Photodynamic therapy and cancer: A brief sightseeing tour

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 131-148

  Palumbo, Giuseppe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cancer laser; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitisers; Singlet oxygen

Indexed keywords

AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID HEXYL ESTER; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID METHYL ESTER; ANTHRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; BACTERIOCHLORIN; BENZOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE; CHLOROALUMINUM PHTHALOCYANINE; FREE RADICAL; HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE; HYPERICIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDOCYANINE GREEN; LUTETIUM TEXAPHYRIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PALLADIUM BACTERIOPHEOPHORBIDE; PHOTOFRIN; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; PHTHALOCYANINE DERIVATIVE; PURPURIN DERIVATIVE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; ROSTAPORFIN; SINGLET OXYGEN; SQN 400; TALAPORFIN; TEMOPORFIN; TETRA(3 HYDROXYPHENYL)BACTERIOCHLORIN; TETRAKIS(3 HYDROXYPHENYL)CHLORIN; TETRAPHENYLPORPHINESULFONIC ACID; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; BLADDER CANCER; BRAIN CANCER; CANCER CELL; CELL KILLING; CELL LINE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; DIODE LASER; DOSIMETRY; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENERGY TRANSFER; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; GYNECOLOGIC CANCER; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HUMAN; IONTOPHORESIS; LUNG CANCER; MAGNETIC FIELD; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANCREAS CANCER; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PRECANCER; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SKIN CANCER; STOMACH CANCER; ULTRASOUND; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

ANIMALS; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; LASERS; LIGHT; NEOPLASMS; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS; SINGLET OXYGEN;

EID: 33847772612     PISSN: 17425247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425247.4.2.131     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. VON TAPPEINER HVH: Die photodynamische Erscheinung (Sensibilisierung durch fluoreszierende Stoffe). Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde, (1909) 8:698-741.
2. LIPSON RL, BALDES EJ: The photodynamic properties of a particular hematoporphyrin derivative. Arch. Dermatol. (1960) 82:508-516.
3. LIPSON RL, BALDES EJ, OLSEN AM: Hematoporphyrin derivative: a new aid for endoscopic detection of malignant disease. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. (1961) 42:623-629
4. MOAN J, BERG K: The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Photochem. Photobiol. (1991) 53:549-553
5. KORBELIK M, KROSL G: Photofrin accumulation in malignant and host cell populations of various tumours. Br. J. Cancer. (1996,) 73:506-513.
6. BUGELSKI PJ, PORTER CW, DOUGHERTY TJ: Autoradiographic distribution of hematoporphyrin derivative in normal and tumour tissue of the mouse. Cancer Res. (1981) 41:4606-4612.
7. PENG Q, MOAN J, FARRANTS G, DANIELSEN HE, RIMINGTON C: Localization of potent photosensitisers in human tumour LOX by means of laser scanning microscopy. Cancer Lett. (1991) 58:17-27.
8. HENDERSON BW, FINGAR VH: Oxygen limitation of direct tumour cell kill during photodynamic treatment of a murine tumour model. Photochem. Photobiol. (1989) 49:299-304.
9. WIEMAN TJ, MANG TS, FINGAR VH et al.: Effect of photodynamic therapy on blood flow in normal and tumour vessels. Surgery (1988) 104:512-517.
10. STAR WM, MARIJNISSEN HP, VAN DEN BERG-BLOK AE, VERSTEEG JA et al.: Destruction of rat mammary tumour and normal tissue microcirculation by hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation observed in vivo in sandwich observation chambers. Cancer Res. (1986) 46:2532-2540.
11. DOLMANS DE, KADAMBI A, HILL JS, WATERS CA et al.: Vascular accumulation of a novel photosensitiser, MV6401, causes selective thrombosis in tumour vessels after photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:2151-2156.
12. GOLLNICK SO, EVANS SS, BAUMANN H et al.: Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy-induced local and systemic inflammation. Br. J. Cancer (2003) 88:1772-1779.
13. GOLLNICK SO, VAUGHAN L, HENDERSON BW: Generation of effective antitumour vaccines using photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:1604-1608.
