friedrich I, Wieland H & Luley C (1996) Clearance of postprandial lipoproteins in normolipemics: role of the apolipoprotein E phenotype. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1303, 22-30.
86. Pablos-Mendez A, Mayeux R, Ngai C, Shea S & Berglund L (1997) Association of apo E polymorphism with plasma lipid levels in a multiethnic elderly population. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 17, 3534-3541.
87. Paik YK, Chang DJ, Reardon CA, Davies GE, Mahley RW & Taylor JM (1985) Nucleotide sequence and structure of the human apolipoprotein E gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82, 3445-3449.
88. Patsch W, Esterbauer H, Foger B & Patsch JR (2000) Postprandial lipemia and coronary risk. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 2, 232-242.
89. Pham T, Kodvawala A & Hui DY (2005) The receptor binding domain of apolipoprotein e is responsible for its antioxidant activity. Biochemistry 44, 7577-7582.
90. Polacek D, Beckmann MW & Schreiber JR (1992) Rat ovarian apolipoprotein E: localization and gonadotropic control of messenger RNA. Biology of Reproduction 46, 65-72.
91. Pratico D, Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ, Rokach J & Fitzgerald GA (1998) Increased F2-isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for enhanced lipid peroxidation in vivo. FASEB Journal 12, 1777-1783.
92. Rall SC Jr, Weisgraber KH & Mahley RW (1982) Human apolipoprotein E. The complete amino acid sequence. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 4171-4178.
93. Ranjith N, Pegoraro RJ, Rom L, Rajput MC & Naidoo DP (2004) Lp(a) and apoE polymorphisms in young South African Indians with myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa 15, 111-117.
94. Rastas S, Mattila K, Verkkoniemi A, Niinisto L, Juva K, Sulkava R & Lansimies E (2004) Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes, blood pressure, blood lipids and ECG abnormalities in a general population aged 85+. BMC Geriatrics 4, 1.
95. Remaley AT, Stonik JA, Demosky SJ, Neufeld EB, Bocharov AV, Vishnyakova TG, Eggerman TL, Patterson AP, Duverger NJ, Santamarina-Fojo S & Brewer HB Jr (2001) Apolipoprotein specificity for lipid efflux by the human ABCAI transporter. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 280, 818-823.
96. Riddell DR, Graham A & Owen JS (1997) Apolipoprotein E inhibits platelet aggregation through the L-arginine:nitric oxide pathway. Implications for vascular disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 89-95.
97. Riddell DR, Sun XM, Stannard AK, Soutar AK & Owen JS (2001) Localization of apolipoprotein E receptor 2 to caveolae in the plasma membrane. Journal of Lipid Research 42, 998-1002.
98. Riddell DR, Vinogradov DV, Stannard AK, Chadwick N & Owen JS (1999) Identification and characterization of LRP8 (apoER2) in human blood platelets. Journal of Lipid Research 40, 1925-1930.
99. Ruiz J, Kouiavskaia D, Migliorini M, Robinson S, Saenko EL, Gorlatova N, Li D, Lawrence D, Hyman BT, Weisgraber KH & Strickland DK (2005) The apoE isoform binding properties of the VLDL receptor reveal marked differences from LRP and the LDL receptor. Journal of Lipid Research 46, 1721-1731.
100. Sacre SM, Stannard AK & Owen JS (2003) Apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms differentially induce nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. FEBS Letters 540, 181-187.
101. Saito H, Dhanasekaran P, Baldwin F, Weisgraber KH, Phillips MC & Lund-Katz S (2003) Effects of polymorphism on the lipid interaction of human apolipoprotein E. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 40723-40729.
102. Saito M, Eto M, Nitta H, Kanda Y, Shigeto M, Nakayama K et al. (2004) Effect of apolipoprotein E4 allele on plasma LDL cholesterol response to diet therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 27, 1276-1280.
103. Sanada M, Nakagawa H, Kodama I, Sakasita T & Ohama K (1998) Apolipoprotein E phenotype associations with plasma lipoproteins and bone mass in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 1, 188-195.
104. Sarkkinen E, Korhonen M, Erkkila A, Ebeling T & Uusitupa M (1998) Effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum lipid response to the separate modification of dietary fat and dietary cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, 1215-1222.
