Many-body correlations and excitonic effects in semiconductor spectroscopy

Progress in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 155-296

  Kira, M ^a   Koch, S W ^a  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Electron hole plasma; Exciton condensate; Excitons; Many body correlations; Semiconductor quantum optics

Indexed keywords

ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS; EQUATIONS OF MOTION; EXCITONS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PHASE SPACE METHODS; QUANTUM THEORY; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS;

ELECTRON HOLE PLASMA; EXCITON CONDENSATE; MANY BODY CORRELATIONS; QUANTUM EXCITATION;

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES;

EID: 33847260707     PISSN: 00796727     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pquantelec.2006.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Haug H., and Koch S.W. Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors. fourth ed. (2004), World Scientific Publishing, Singapore
2. Klingshirn C. Semiconductor Optics. second ed. (2005), Springer, Berlin
3. Schäfer W., and Wegener M. Semiconductor Optics and Transport Phenomena. first ed. (2002), Springer, Berlin
4. Zimmermann R. Many-Particle Theory of Highly Excited Semiconductors. first ed. (1988), Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig
5. Elliott R. Theory of excitons. In: Kuper C., and Whitefield G. (Eds). Polarons and Excitons (1963), Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh 269-293
6. Frenkel J. On the transformation of light into heat in solids II. Physical Review 37 (1931) 1276-1294
7. Wannier G.H. The structure of electronic excitation levels in insulating crystals. Physical Review 52 (1937) 191-197
8. R.S. Knox, Theory of excitons, in: F. Seitz, D. Turnbull (Eds.), Solid State Physics, supplement 5, Academic Press, New York, 1963.
9. Dexter D.I., and Knox R.S. Excitons (1981), Wiley, New York
10. Lysenko V.G., and Revenko V.I. Exciton spectrum in case of high-density non-equilibrium carriers in CdS crystals. Fizika Tverdogo Tela 20 (1978) 2144-2147
11. Gibbs H.M., Gossard A.C., McCall S.L., Passner A., Wiegmann W., and Venkatesan T.N.C. Saturation of the free exciton resonance in GaAs. Solid State Communications 30 (1979) 271-275
12. Fehrenbach G.W., Schäfer W., Treusch J., and Ulbrich R.G. Transient optical spectra of a dense exciton gas in a direct-gap semiconductor. Physical Review Letters 57 (1982) 1281-1284
13. Lee Y.H., Chavezpirson A., Koch S.W., Gibbs H.M., Park S.H., Morhange J., Jeffery A., Peyghambarian N., Banyai L., Gossard A.C., and Wiegmann W. Room-temperature optical nonlinearities in GaAs. Physical Review Letters 57 (1986) 2446-2449
14. Schmitt-Rink S., Chemla D.S., and Miller D.A.B. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells. Advances in Physics 38 (1989) 89-188
15. Kira M., Jahnke F., and Koch S.W. Microscopic theory of excitonic signatures in semiconductor photoluminescence. Physical Review Letters 81 (1998) 3263-3266
16. Groeneveld R.M., and Grischkowsky D. Picosecond time-resolved far-infrared experiments on carriers and excitons in GaAs-AlGaAs multiple-quantum wells. Journal of the Optical Society of America B 11 (1994) 2502-2507
17. Cerne J., Kono J., Sherwin M.S., Sundaram M., Gossard A.C., and Bauer G.E.W. Terahertz dynamics of excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. Physical Review Letters 77 (1996) 1131-1134
18. Kira M., Hoyer W., Stroucken T., and Koch S.W. Exciton formation in semiconductors and the influence of a photonic environment. Physical Review Letters 87 (2001) 176401
19. Kaindl R.A., Carnahan M.A., Hagele D., Lovenich R., and Chemla D.S. Ultrafast terahertz probes of transient conducting and insulating phases in an electron-hole gas. Nature 423 (2003) 734-738
20. 2O by excitonic Lyman spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters 94 (2005) 016403
21. Jörger M., Fleck T., Klingshirn C., and von Baltz R. Midinfrared properties of cuprous oxide: high-order lattice vibrations and intraexcitonic transitions of the 1 s paraexciton. Physical Review B 71 (2005) 235219
