The Evolving Role of Structural and Functional Imaging in Assessment of Age-Related Changes in the Body

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 64-68

  Torigian, Drew A ^a   Alavi, Abass ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABDOMEN; AGE; AGING; ARTERY; BONE; BONE MARROW; BREAST; CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPMENT; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HEART; HUMAN; JOINT; LUNG; MEASUREMENT; METABOLISM; NORMAL VALUE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PELVIS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SKIN; UROGENITAL SYSTEM;

AGING; BODY CONSTITUTION; HUMANS; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; TOMOGRAPHY;

EID: 33846673249     PISSN: 00012998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2006.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Geserick C., and Blasco M.A. Novel roles for telomerase in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 127 (2006) 579-583
2. Rattan S.I., and Clark B.F. Understanding and modulating ageing. IUBMB Life 57 (2005) 297-304
3. Bonsall M.B. Longevity and ageing: appraising the evolutionary consequences of growing old. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (2006) 119-135
4. Milne E.M. When does human ageing begin?. Mech Ageing Dev 127 (2006) 290-297
5. Harman D. Aging: Overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci 928 (2001) 1-21
6. Balcombe N.R., and Sinclair A. Ageing: Definitions, mechanisms and the magnitude of the problem. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 15 (2001) 835-849
7. Rattan S.I. Biogerontology: the next step. Ann N Y Acad Sci 908 (2000) 282-290
8. Rattan S.I. Ageing, gerontogenes, and hormesis. Indian J Exp Biol 38 (2000) 1-5
9. Holliday R. Ageing research in the next century. Biogerontology 1 (2000) 97-101
10. Knight J.A. The biochemistry of aging. Adv Clin Chem 35 (2000) 1-62
11. Kowald A., and Kirkwood T.B. Towards a network theory of ageing: A model combining the free radical theory and the protein error theory. J Theor Biol 168 (1994) 75-94
12. Wei Y.H., Lu C.Y., Lee H.C., et al. Oxidative damage and mutation to mitochondrial DNA and age-dependent decline of mitochondrial respiratory function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 854 (1998) 155-170
13. Harman D. The free radical theory of aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 5 (2003) 557-561
14. Hayflick L., and Moorhead P.S. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 25 (1961) 585-621
15. Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 37 (1965) 614-636
16. Olovnikov A.M. A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. J Theor Biol 41 (1973) 181-190
17. Olovnikov A.M. Telomeres, telomerase, and aging: Origin of the theory. Exp Gerontol 31 (1996) 443-448
18. Greider C.W., and Blackburn E.H. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell 43 (1985) 405-413
19. Frenck Jr. R.W., Blackburn E.H., and Shannon K.M. The rate of telomere sequence loss in human leukocytes varies with age. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998) 5607-5610
20. Zeichner S.L., Palumbo P., Feng Y., et al. Rapid telomere shortening in children. Blood 93 (1999) 2824-2830
21. Geserick C., Tejera A., Gonzalez-Suarez E., et al. Expression of mTert in primary murine cells links the growth-promoting effects of telomerase to transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Oncogene 25 (2006) 4310-4319
22. Blasco M.A. Mice with bad ends: mouse models for the study of telomeres and telomerase in cancer and aging. EMBO J 24 (2005) 1095-1103
23. Djojosubroto M.W., Choi Y.S., Lee H.W., et al. Telomeres and telomerase in aging, regeneration and cancer. Mol Cells 15 (2003) 164-175
24. Cawthon R.M., Smith K.R., O'Brien E., et al. Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older. Lancet 361 (2003) 393-395
25. Artandi S.E., and Attardi L.D. Pathways connecting telomeres and p53 in senescence, apoptosis, and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 331 (2005) 881-890
26. Takubo K., Izumiyama-Shimomura N., Honma N., et al. Telomere lengths are characteristic in each human individual. Exp Gerontol 37 (2002) 523-531
27. Kim N.W., Piatyszek M.A., Prowse K.R., et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266 (1994) 2011-2015
28. Halliwell B., and Gutteridge M.C. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (1999), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England
29. Fridovich I. Mitochondria: are they the seat of senescence?. Aging Cell 3 (2004) 13-16
30. Balaban R.S., Nemoto S., and Finkel T. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 120 (2005) 483-495
31. Kujoth G.C., Hiona A., Pugh T.D., et al. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mammalian aging. Science 309 (2005) 481-484
32. Miquel J. An update on the oxygen stress-mitochondrial mutation theory of aging: Genetic and evolutionary implications. Exp Gerontol 33 (1998) 113-126
33. Higuchi Y., and Matsukawa S. Appearance of 1-2 Mbp giant DNA fragments as an early common response leading to cell death induced by various substances that cause oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 23 (1997) 90-99