14. BRANCALEONI I., MOSELEY H: "Laser and non-laser light sources for photodynamic therapy" Lasers Med. Sci. (2002) 17:173-186.
15. RIPLEY PM, MILLS TN, BROOKES JAS: Measurements of the emission profiles of cylindrical light diffusers using a video technique. Lasers Med. Sci. (1999) 14:67-72.
16. MURRER LHP, MARIJNISSEN JPA, STAR WM: Improvements in the design of linear diffusers for photodynamic therapy. Phys. Med. Biol. (1997) 42:1461-1464.
17. SVAASAND LO, ELLINGSEN R: Optical properties of human brain. Photochem. Photobiol. (1983) 38:293-299.
18. ZHU TC, FINLAY JC, HAHN SM: Determination of the distribution of light, optical properties, drug concentration, and tissue oxygenation in-vivo in human prostate during Motexafin lutetium-mediated photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. (2005) 79:231-241.
19. PANJEHPOUR M, OVERHOLT BF, PHAN MN, HAYDEK JM: Optimization of light dosimetry for photodynamic therapy of Barrett's oesophagus: efficacy vs. incidence of stricture after treatment. Gastrointest. Endosc. (2005) 61:13-18.
20. ZHU TC, DIMOFTE A, FINLAY JC et al.: Optical properties of human prostate at 732 nm measured in mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem. Photobiol. (2005) 81:96-105.
21. JACQUES SL: Light distributions from point, line and plane sources for photochemical Id fluorescence in turbid biological tissues. Photochem. Photobiol. (1998) 67:23-32.
22. HUANG Z: A review of progress in clinical photodynamic therapy. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. (2005) 4:283-293.
23. BROWN SB, BROWN EA, WALKER I. The present and future role of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Lancet oncol. (2004) 5:497-508.
24. HOPPER C: Photodynamic therapy: a clinical reality in the treatment of cancer. Lancet Oncol. (2000) 1:212-219.
25. SHARMAN WM, ALLEN CM, VAN LIER JE: Photodynamic therapeutics: basic principles and clinical applications. Drug Discov. Today (1999) 4:507-517.
26. CHAN AL, JUAREZ M, ALLEN R, VOLZ W, ALBERTSON T: Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) photodynamic therapy in adult patients with primary or secondary cancer of the skin and mucosal surfaces. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. (2005) 21:72-78.
27. WONG TW, AIZAWA K, SHEYHEDIN I, WUSHUR C, KATO H: Pilot study of topical delivery of mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6): implication of topical NPe6-photodynamic therapy. J. Pharmacol. Sci. (2003) 93:136-142.
28. KATO H, FURUKAWA K, SATO M et al.: Phase II clinical study of photodynamic therapy using mono-L-aspartyl chlorine6 and diode laser for early superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer (2003) 42:103-111.
29. LIM JI: Photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascular disease: photosensitisers and clinical trials. ophthalmol. Clin. North Am. (2002) 15:473-478.
30. TABER SW, FINGAR VH, COOTS CT, WIEMAN TJ: Photodynamic therapy using mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (Npe6) for the treatment of cutaneous disease: a Phase I clinical study. Clin. Cancer Res. (1998) 4:2741-2746.
31. VAN DUIJNHOVEN FH, ROVERS JP, ENGELMANN K et al.: Photodynamic therapy with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(m-hydroxyphenyl) bacteriochlorin for colorectal liver metastases is safe and feasible: results from a phase I study. Ann. Surg. Oncol. (2005) 12:808-816.
32. ENGELMANN K, MACK MG, EICHLER K et al.: Interstitial photodynamic laser therapy for liver metastases: first results of a clinical phase I-study. Rofo. (2003) 175:682-687.
33. BEN-HUR E: Basic photobiologyand mechanisms of action of phthalocyanines. In: Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications. Marcel Dekker Publisher, New York, USA (1992):63-77.