22. Jahnke F., Kira M., Koch S.W., Khitrova G., Lindmark E.K., Nelson Jr. T.R., Wick D.V., Berger J.D., Lyngnes O., Gibbs H.M., and Tai K. Excitonic nonlinearities of semiconductor microcavities in the nonperturbative regime. Physical Review Letters 77 (1996) 5257-5260
23. Kira M., Jahnke F., Koch S.W., Berger J.D., Wick D.V., Nelson Jr. T.R., Khitrova G., and Gibbs H.M. Quantum theory of nonlinear semiconductor microcavity luminescence explaining "Boser" experiments. Physical Review Letters 79 (1997) 5170-5173
24. Kira M., Jahnke F., and Koch S.W. Quantum theory of secondary emission in optically excited semiconductor quantum wells. Physical Review Letters 82 (1999) 3544-3547
25. Lee Y.-S., Norris T.B., Kira M., Jahnke F., Koch S.W., Khitrova G., and Gibbs H.M. Quantum correlations and intraband coherences in semiconductor cavity QED. Physical Review Letters 83 (1999) 5338-5341
26. Kira M., Jahnke F., Hoyer W., and Koch S.W. Quantum theory of spontaneous emission and coherent effects in semiconductor microstructures. Progress in Quantum Electronics 23 (1999) 189-279
27. Khitrova G., Gibbs H.M., Jahnke F., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Nonlinear optics of normal-mode-coupling semiconductor microcavities. Reviews of Modern Physics 71 (1999) 1591-1639
28. Ell C., Brick P., Hübner M., Lee E.S., Lyngnes O., Prineas J.P., Khitrova G., Gibbs H.M., Kira M., Jahnke F., Koch S.W., Deppe D.G., and Huffaker D.L. Quantum correlations in the nonperturbative regime of semiconductor microcavities. Physical Review Letters 85 (2000) 5392-5395
29. Hoyer W., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Influence of Coulomb and phonon interaction on the exciton formation dynamics in semiconductor heterostructures. Physical Review B 67 (2003) 155113
30. Kira M., and Koch S.W. Exciton-population inversion and terahertz gain in resonantly excited semiconductors. Physical Review Letters 93 (2004) 076402
31. Chatterjee S., Ell C., Mosor S., Khitrova G., Gibbs H.M., Hoyer W., Kira M., Koch S.W., Prineas J.P., and Stolz H. Excitonic photoluminescence in semiconductor quantum wells: plasma versus excitons. Physical Review Letters 92 (2004) 067402
32. Hoyer W., Kira M., Koch S.W., Stolz H., Mosor S., Sweet J., Ell C., Khitrova G., and Gibbs H.M. Entanglement between a photon and a quantum well. Physical Review Letters 93 (2004) 067401
33. Kira M., Hoyer W., and Koch S.W. Terahertz signatures of the exciton formation dynamics in non-resonantly excited semiconductors. Solid State Communications 129 (2004) 733-736
34. Hoyer W., Ell C., Kira M., Koch S.W., Chatterjee S., Mosor S., Khitrova G., Gibbs H.M., and Stolz H. Many-body dynamics and exciton formation studied by time-resolved photoluminescence. Physical Review B 72 (2005) 075324
35. Hoyer W., Knorr A., Moloney J.V., Wright E.M., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Photoluminescence and terahertz emission from femtosecond laser-induced plasma channels. Physical Review Letters 94 (2005) 115004
36. Kira M., and Koch S.W. Quantum-optical spectroscopy of semiconductors. Physical Review A 73 (2006) 013813
37. Koch S.W., Kira M., Khitrova G., and Gibbs H.M. Excitons in new light. Nature Materials 5 (2006) 523-531
38. Khitrova G., Gibbs H.M., Kira M., Koch S.W., and Scherer A. Vacuum rabi splitting in semiconductors. Nature Physics 2 (2006) 81-90
39. Wyld H.W., and Fried B.D. Quantum mechanical kinetic equations. Annals of Physics 23 (1963) 374-389
40. Cízek J. On correlation problem in atomic and molecular systems. Calculation of wavefunction components in ursell-type expansion using quantum-field theoretical methods. Journal of Chemical Physics 45 (1966) 4256
41. Purvis G.D., and Bartlett R.J. A full coupled-cluster singles and doubles model: the inclusion of disconnected triples. Journal of Chemical Physics 76 (1982) 1910-1918
42. Harris F.E., Monkhorst H.J., and Freeman D.L. Algebraic and Diagrammatic Methods in Many-Fermion Theory. first ed. (1992), Oxford Press, New York