34. Wei Y.H., and Lee H.C. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutation, and impairment of antioxidant enzymes in aging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227 (2002) 671-682
35. Richter C. Biophysical consequences of lipid peroxidation in membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 44 (1987) 175-189
36. Sohal R.S., and Weindruch R. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science 273 (1996) 59-63
37. Sohal R.S., Mockett R.J., and Orr W.C. Mechanisms of aging: An appraisal of the oxidative stress hypothesis. Free Radic Biol Med 33 (2002) 575-586
38. Bokov A., Chaudhuri A., and Richardson A. The role of oxidative damage and stress in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 125 (2004) 811-826
39. Suji G., and Sivakami S. Glucose, glycation and aging. Biogerontology 5 (2004) 365-373
40. Egger G., Liang G., Aparicio A., et al. Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature 429 (2004) 457-463
41. Holliday R. The multiple and irreversible causes of aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59 (2004) B568-B572
42. Kirkwood T.B., and Austad S.N. Why do we age?. Nature 408 (2000) 233-238
43. Nemoto S., and Finkel T. Ageing and the mystery at Arles. Nature 429 (2004) 149-152
44. Mary J., Vougier S., Picot C.R., et al. Enzymatic reactions involved in the repair of oxidized proteins. Exp Gerontol 39 (2004) 1117-1123
45. Martin I., and Grotewiel M.S. Oxidative damage and age-related functional declines. Mech Ageing Dev 127 (2006) 411-423
46. Harman D. Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11 (1956) 298-300
47. Beckman K.B., and Ames B.N. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol Rev 78 (1998) 547-581
48. Wan H, Segngupta M, Velkoff VA, et al: 65+ in the United States: 2005, Current Population Reports. US Census Bureau, 2005. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/p23-209.pdf. Accessed November 13, 2006
49. Cicero M.T. Cato Major or, His Discourse of Old-Age (1979), Arno Press, New York, NY
50. Haselden J.N., and Nicholls A.W. Personalized medicine progresses. Nat Med 12 (2006) 510-511
51. Kalow W. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: Origin, status, and the hope for personalized medicine. Pharmacogenomics J 6 (2006) 162-165
52. Thrall J.H. Personalized medicine. Radiology 231 (2004) 613-616
53. Wynne H. Drug metabolism and ageing. J Br Menopause Soc 11 (2005) 51-56
54. Geraghty E.M., Boone J.M., McGahan J.P., et al. Normal organ volume assessment from abdominal CT. Abdom Imaging 29 (2004) 482-490
55. Haddad S., Restieri C., and Krishnan K. Characterization of age-related changes in body weight and organ weights from birth to adolescence in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health A 64 (2001) 453-464
56. Rowe J.W., Andres R., Tobin J.D., et al. The effect of age on creatinine clearance in men: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Gerontol 31 (1976) 155-163
57. Pomara N., Stanley B., Block R., et al. Adverse effects of single therapeutic doses of diazepam on performance in normal geriatric subjects: relationship to plasma concentrations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 84 (1984) 342-346
58. Podrazik P.M., and Schwartz J.B. Cardiovascular pharmacology of aging. Cardiol Clin 17 (1999) 17-34
59. O'Connor P.J. Normative data: their definition, interpretation, and importance for primary care physicians. Fam Med 22 (1990) 307-311
60. Lim S., Udupa J.K., Souza A., et al. A New, General method of 3D nodel generation for active shape image segmentation. SPIE Proc 6144 (2006) 1381-1388
61. Killiany R.J., Meier D.S., and Guttmann C.R. Image processing: global and regional changes with age. Top Magn Reson Imaging 15 (2004) 349-353
62. Park K.J., Bergin C.J., and Clausen J.L. Quantitation of emphysema with three-dimensional CT densitometry: Comparison with two-dimensional analysis, visual emphysema scores, and pulmonary function test results. Radiology 211 (1999) 541-547
63. Shah S.K., McNitt-Gray M.F., Rogers S.R., et al. Computer aided characterization of the solitary pulmonary nodule using volumetric and contrast enhancement features. Acad Radiol 12 (2005) 1310-1319
64. Schmucker D.L. Liver function and phase I drug metabolism in the elderly: A paradox. Drugs Aging 18 (2001) 837-851
65. Schmucker D.L. Age-related changes in liver structure and function: Implications for disease?. Exp Gerontol 40 (2005) 650-659
66. Sheldon J.H. The Social Medicine of Old Age: Report of an Inquiry in Wolverhampton (1948), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England
67. Arenas M.I., Romo E., Royuela M., et al. Morphometric evaluation of the human prostate. Int J Androl 24 (2001) 37-47
68. Dorr V.J., Williamson S.K., and Stephens R.L. An evaluation of prostate-specific antigen as a screening test for prostate cancer. Arch Intern Med 153 (1993) 2529-2537
69. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 56 (2006) 106-130
70. SEER (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results) website, 2006. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov. Accessed November 13, 2006
71. Berenson G.S., and Srinivasan S.R. Prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood. Lancet 354 (1999) 1223-1224