34. GERBER-LESZCZYSZYN H, ZIOLKOWSKI P, MARSZALIK P: Photodynamic therapy of head and neck tumours and non-tumour like disorders. Otolaryngol. Pol. (2004) 58:339-343.
35. GILABERTE Y, PEREBOOM D, CARAPETO FJ, ALDA JO: Flow cytometry study of the role of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in cellular photodestruction with 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin DC. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. (1997) 13:43-49.
36. KUBIN A, WIERRANI F, BURNER U, ALTH G, GRUNBERGER W: Hypericin the facts about a controversial agent. Curr. Pharm. Des. (2005) 11:233-253.
37. REDMOND RW, GAMLIN JN: A compilation of singlet oxygen yields from biologically relevant molecules. Photochem. Photobiol. (1999) 70:391-475.
38. PYTEL A, SCHMELLER N: New aspect of photodynamic diagnosis of bladder tumours: fluorescence cytology. Urology (2002) 59:216-219.
39. D'HALLEWIN MA, DE WITTE PA, WAELKENS E, MERLEVEDE W, BAERT L: Fluorescence detection of flat bladder carcinoma in situ after intravesical instillation of hypericin. J. Urol. (2000) 164:349-351.
40. D'HALLEWIN MA, BEZDETNAYA L, GUILLEMIN F: Fluorescence detection of bladder cancer: a review. Eur. Urol. (2002) 42:417-425.
41. OLIVO M, LAU W, MANIVASAGER V, TAN PH, SOO KC, CHENG C: Macro-microscopic fluorescence of human bladder cancer using hypericin fluorescence cystoscopy and laser confocal microscopy. Int. J. Oncol. (2003) 23:983-990.
42. ALECU M, URSACIUC C, HALALAU F et al.: Photodynamic treatment of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma with hypericin. Anticancer Res. (1998) 18:4651-4654.
43. WILSON BD, BERNSTEIN Z, SOMMER C et al.: Photodynamic therapy for Kaposis-sarcoma using Photofrin and tin ethyl-etiopurpurin (SnET2). J. Invest. Dermatol. (1995) 104:693-698.
44. KOUDINOVA NV, PINTHUS JH, BRANDIS A et al.: Photodynamic therapy with Pd-Bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD): successful in vivo treatment of human prostatic small cell carcinoma xenografts. Int. J. Cancer (2003) 104:782-789.
45. HAJRI A, WACK S, MEYER C et al.: In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Photofrin and pheophorbide a, a bacteriochlorin, in photodynamic therapy of colonic cancer cells. Photochem. Photobiol. (2002) 75:140-148.
46. BELLNIER DA, GRECO WR, NAVA H, LOEWEN GM, OSEROFF AR, DOUGHERTY TJ: Mild skin photosensitivity in cancer patients following injection of Photochlor (2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a; HPPH) for photodynamic therapy. CancerChemother. Pharmacol. (2006) 57:40-45
47. KARRER S, ABELS C, SZEIMIES RM et al.: Topical application of a first porphycene dye for photodynamic Therapy penetration studies in human perilesional skin and basal cellcarcinoma. Arch. Dermatol. Res. (1997) 289:132-137.
48. KABUTO M, KUBOTA T, KOBAYASHI H et al.: Antitumor effect of MX2, a new morpholino anthracycline against C6 glioma cells and its combination effect with photodynamic therapy in vitro. No To Shinkei. (1995) 47:969-973.
49. BAUMLER W, ABELS C, KARRER S et al.: Photo-oxidative killing of human colonic cancer cells using indocyanine green and infrared light. Br. J. Cancer (1999) 80: 360-363.
50. WILSON BC, JEEVES WP, LOWE DM: In vivo and post mortem measurements of the attenuation spectra of light in mammalian tissues. Photochem. Photobiol. (1985) 42:153-162.
51. LIGGETT PE, LAVAQUE AJ, CHAUDHRY NA, JABLON EP, QUIROZ-MERCADO H: Preliminary results of combined simultaneous transpupillary thermorherapy and ICG-based photodynamic therapy for choroidal melanoma. ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging (2005) 36:463-470.