43. Fricke J. Transport equations including many-particle correlations for an arbitrary quantum system: a general formalism. Annals of Physics 252 2 (1996) 479-498
44. Kira M., Hoyer W., and Koch S.W. Excitons and luminescence in semiconductor heterostructures. Nonlinear Optics 29 (2002) 481-489
45. Hoyer W., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Cluster expansion in semiconductor quantum optics. In: Morawetz K. (Ed). Nonequilibrium Physics at Short Time Scales (2004), Springer, Berlin 309-335
46. Kira M., and Koch S.W. Microscopic theory of optical excitations photoluminescence, and terahertz response in semiconductors. European Journal of Physics D 36 (2005) 143-157
47. Cohen M.L., and Chelikowsky J.R. Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors vol. 75 (1988), Springer, Berlin
48. Cohen-Tannoudji C., Dupont-Roc J., and Grynberg G. Photons & Atoms. third ed. (1989), Wiley, New York
49. Walls D.F., and Milburn G.J. Quantum Optics. first ed. (1994), Springer, New York
50. Merzbacher E. Quantum Mechanics. first ed. (1961), Wiley, New York
51. Ashcroft N.W., and Mermin N.D. Solid State Physics (1976), Saunders College (HRW), Philadelphia
52. Jahnke F., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of quantum confined excitons in semiconductor microcavities. Zeitschrift fur Physik B 104 (1997) 559-572
53. Kira M., Hoyer W., Koch S.W., Brick P., Ell C., Hübner M., Khitrova G., and Gibbs H.M. Quantum correlations in semiconductor microcavities. Semiconductor Science and Technology 18 (2003) S405-S410
54. Koch S.W., and Kira M. Excitons in semiconductors. In: Kalt H., and Hetterich M. (Eds). Optics of Semiconductors and their Nanostructures-Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences vol. 146 (2004), Springer, Berlin 1-18
55. Siggelkow S., Hoyer W., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Exciton formation and stability in semiconductor heterostructures. Physical Review B 69 (2004) 073104
56. Koch S.W., Kira M., Hoyer W., and Filinov V.S. Exciton ionization in semiconductors. Physica Status Solidi (b) 238 (2003) 404-410
57. Filinov V.S., Hoyer W., Bonitz M., Kira M., Fortov V.E., and Koch S.W. Spontaneous emission of semiconductors in the Wigner approach. Journal of Optics B 5 (2003) S299-S305
58. Axt V.M., and Stahl A. Role of exchange interaction in coulomb quantum kinetics. Physical Review B 67 (2003) 115311
59. Hartmann M., Stolz H., and Zimmermann R. Kinetics of screening in optically-excited semiconductors. Physica Statuts Solidi B 159 (1990) 35-42
60. Banyai L., Vu Q.T., Mieck B., and Haug H. Ultrafast quantum kinetics of time-dependent RPA-screened Coulomb scattering. Physical Review Letters 81 (1998) 882-885
61. Manzke G., Henneberger K., Heeg J., El Sayed K., Schuster S., and Haug H. Dynamics of screening and field fluctuation on ulstrashort time scales. Physica Status Solidi B 188 (1995) 395-403
62. Shah J. Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor Nanostructures-Springer Series in Solid State Sciences. second ed. vol. 115 (1999), Springer, New York
63. Jones D.J., Diddams S.A., Ranka J.K., Stenz A., Windeler R.S., Hall J.L., and Cundiff S.T. Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis. Science 288 (2000) 635-639
64. Udem T., Holzwarth R., and Hänsch T.W. Optical frequency metrology. Nature 416 (2002) 233-237
65. Hentschel M., Kienberger R., Spielmann C., Reider G.A., Milosevic N., Brabec T., Corkum P., Heinzmann U., Drescher M., and Krausz F. Attosecond metrology. Nature 414 (2001) 509-513
66. Huber R., Tauser F., Brodschelm A., Bichler M., Abstreiter G., and Leitenstorfer A. How many-particle interactions develop after ultrafast excitation of an electron-hole plasma. Nature 414 (2001) 286-289
67. Huber R., Kubler C., Tubel S., Leitenstofer A., Vu Q.T., Haug H., Kohler F., and Amann M.C. Femtosecond formation of coupled phonon-plasmon modes in inp: Ultrabroadband THz experiment and quantum kinetic theory. Physical Review Letters 94 (2005) 027401
68. van Tilborg J., Schroeder C., Filip C., Toth C., Geddes C., Fubiani G., Huber R., Kaindl R., Esarey E., and Leemans W. Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser-plasma-accelerated electron bunches using terahertz radiation. Physical Review Letters 96 (2006) 014801