105. Schaefer EJ, Gregg RE, Ghiselli G, Forte TM, Ordovas JM, Zech LA & Brewer HB Jr (1986) Familial apolipoprotein E deficiency. Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, 1206-1219.
106. Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Ausman LM, Ordovas JM, Clevidence BA, Judd JT, Goldin BR, Woods M, Gorbach S & Lichtenstein AH (1997) Individual variability in lipoprotein cholesterol response to National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 823-830.
107. Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Johnson S, Ordovas JM, Schaefer MM, Castelli WP & Wilson PW (1994) Effects of gender and menopausal status on the association of apolipoprotein E phenotype with plasma lipoprotein levels. Results from the Framingham Offspring Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 14, 1105-1113.
108. Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller D, Andres R, Morrell CH, Zonderman AB & Lakatta EG (2005) apoE4 allele and the natural history of cardiovascular risk factors. American Journal of Physiology 289, E322-E327.
109. Sheehan D, Bennett T & Cashman K (2000) Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms and serum cholesterol in healthy Irish adults: a proposed genetic marker for coronary artery disease risk. Irish Journal of Medical Sciences 169, 50-54.
110. Shimano H, Ohsuga J, Shimada M, Namba Y, Gotoda T, Harada K, Katsuki M, Yazaki Y & Yamada N (1995) Inhibition of diet-induced atheroma formation in transgenic mice expressing apolipoprotein E in the arterial wall. Journal of Clinical Investigation 95, 469-476.
111. Shin MH, Kim HN, Cui LH, Kweon SS, Park KS, Heo H, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Chung EK & Choi JS (2005) The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipid levels in Korean adults. Journal of Korean Medical Science 20, 361-366.
112. Shore VG & Shore B (1973) Heterogeneity of human plasma very low density lipoproteins. Separation of species differing in protein components. Biochemistry 12, 502-507.
113. Singh P, Singh M & Mastana S (2006) APOE distribution in world populations with new data from India and the UK. Annals of Human Biology 33, 297-308.
114. Song Y, Stampfer MJ & Liu S (2004) Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 141, 137-147.
115. Srinivasan SR, Ehnholm C, Elkasabany A & Berenson G (1999) Influence of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum lipids and lipoprotein changes from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 143, 435-443.
116. Stannard AK, Riddell DR, Sacre SM, Tagalakis AD, Langer C, von Eckardstein A, Cullen P, Athanasopoulos T, Dickson G & Owen JS (2001) Cell-derived apolipoprotein E (ApoE) particles inhibit vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in human endothelial cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 46011-46016.
117. Strickland DK, Gonias SL & Argraves WS (2002) Diverse roles for the LDL receptor family. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 13, 66-74.
118. Swertfeger DK & Hui DY (2001) Apolipoprotein E receptor binding versus heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding in its regulation of smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 25043-25048.
119. Szalai C, Csaszar A, Czinner A, Palicz T, Halmos B & Romics L (1999) Genetic investigation of patients with hypercholesterolemia type IIa. Clinical Genetics 55, 67-68.
120. Szalai C, Czinner A & Csaszar A (2000) Influence of apolipoprotein E genotypes on serum lipid parameters in a biracial sample of children. European Journal of Pediatrics 159, 257-260.
121. Talmud PJ, Stephens JW, Hawe E, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Hurel SJ, Humphries SE & Ordovas JM (2005) The significant increase in cardiovascular disease risk in APOEepsilon4 carriers is evident only in men who smoke: potential relationship between reduced antioxidant status and ApoE4. Annals of Human Genetics 69, 613-622.
122. Tamaoka A, Miyatake F, Matsuno S, Ishii K, Nagase S, Sahara N et al. (2000) Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent antioxidant activity in brains with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 54, 2319-2321.
123. Tan CE, Tai ES, Tan CS, Chia KS, Lee J, Chew SK & Ordovas JM (2003) APOE polymorphism and lipid profile in three ethnic groups in the Singapore population. Atherosclerosis 170, 253-260.
124. Terry JG, Howard G, Mercuri M, Bond MG & Crouse JR 3rd (1996) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism is associated with segment-specific extracranial carotid artery intima-media thickening. Stroke 27, 1755-1759.
125. Thorngate FE, Rudel LL, Walzem RL & Williams DL (2000) Low levels of extrahepatic nonmacrophage ApoE inhibit atherosclerosis without correcting hypercholesterolemia in ApoE-deficient mice. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 20, 1939-1945.