52. CRESCENZI E, VARRIALE L, IOVINO M, CHIAVIELLO A, VENEZIANI BM, PALUMBO G: Photodynamic therapy with indocyanine green complements and enhances low-dose cisplatin cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2004) 3:537-544.
53. TSENG WW, SAXTON RE, DEGANUTTI A, LIU CD: Infrared lazer activation of indocyanine green inhibits growth in human pancreatic cancer. Pancreas (2003) 27:42-45.
54. BAUMLER W, ABELS C, KARRER S: Photo-oxidative killing of human colonic cancer cells using indocyanine green and infrared light. Br. J. Cancer (1999) 80:360-363.
55. GOMES AJ, LUNARDI LO, MARCHETTI JM, LUNARDI CN, TEDESCO AC: Indocyanine green nanoparticles useful for photomedicine. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery (2006) 24:514-521.
56. VANTIEGHEM A, ASSEFA Z, VANDENABEELE P et al.: Hypericin-induced photosensitization of HeLa cells leads to apoptosis or necrosis. Involvement of cyrochrome c and procaspase-3 activation in the mechanism of apoptosis. FEBS Lett. (1998) 440:19-24.
57. ZHUANG S, LYNCH MC, KOCHEVAR IE: Cazpaze-8 mediates caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c releaze during singlet oxygen-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Exp. Cell Res. (1999) 250:203-212.
58. WYLD L, REED MW: BROWN NJ: Differential cell death response to photodynamic therapy is dependent on dose and cell type. Br. J. Cancer (2001) 84:1384-1386.
59. ALI SM, OLIVO M: Bio-distribution and subcellular localization of Hypericin and its role in PDT induced apoptosis in cancer cells, Int. J. Oncol. (2002) 21:531-540.
60. FERRARIO A, FISHER AM, RUCKER N, GOMER CJ: Celecoxib and NS-398 enhance photodynamic therapy by increasing in vitro apoptosis and decreasing in vivo inflammatory and angiogenic factors. Cancer Res. (2005) 65:9473-9478.
61. SACZKO J, KULBACKA J, CHWILKOWSKA A et al.: The influence of photodynamic therapy on apoptosis in human melanoma cell line. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. (2004) 43:129-132.
62. IGARASHI A, KONNO H, TANAKA T et al.: Liposomal photofrin enhances therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy against the human gastric cancer. Toxicol. Lett. (2003) 145:133-141.
63. HAJRI A, WACK S, MEYER C et al.: In vitro and in vivo efficacy of photofrin and pheophorbide a, a bacteriochlorin, in photodynamic therapy of colonic cancer cells, Photochem. Photobiol. (2002) 75:140-148.
64. NOODT B, BERG T, STOKKE T, PENG Q, NESLAND JM: Different apoptotic pathways are induced from various intracellular sites by tetraphenylporphyrins and light. Br. J. Cancer (1999) 79:72-81.
65. FISHER M, DANENBERG K, BANERJEE D, BERTINO JR, DANENBERG P, GOMER CJ: Increased photosensitivity in HL60 cells expressing wild-type p53. Photochem. Photobiol. (1997) 66:265-270.
66. TAJIRI H, SHINOMIYA N, HAYAKAWA A, MATSUMOTO Y, YOSHIDA S: Photodynamic therapy-induced rapid cell death by apoptosis in human pancreatic carcinoma transplanted-into nude mice, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. (1996) 21:29-37.
67. HE XY, SIKES RA, THOMSEN S, CHUNG LW, JACQUES SL: Photodynamic therapy with photofrin II induces programmed cell death in carcinoma cell lines. Photochem. Photobiol. (1994) 59:468-473.
68. DAS H, KOIZUMI T, SUGIMOTO T et al.: Induction of apoptosis and manganese superoxide dismutase gene by photodynamic therapy in cervical carcinoma cell lines. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 5:97-103.
69. MARCHAL S, FADLOUN A, MAUGAIN E, D'HALLEWIN MA, GUILLEMIN F, BEZDETNAYA L: Necrotic and apoptotic features of cell death in response to Foscan photosensitization of HT29 monolayer and multicell spheroids. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2005) 69:1167-1176.