69. Hoffmann S., Hofmann M., Bründermann E., Havenith M., Matus M., Moloney J.V., Moskalenko A.S., Kira M., Koch S.W., Saito S., and Sakai K. Four-wave mixing and direct terahertz emission with two-color semiconductor lasers. Applied Physics Letters 84 (2004) 3585-3587
70. Hoffmann S., Hofmann M., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Two-colour diode lasers for generation of THz radiation. Semiconductor Science and Technology 20 (2005) 205-210
71. Weisbuch C., Nishioka M., Ishikawa A., and Arakawa Y. Observation of the coupled exciton-photon mode splitting in a semiconductor quantum microcavity. Physical Review Letters 69 (1992) 3314-3317
72. Norris T.B., Rhee J.-K., Sung C.-Y., Arakawa Y., Nishioka M., and Weisbuch C. Time-resolved vacuum rabi oscillations in a semiconductor quantum microcavity. Physical Review B 50 (1994) 14663-14666
73. Schultheis L., Sturge M.D., and Hegarty J. Photon-echoes from two-dimensional excitons in GaAs-AlGaAs quantum wells. Applied Physics Letters 47 (1985) 995-997
74. Schultheis L., Kuhl J., Honold A., and Tu C.W. Ultrafast phase relaxation of excitons via exciton-exciton and exciton-electron collisions. Physical Review Letters 57 (1986) 1635-1638
75. Rappen T., Mohs G., and Wegener M. Polariton dynamics in quantum wells studied by femtosecond four-wave mixing. Physical Review B 47 (1993) 9658-9662
76. Stolz H. Time Resolved Light Scattering from Excitons (1994), Springer, Berlin
77. Kuhl J. Optical dephasing of excitons in iii-v semiconductors. In: Phillips R. (Ed). Coherent Optical Interactions in Semiconductors (1994), Plenum Press, New York 1-31
78. Schäfer W., Kim D.S., Shah J., Damen T.C., Cunningham J.E., Goossen L.N.P.K.W., and Köhler K. Femtosecond coherent fields induced by many-particle correlations in transient four-wave-mixing. Physical Review B 53 (1996) 16429-16443
79. Cundiff S., Koch M., Knox W.H., Shah J., and Stolz W. Optical coherence in semiconductors: strong emission mediated by nondegenerate interactions. Physical Review Letters 77 (1996) 1107-1110
80. Kner P., Schäfer W., Lövenich R., and Chemla D.S. Coherence of four-particle correlations in semiconductors. Physical Review Letters 81 (1998) 5386-5389
81. Schäfer W., Lövenich R., Fromer N.A., and Chemla D.S. From coherently excited highly correlated states to incoherent relaxation processes in semiconductors. Physical Review Letters 86 (2001) 344-347
82. Chemla D., and Shah J. Many-body and correlation effects in semiconductors. Nature 411 (2001) 549-557
83. Smirl A.L. The vectorial dynamics of coherent emission from excitons. In: Tsen K.-T. (Ed). Ultrafast Phenomena in Semiconductors (2001), Springer, New York 443-507
84. Lindberg M., and Koch S.W. Effective Bloch equations for semiconductors. Physical Review B 38 (1988) 3342-3350
85. Keldysh L.V., and Kopaev Y.V. Possible instability of the semimetal state toward coulomb interaction. Soviet Physics Solid State 6 (1965) 2219-2224
86. Haug H., and Schmitt-Rink S. Electron theory of the optical properties of laser excited semiconductors. Progress in Quantum Electronics 9 (1984) 3-100
87. Klingshirn C., and Haug H. Optical properties of highly excited direct gap semiconductors. Physics Reports 70 (1981) 315-410
88. Usui T. Excitations in a high density electron gas. Progress in Theoretical Physics 23 (1960) 787-798
89. Ivanov C.I., Barentzen H., and Girardeau M.D. On the theory of dense exciton systems. Physica A 140 (1987) 612-628
90. Combescot M., and Betbeder-Matibet O. Scattering rates and lifetime of exact and boson excitons. Physical Review Letters 93 (2004) 016403
91. Kira M., Jahnke F., and Koch S.W. Ultrashort pulse propagation effects in semiconductor microcavities. Solid State Communications 102 (1997) 703-707
92. F. Jahnke, M. Ruopp, M. Kira, S.W. Koch, Ultrashort pulse propagation and excitonic nonlinearities in semiconductor microcavities, Festkörperprobleme/Advances in Solid State Physics 37 (1997) 191-206.