126. Utermann G, Hardewig A & Zimmer F (1984) Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in patients with myocardial infarction. Human Genetics 65, 237-241.
127. Von Bergmann K, Lutjohann D, Lindenthal B & Steinmetz A (2003) Efficiency of intestinal cholesterol absorption in humans is not related to apoE phenotype. Journal of Lipid Research 44, 193-197.
128. Wallis SC, Rogne S, Gill L, Markham A, Edge M, Woods D, Williamson R & Humphries S (1983) The isolation of cDNA clones for human apolipoprotein E and the detection of apoE RNA in hepatic and extra-hepatic tissues. The EMBO Journal 2, 2369-2373.
129. Wang-Iverson P, Gibson JC & Brown WV (1985) Plasma apolipoprotein secretion by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 834, 256-262.
130. Weintraub MS, Eisenberg S & Breslow JL (1987) Dietary fat clearance in normal subjects is regulated by genetic variation in apolipoprotein E. Journal of Clinical Investigation 80, 1571-1577.
131. Weisgraber KH (1990) Apolipoprotein E distribution among human plasma lipoproteins: role of the cysteine-arginine interchange at residue 112. Journal of Lipid Research 31, 1503-1511.
132. Weisgraber KH (1994) Apolipoprotein E: structure-function relationships. Advances in Protein Chemistry 45, 249-302.
133. Weisgraber KH, Innerarity TL & Mahley RW (1982) Abnormal lipoprotein receptor-binding activity of the human E apoprotein due to cysteine-arginine interchange at a single site. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 2518-2521.
134. Weisgraber KH, Rall SC Jr & Mahley RW (1981) Human E apoprotein heterogeneity. Cysteine-arginine interchanges in the amino acid sequence of the apo-E isoforms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 256, 9077-9083.
135. Welty FK, Lichtenstein AH, Barrett PH, Jenner JL, Dolnikowski GG & Schaefer EJ (2000) Effects of ApoE genotype on ApoB-48 and ApoB-100 kinetics with stable isotopes in humans. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 20, 1807-1810.
136. Wetterau JR, Aggerbeck LP, Rall SC Jr & Weisgraber KH (1988) Human apolipoprotein E3 in aqueous solution. I. Evidence for two structural domains. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, 6240-6248.
137. Wilson C, Wardell MR, Weisgraber KH, Mahley RW & Agard DA (1991) Three-dimensional structure of the LDL receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E. Science 252, 1817-1822.
138. Wilson PW, Myers RH, Larson MG, Ordovas JM, Wolf PA & Schaefer EJ (1994) Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Offspring Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 272, 1666-1671.
139. Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Larson MG & Ordovas JM (1996) Apolipoprotein E alleles and risk of coronary disease. A metaanalysis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 16, 1250-1255.
140. Yue P, Isley WL, Harris WS, Rosipal S, Akin CD & Schonfeld G (2005) Genetic variants of ApoE account for variability of plasma low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B levels in FHBL. Atherosclerosis 178, 107-113.
141. Zechner R, Moser R, Newman TC, Fried SK & Breslow JL (1991) Apolipoprotein E gene expression in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and human adipose tissue and its regulation by differentiation and lipid content. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 10583-10588.
142. Zeleny M, Swertfeger DK, Weisgraber KH & Hui DY (2002) Distinct apolipoprotein E isoform preference for inhibition of smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Biochemistry 41, 11820-11823.
143. Zhang B, Liu ZH, Zeng CH, Zheng JM, Chen HP, Zhou H & Li LS (2005) Plasma level and genetic variation of apolipoprotein E in patients with lipoprotein glomerulopathy. Chinese Medical Journal 118, 555-560.
144. Zhang WY, Gaynor PM & Kruth HS (1996) Apolipoprotein E produced by human monocyte-derived macrophages mediates cholesterol efflux that occurs in the absence of added cholesterol acceptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 28641-28646.
145. Zhao Y, Thorngate FE, Weisgraber KH, Williams DL & Parks JS (2005) Apolipoprotein E is the major physiological activator of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) on apolipoprotein B lipoproteins. Biochemistry 44, 1013-1025.
146. Zilversmit DB (1979) Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon. Circulation 60, 473-485.