70. TEITEN MH, MARCHAL S, D'HALLEWIN MA, GUILLEMIN F, BEZDETNAYA L: Primary photodamage sites and mitochondrial events after Foscan photosensitization of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Photochem. Photobiol. (2003) 78:9-14.
71. LILGE L, PORTNOY M, WILSON BC Apoptosis induced in vivo by photodynamic therapy in normal brain and intracranial tumour tissue. Br J. Cancer. (2000) 83:1110-1117.
72. CHEN JY, MAK NK, WEN JM et al.: A comparison of the photodynamic effects of temoporfin (mTHPC) and MC540 00 leukemic cells: efficacy and apoptosis. Photochem. Photobiol. (1998) 68:545-554.
73. GREBENOVA D, KUZELOVA K, SMETANA K et al.:Mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptotic pathways are activated by S-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in HL60 leukemia cells, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. (2003) 69:71-85.
74. XIANG W, WEINGANDT H, LIESSMANN F. et al.: Photodynamic effects induced by aminolevulinic acid esters on human cervical carcinoma cells in culture, Photochem. Photobiol. (2001) 74:617-623;
75. NOODT BB, BERG K, STOKKE T, PENG Q, NESLAND JM: Apoptosis and necrosis induced with light and 5-aminolaevulinic acid-derived protoporphyrin IX. Br. J. Cancer (1996) 74:2-29.
76. WEBBER J, LUO Y, CRILLY R, FROMM D, KESSEL D: An apoptotic response to photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin in vivo. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. (1996) 35:09-211.
77. ALMEIDA RD, MANADAS BJ, CARVALHO AP, DUARTE CB: Intracellular signalling mechanisms in photodynamic therapy Biochimi. Biophys. Acta (2004) 1704:59-86.
78. CASTANO AP, MROZ P, HAMBLIN MR: Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity. Nat. Rev. Cancer (2006) 6:35-645. Very recent paper relating PDT to antitumour immunity.
79. CHANG L, KARIN M: Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades. Nature (2001) 410:37-40.
80. TONG Z, SINGH G, RAINBOW AJ: Sustained activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase pathway protects cells from photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res. (2002) 62:5528-5535.
81. TONG Z, SINGH G, VALERIE K, RAINBOW AJ: Activation of the stress-activated JNK and p38 MAPK kinases in human cells by Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. (2003) 71:7-85.
82. SOLBAN N, SELBO PK, SINHA AK, CHANG SK, HASAN T: Mechanistic investigation and implications of photodynamic therapy induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. (2006) 66:633-5640.
83. HENDRICKX N, DEWAELE M, BUYTAERT E et al.: Targeted inhibition of p38α MAPK suppresses tumor-associated endothelialcell migration in response to hypericin-based photodynamic therapy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2005) 337:928-935.
84. HENDRICKX N, VOLANTI C, MOENS U et al.: Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and apoptosis resistance by p38 MAPK in hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy of human cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) 278:52231-52239.
85. LUNA MC, WONG S, GOMER CJ: Photodynamic therapy mediated induction of early response genes, Cancer Res. (1994) 54:1374-1380.
86. KICK G, MESSER G, PLEWIG G, KIND P, GOETZ AE: Strong and prolonged induction of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes by photodynamic therapy. Br. J. Cancer (1996) 74:30- 36.
87. KICK G, MESSER G, GOETZ A, PLEWIG G, KIND P: Photodynamic therapy induces expression of interleukin 6 by activation of AP-1 but not NF-kappa B DNA binding. Cancer Res. (1995) 55:373-2379.
88. RYTER SW, GOMER CJ: Nuclear factor kappa B binding activity in mouse L1210 cells following photofrin II-mediated photosensitization. Photochem. Photobiol. (1993) 58:753-756.
89. VOLANTI C, HENDRICKX N, VAN LINT J, MATROULE JY, AGOSTINIS P, PIETTE J: Distinct transduction mechanisms of cyclooxygenase 2 gene activation in tumour cells after photodynamic therapy. Oncogene (2005) 24:2981-2991.