93. Andreani L.C., Tassone F., and Bassani F. Radiative lifetime of free excitons in quantum wells. Solid State Communications 77 (1991) 641-645
94. Ivchenko E.L. Exciton polaritons in periodic quantum-well structures. Fizika Tverdogo Tela 33 (1991) 2388-2393
95. Jorda S. Spontaneous emission of quantum-well excitons in planar dielectric multilayer cavities. Solid State Communications 93 (1995) 45-48
96. Stroucken T., Knorr A., Thomas P., and Koch S.W. Coherent dynamics of radiatively coupled quantum-well excitons. Physical Review B 53 (1996) 2026-2033
97. Agranovich V.M., and Dubowskii O.A. Effect of retarded interaction of exciton spectrum in 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional crystals. JETP Letters 3 (1966) 223
98. Hopfield J.J. Theory of the contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric constant of crystals. Physical Review 112 (1958) 1555-1567
99. Cho K. Excitons-Topics in Current Physics vol. 14 (1979), Springer, Berlin
100. Stahl A., and Balslev I. Electrodynamics of the Semiconductor Band Edge-Springer Tracts in Modern Physics 110. first ed. (1987), Springer, Berlin
101. W. Hoyer, M. Kira, S.W. Koch, Influence of bound and unbound electron-hole-pair populations and interaction effects on the excitonic luminescence in semiconductor quantum wells, cond-mat (2006) 0604349.
102. Koch S.W., Peyghambarian N., and Lindberg M. Transient and steady-state optical nonlinearities in semiconductors. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 21 (1988) 5229-5249
103. Rappen T., Peter U.G., Wegener M., and Schäfer W. Polarization dependence of dephasing processes-a probe for many-body effects. Physical Review B 49 (1994) 10774-10777
104. Mieck B., Haug H., Hügel W.A., Heinrich M.F., and Wegener M. Quantum-kinetic dephasing in resonantly excited semiconductor quantum wells. Physical Review B 62 (2000) 2686-2695
105. Chow W.W., and Koch S.W. Semiconductor Laser Fundamentals. first ed. (1999), Springer, New York
106. Mott N.F. The transition to the metallic state. Philosophical Magazine 6 (1961) 287-309
107. Hader J., Moloney J.V., Koch S.W., and Chow W.W. Microscopic modelling of gain and luminescence in semiconductors. Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 9 (2003) 688-697
108. Hader J., Koch S.W., and Moloney J.V. Microscopic theory of gain and spontaneous emission in GaInNAs laser material. Solid State Electronics 47 (2003) 513-521
109. W.W. Chow, S.W. Koch, M. Sargent III, Semiconductor-Laser Physics, corrected second printing 1997 ed., Springer, Berlin, 1994.
110. Chow W.W., Wright A.F., Girndt A., Jahnke F., and Koch S.W. Microscopic theory of gain in an inhomogeneously broadened ingan/algan quantum-well laser. Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997) 2608-2610
111. Bányai L., Thoai D.B.T., Reitsamer E., Haug H., Steinbach D., Wehner M.U., Wegener M., Marschner T., and Stolz W. Exciton-LO-phonon quantum kinetics-evidence of memory effects in bulk GaAs. Physical Review Letters 75 (1995) 2188-2191
112. Bányai L., Reitsamer E., Thoai D.B.T., and Haug H. Quantum kinetics of femtosecond four-wave mixing in semiconductors. Journal of Optical Society of America B 13 (1996) 1278-1283
113. Lyngnes O., Berger J.D., Prineas J.P., Park S., Khitrova G., Gibbs H.M., Jahnke F., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Nonlinear emission dynamics from semiconductor microcavities in the nonperturbative regime. Solid State Communications 104 (1997) 297-300
114. Vu Q.T., Haug H., and Keldysh L.V. Dynamics of the electron-hole correlation in femtosecond pulse excited semiconductors. Solid State Communications 115 (2000) 63-65
115. (3) formalism in optically excited semiconductors and its applications in four-wave-mixing spectroscopy. Physical Review B 50 (1994) 18060-18072
116. Axt V.M., and Stahl A. A dynamics-controlled truncation scheme for the hierarchy of density matrices in semiconductor optics. Zeitshrift fur Physik B 93 (1994) 195-204
117. Thränhardt A., Kuckenburg S., Knorr A., Meier T., and Koch S.W. Quantum theory of phonon-assisted exciton formation and luminescence in semiconductor quantum wells. Physical Review B 62 4 (2000) 2706-2720
118. Gershenzon E.M., Goltsman G.N., and Ptitsina M.G. Investigation of free excitons in Ge and their condensation at submillimeter waves. Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki 70 (1976) 224-234
119. Timusk T., Navarro R., Lipari N.O., and Altarelli M. Far-infrared absorption by excitons in silicon. Solid State Communications 25 (1978) 217-219
120. Kira M., Hoyer W., and Koch S.W. Microscopic theory of the semiconductor terahertz response. Physica Status Solidi (b) 238 (2003) 443-450
121. Kira M., Hoyer W., Koch S., Lee Y.-S., Norris T.B., Khitrova G., and Gibbs H.M. Incoherent pulse generation in semiconductor microcavities. Physica Status Solidi (c) (2003) 1397-1400
122. 2 O. Physical Review Letters 96 (2006) 017402
123. Savona V., Tassone F., Piermarocchi C., Quattropani A., and Schwendimann P. Theory of polariton photoluminescence in arbitrary semiconductor microcavity structures. Physical Review B 53 (1996) 13051-13062
124. Selbmann P.E., Gulia M., Rossi F., Molinari E., and Lugli P.H. Coupled free-carrier and exciton relaxation in optically excited semiconductors. Physical Review B 54 (1996) 4660-4673
125. Portnoi M.E., and Galbraith I. Ionization degree of the electron-hole plasma in semiconductor quantum wells. Physical Review B 60 (1999) 5570-5581
126. Richter M., Schaarschmidt M., Knorr A., Hoyer W., Moloney J.V., Wright E.M., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Quantum theory of incoherent THz-emission of an interacting electron-ion plasma. Physical Review A 71 (2005) 053819
127. 1 - x As multiple quantum well. Physical Review B 71 (2005) 073302
128. Chow W., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Microscopic theory of optical nonlinearities and spontaneous emission lifetime in group iii nitride quantum wells. Physical Review B 60 (1999) 1947-1952
129. Hantke K., Heber J.D., Schlichenmaier C., Thränhardt A., Meier T., Kunert B., Volz K., Stolz W., Koch S.W., and Rühle W.W. Time-resolved photoluminescence of type-i and type-ii (GaIn)As/Ga(NAs) heterostructures. Physical Review B 71 (2005) 165320
130. 1 - x As / GaAs quantum wells as a model. Physical Review B 46 (1992) 9873-9876