90. VOLANTI C, GLOIRE G, VANDERPLASSCHEN A, JACOBS N, HABRAKEN Y, PIETTE J: Downregularion of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells treated by photodynamic therapy. Oncogene (2004) 23:8649-8658.
91. GRANVILLE DJ, CARTHY CM, JIANG H et al.: Nuclear factor-kappaB activation by the photochemotherapeutic agent verteporfin. Blood (2000) 95:26-262.
92. AHMAD N, GUPTA S, MUKHTAR H: Involvement of retinoblastoma (Rb) and E2F transcription factors during photodynamic therapy of human epidermoid carcinoma cells A431. Oncogene (1999) 18:1891-896.
93. COLUSSI VC, FEYES DK, MULVIHILL JW et al.: Phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) photodynamic therapy of human OVCAR-3 tumor xenografts. Photochem. Photobiol. (1999) 69:236-241.
94. CRESCENZI E, CHIAVIELLO A, CANTI G, REDDI E, VENEZIANI BM, PALUMBO G: Low doses of cisplatin or gemcitabine plus Photofrin/photodynamic therapy: Disjointed cell cycle phase related activity accounts for synergistic outcome in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer cells (H1299). Mol. Cancer Ther. (2006) 53:776-785.
95. LEE HB, HO AS, TEO SH: p53 Status does not affect photodynamic cell killing induced by hypericin. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (2006) 58:1-98.
96. CURRY PM, LEVYJG: Stress protein expression in murine tumor ells following phomdynamic therapy with benzoporphyrin derivative. Photochem. Photobiol. (1993) 58:374-379.
97. MITRA S, GOREN EM, FRELINGER JG, FOSTER TH: Activation of heat shock protein 70 promoter with meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin photodynamic therapy reported by green fluorescent protein in vitro and in vivo. Photochem. Photobiol. (2003) 78:615-622.
98. NONAKA M, IKEDA H, INOKUCHI T: Inhibitory effect of heat shock protein 70 on apoptosis induced by photodynamic therapy in vitro. Photochem. Photobiol. (2004) 79:94-98.
99. KONAN YN, BERTON M, GURNY R, ALLEMANN E: Enhanced photodynamic activity of meso-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin by incorporation into sub-200 nm nanoparticles Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. (2003) 18:241-249.
100. KONAN YN, CHEVALLIER J, GURNY R, ALLEMANN E: Encapsulation of p-THPP into nanoparticles: cellular uptake, subcellular localization and effect of serum on photodynamic activity: Photochem. Photobiol. (2003) 77:638-644.
101. RICCI-JUNIOR E, MARCHETTI JM: Zinc(II) phthalocyanine loaded PLGA nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy use. Int. J. Pharm. (2006) 310:187-195.
102. GOMES AJ, LUNARDI LO, MARCHETTI JM, LUNARDI CN, TEDESCO AC: Photobiological and ultrastructural studies of nanoparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-containing bacteriochlorophyll-a as a photosensitiser useful for PDT treatment. Drug Deliv. (2005) 12:159-164.
103. WIEDER ME, HONE DC, COOK MJ, HANDSLEY MM, GAVRILOVIC J, RUSSELL DA: Intracellular photodynamic therapy with photosensitiser-nanoparticle conjugates: cancer therapy using a Trojan horse. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. (2006) 5:727-734.
104. ROY I, OHULCHANSKYY TY, PUDAVAR HE et al.: Ceramic-based nanoparticles entrapping water-insoluble photosensitizing anticancer drugs: a novel drug-carrier system for photodynamic therapy. J Am. Chem. Soc. (2003) 125:7860-7865.
105. YAN F, KOPELMAN R: The embedding of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)-chlorin into silica nanoparticle platforms for photodynamic therapy and their singlet oxygen production and pH-dependent optical properties. Photochem. Photobiol. (2003) 78:587-591.