131. Szczytko J., Kappei L., Berney J., Morier-Genoud F., Portella-Oberli M.T., and Deveaud B. Determination of the exciton formation in quantum wells from time-resolved interband luminescence. Physical Review Letters 93 (2004) 137401
132. Szczytko J., Kappei L., Berney J., Morier-Genoud F., Portella-Oberli M.T., and Deveaud B. Origin of excitonic luminescence in quantum wells: direct comparison of the exciton population and coulomb correlated plasma models. Physical Review B 71 (2005) 195313
133. Anderson M.H., Ensher J.R., Matthews M.R., Weiman C.E., and Cornell E.A. Observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor. Science 269 (1995) 198-201
134. Davis K.B., Mewes M.-O., Andrews M.R., van Druten N.J., Durfee D.S., Kurn D.M., and Ketterle W. Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms. Physical Review Letters 75 (1995) 3969-3973
135. Cornell E.A., and Wieman C.E. Nobel lecture: Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas the first 70 years and some recent experiments. Reviews of Modern Physics 74 (2002) 875-893
136. Ketterle W. Nobel lecture: when atoms behave as waves: Bose-Einstein condensation and the atom laser. Reviews of Modern Physics 74 (2002) 1131-1151
137. Girardeau M., and Arnowitt R. Theory of many-bosons systems-pair theory. Physical Review 113 (1959) 755-761
138. Hanamura E., and Haug H. Condensation effects of excitons. Physics Letters 33 (1977) 209-284
139. Chase L., Peyghambarian N., Grynberg G., and Mysyrowicz A. Evidence for Bose-Einstein condensation of biexcitons in CuCl. Physical Review Letters 42 (1979) 1231-1234
140. 2 O. Physical Review Letters 59 (1987) 827-830
141. 2 O. Physical Review Letters 71 (1993) 1222-1225
142. Butov L., Zrenner A., Abstreiter G., Bohm G., and Weimann G. Condensation of indirect excitons in coupled AlAs/GaAs quantum-wells. Physical Review Letters 73 (1994) 304-307
143. Butov L., Gossard A., and Chemla D. Macroscopically ordered state in an exciton system. Nature 418 (2002) 751-754
144. Snoke D., Denev S., Liu Y., Pfeiffer L., and West K. Long-range transport in excitonic dark states in coupled quantum wells. Nature 418 (2002) 754-757
145. Rapaport R., Chen G., Snoke D., Simon S.H., Pfeiffer L., West K., Liu Y., and Denev S. Charge separation of dense two-dimensional electron-hole gases: mechanism for exciton ring pattern formation. Physical Review Letters 92 (2004) 117405
146. 1 - x As multiple-quantum-well structures. Physical Review B 47 (1993) 9669-9675
147. Zimmermann R. Theory of resonant Rayleigh scattering of excitons in semiconductor quantum wells. Nuovo Cimento D 17 (1995) 1801-1805
148. Citrin D. Time-domain theory of resonant Rayleigh scattering by quantum wells: early-time evolution. Physical Review B 54 (1996) 14572-14579
149. Haacke S., Taylor R.A., Zimmermann R., Bar-Joseph I., and Devaud B. Resonant femtosecond emission from quantum well excitons: the role of Rayleigh scattering and luminescence. Physical Review Letters 78 (1997) 2228-2231
150. Birkedal D., and Shah J. Femtosecond spectral interferometry of resonant secondary emission from quantum wells: resonance Rayleigh scattering in the nonergodic regime. Physical Review Letters 81 (1998) 2372-2375
151. Langbein W., Hvam J.M., and Zimmermann R. Time resolved speckle analysis: a new approach of coherence and dephasing of optical excitations in solids. Physical Review Letters 82 (1999) 1040-1043
152. Savona V., and Zimmermann R. Time-resolved Rayleigh scattering of excitons: evidence for level repulsion in a disordered system. Physical Review B 60 (1999) 4928-4936
153. Thränhardt A., Ell C., Mosor S., Rupper G., Khitrova G., Gibbs H.M., and Koch S.W. Interplay of phonon and disorder scattering in semiconductor quantum wells. Physical Review B 68 (2003) 035316
154. P. Bozsoki, M. Kira, W. Hoyer, T. Meier, I. Varga, P. Thomas, S. Koch, Microscopic modeling of photoluminescence of strongly disordered semiconductors, Journal of Luminescence, accepted for publication.
155. Bozsoki P., Thomas P., Kira M., Hoyer W., Meier T., Koch S., Maschke K., Varga I., and Stolz H. Characterization of disorder in semiconductors via single-photon interferometry. Physical Review Letters 97 (2006) 227402
156. Schäfer M., Wercher M., Hoyer W., Kira M., and Koch S. Quantum theory of luminescence in multiple-quantum-well Bragg structures. Physical Review B 74 (2006) 155135
157. Hopfield J.J., and Thomas D.J. Polariton absorption lines. Physical Review Letters 15 (1965) 22
158. Tignon J., Hasche T., Chemla D., Schneider H., Jahnke F., and Koch S. Unified picture of polariton propagation in bulk gas semiconductors. Physical Review Letters 84 (2000) 3382
159. Schneider H.C., Jahnke F., Koch S.W., Tignon J., Hasche T., and Chemla D.S. Polariton propagation in high-quality semiconductors-microscopic theory and experiment versus additional boundary conditions. Physical Review B 63 (2001) 045202
160. Jaynes E.T., and Cummings F.W. Comparison of quantum and semiclassical radiation theories with application to beam maser. Proceedings of IEEE 51 (1963) 89-109
161. Brune M., Schmidt-Kaler F., Maali A., Dreyer J., Hagley E., Raimond J.M., and Haroche S. Quantum Rabi oscillation: a direct test of field quantization in a cavity. Physical Review Letters 76 (1996) 1800-1803
162. Michler P., Kiraz A., Becher C., Schoenfeld W.V., Petroff P.M., Zhang L.D., Hu E., and Imamoglu A. A quantum dot single-photon turnstile device. Science 290 (2000) 2282-2285
163. Moreau E., Robert I., Gerard J.M., Abram I., Manin L., and Thierry-Mieg V. Single-mode solid-state single photon source based on isolated quantum dots in pillar microcavities. Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001) 2865-2867
164. Pelton M., Santori C., Vuckovic J., Zhang B.Y., Solomon G., Plant J., and Yamamoto Y. Efficient source of single photons: a single quantum dot in a micropost microcavity. Physical Review Letters 89 (2002) 233602
165. Benson O., Santori C., Pelton M., and Yamamoto Y. Regulated and entangled photons from a single quantum dot. Physical Review Letters 84 (2000) 2513-2516
166. Reithmaier J.P., Sek G., Loffler A., Hofmann C., Kuhn S., Reitzenstein S., Keldysh L.V., Kulakovskii V.D., Reinecke T.L., and Forchel A. Strong coupling in a single quantum dot-semiconductor microcavity system. Nature 432 (2004) 197-200
167. Yoshie T., Scherer A., Hendrickson J., Khitrova G., Gibbs H.M., Rupper G., Ell C., Shchekin O.B., and Deppe D.G. Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal nanocavity. Nature 432 (2004) 200-203
168. Feldtmann T., Schneebeli L., Kira M., and Koch S.W. Quantum theory of light emission from a semiconductor quantum dot. Physical Review B 73 (2006) 155319
169. Andrews M.R., Townsend C.G., Miesner H.-J., Durfee D.S., Kurn D.M., and Ketterle W. Observation of interference between two Bose condensates. Science 275 (1997) 637-641
170. Kasevich M.A. Coherence with atoms. Science 298 (2002) 1363-1368
171. Orzel C., Tuchman A.K., Fenselau M.L., Yasuda M., and Kasevich M.A. Squeezed states in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Science 291 (2001) 2386-2389
172. Zewail A.H. Femtochemistry-Ultrafast Dynamics of the Chemical Bond vols. I & II (1994), World Scientific Publishing, Singapore
173. Hofer U., Shumay I.L., Reuss C., Thomann U., Wallauer W., and Fauster T. Time-resolved coherent photoelectron spectroscopy of quantized electronic states on metal surfaces. Science 277 (1997) 1480-1482
174. Lidzey D.G., Bradley D., Skolnick M.S., Virgili T., Walker S., and Whittaker D.M. Strong exciton-photon coupling in an organic semiconductor microcavity. Nature 395 (1998) 53-55
175. Wang F., Dukovic G., Brus L.E., and Heinz T.F. The optical resonances in carbon nanotubes arise from excitons. Science 308 (2005) 838-841
176. van Oijen A., Ketelaars M., Kohler J., Aartsma T.J., and Schmidt J. Unraveling the electronic structure of individual photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes. Science 285 (1999) 400-402
177. Holt N.E., Zigmantas D., Valkunas L., Li X.P., Niyogi K.K., and Fleming G.R. Carotenoid cation formation and the regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. Science 307 (2005) 433-436
178. Bellafiore S., Bameche F., Peltier G., and Rochaix J.D. State transitions and light adaptation require chloroplast thylakoid protein kinase STN7. Nature 433 (2005) 892-895