106. CINTEZA LO, OHULCHANSKYYTY, SAHOO Y et al.: Diacyllipid micelle-based nanocarrier for magnetically guided delivery of drugs in photodynamic therapy. Mol. Pharm. (2006) 3:415-423.
107. OSEROFF AR, OHUOHA D, HASAN T: Antibody-targeted photolysis: selective photodestruction of human T-cell leukemia cells using monoclonal antibody-chlorin e6 conjugates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1986) 83:8744-8748.
108. DUSKA LR, HAMBLIN MR, MILLER JL, HASAN T: Combination photoimmunotherapy and cisplatin: effects on human ovarian cancer ex vivo. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1999) 191:1557-1563.
109. HAMBLIN MR, MILLER JL, HASAN T: Effect of charge on the interaction of site-specific phomimmunoconjugates with human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. (1996) 56:5205-5210.
110. FRIEDRICH SW, LIN SC, STOLL BR, BAXTER LT, MUNN LL, JAIN RK: Antibody-directed effector cell therapy of tumors: analysis and optimization. Neoplasia (2002) 4:449-463.
111. SCHNEIDER R, SCHMITT F, FROCHOT C et al.: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of folic acid targeted tetraphenylporphyrin as novel photosensitisers for selective phomdynamic therapy. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2005) 13:2799-2808.
112. PALUMBO G et al.: unpublished results (2006).
113. RHODES LE, TSOUKAS MM, ANDERSON RR, KOLLIAS N: Iontophoretic delivery of ALA provides a quantitative model for ALA pharmacokinetics and PpIX phototoxicity in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. (1997) 108:87-91.
114. LOPEZ RF, BENTLEYMV, DELGADO-CHARRO MB et al.: Related Enhanced delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid esters by iontophoresis in vitro. Photochem. Photobiol. (2003) 77:304-308.
115. TACHIBANA K, TACHIBANA S: The use of ultrasound for drug delivery. Echocardiography (2001) 18:323-328.
116. FERRARIO A, FISHERAM, RUCKER N, GOMER CJ: Celecoxib and NS-398 enhance photodynamic therapy by increasing in vitro apoptosis and decreasing in vivo inflammatory and angiogenic factors. Cancer Res. (2005)65:9473-9478.
117. GOLAB J, WILCZYNSKI G, ZAGOZDZON R et al.: Potentiation of the anti-tumour effects of Photofrin-based photodynamic therapy by localized treatment with G -CSF. Br. J. Cancer (2000) 82:1485-1491.
118. CANTI G, NICOLIN A, CUBEDDU R, TARONI P, BANDIERAMONTE G, VALENTINI G. Antitumor efficacy of the combination of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy in murine tumors. Cancer Lett. (1998) 125:39-44.
119. SKYRME RJ, FRENCH AJ, DATTA SN, ALLMAN R, MASON MD, MATTHEWS PN: A phase-1 study of sequential mitomycin C and 5-aminolaevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in recurrent superficial bladder carcinoma. BJU Int. (2005) 95:1206-1210.
120. UEHARA M, INOKUCHI T, IKEDA H: Enhanced susceptibility of mouse squamous cell carcinoma to photodynamic therapy combined with low-dose administration of cisplatin. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. (2006) 64:390-396.
121. NONAKA M, IKEDA H, INOKUCHI T: Effect of combined photodynamic and chemotherapeutic treatment on lymphoma cells in vitro. Cancer Lett. (2002) 184:171-178.
122. LOTTNER C, KNUECHEL R, BERNHARDT G, BRUNNER H: Distribution and subcellular localization of a water-soluble hematoporphyrin-platinum(II) complex in human bladder cancer cells. Cancer Lett. (2004) 215:167-177.
123. DEL CARMEN MG, RIZVI I, CHANG Y et al.: Synergism of epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted immunotherapy with photodynamic treatment of ovarian cancer in vivo. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2005) 97:1516-1524.
124. LOU PJ, JAGER HR, JONES L, THEODOSSY T, BOWN SG, HOPPER C: Interstitial photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for recurrent head and neck cancer. Br. J. Cancer. (2004) 91:441-446.