72. Napoli C., Glass C.K., Witztum J.L., et al. Influence of maternal hypercholesterolaemia during pregnancy on progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood: Fate of Early Lesions in Children (FELIC) study. Lancet 354 (1999) 1234-1241
73. Safak A.A., Simsek E., and Bahcebasi T. Sonographic assessment of the normal limits and percentile curves of liver, spleen, and kidney dimensions in healthy school-aged children. J Ultrasound Med 24 (2005) 1359-1364
74. Gondolesi G.E., Yoshizumi T., Bodian C., et al. Accurate method for clinical assessment of right lobe liver weight in adult living-related liver transplant. Transplant Proc 36 (2004) 1429-1433
75. Breiman R.S., Beck J.W., Korobkin M., et al. Volume determinations using computed tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 138 (1982) 329-333
76. Sandgren T., Sonesson B., Ahlgren R., et al. The diameter of the common femoral artery in healthy human: influence of sex, age, and body size. J Vasc Surg 29 (1999) 503-510
77. Machann J., Thamer C., Schnoedt B., et al. Age and gender related effects on adipose tissue compartments of subjects with increased risk for type 2 diabetes: A whole body MRI/MRS study. MAGMA 18 (2005) 128-137
78. Tsushima Y., and Kusano S. Age-dependent decline in parenchymal perfusion in the normal human pancreas: Measurement by dynamic computed tomography. Pancreas 17 (1998) 148-152
79. Wynne H.A., Cope L.H., Mutch E., et al. The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent liver blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology 9 (1989) 297-301
80. Heuer R., Sommer G., and Shortliffe L.D. Evaluation of renal growth by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography volumes. J Urol 170 (2003) 1659-1663 discussion 1663
81. Emamian S.A., Nielsen M.B., Pedersen J.F., et al. Kidney dimensions at sonography: Correlation with age, sex, and habitus in 665 adult volunteers. AJR Am J Roentgenol 160 (1993) 83-86
82. Ariji Y., Ariji E., Araki K., et al. Studies on the quantitative computed tomography of normal parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 23 (1994) 29-32
83. Rubin R.T., and Phillips J.J. Adrenal gland volume determination by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in normal subjects. Invest Radiol 26 (1991) 465-469
84. Raman S.V., Shah M., McCarthy B., et al. Multi-detector row cardiac computed tomography accurately quantifies right and left ventricular size and function compared with cardiac magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 151 (2006) 736-744
85. Sandstede J., Lipke C., Beer M., et al. Age- and gender-specific differences in left and right ventricular cardiac function and mass determined by cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 10 (2000) 438-442
86. Rammos S., Apostolopoulou S.C., Kramer H.H., et al. Normative angiographic data relating to the dimensions of the aorta and pulmonary trunk in children and adolescents. Cardiol Young 15 (2005) 119-124
87. Brown M.S., McNitt-Gray M.F., Goldin J.G., et al. Automated measurement of single and total lung volume from CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 23 (1999) 632-640
88. de Jong P.A., Long F.R., Wong J.C., et al. Computed tomographic estimation of lung dimensions throughout the growth period. Eur Respir J 27 (2006) 261-267
89. Yoshizumi T., Nakamura T., Yamane M., et al. Abdominal fat: standardized technique for measurement at CT. Radiology 211 (1999) 283-286
90. Pfefferbaum A., Mathalon D.H., Sullivan E.V., et al. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood. Arch Neurol 51 (1994) 874-887
91. Kruggel F. MRI-based volumetry of head compartments: normative values of healthy adults. Neuroimage 30 (2006) 1-11
92. Resnick S.M., Pham D.L., Kraut M.A., et al. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: a shrinking brain. J Neurosci 23 (2003) 3295-3301
93. Ge Y., Grossman R.I., Babb J.S., et al. Age-related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain. Part I: volumetric MR imaging analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23 (2002) 1327-1333
94. Courchesne E., Chisum H.J., Townsend J., et al. Normal brain development and aging: Quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers. Radiology 216 (2000) 672-682
95. Blatter D.D., Bigler E.D., Gale S.D., et al. Quantitative volumetric analysis of brain MR: Normative database spanning 5 decades of life. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 (1995) 241-251
96. Raz N., Gunning-Dixon F., Head D., et al. Age and sex differences in the cerebellum and the ventral pons: A prospective MR study of healthy adults. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 (2001) 1161-1167
97. Lauder R., and Muhl Z.F. Estimation of tongue volume from magnetic resonance imaging. Angle Orthod 61 (1991) 175-184
98. Vogler R.C.Ii., and Pilgram T.K. Age-specific size of the normal adenoid pad on magnetic resonance imaging. FJ. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 25 (2000) 392-395
99. Svensson J., Nilsson P.E., Olsson C., et al. Interpretation of normative thyroid volumes in children and adolescents: Is there a need for a multivariate model?. Thyroid 14 (2004) 536-543
100. Drozdzowska B., and Pluskiewicz W. Skeletal status in males aged 7-80 years assessed by quantitative ultrasound at the hand phalanges. Osteoporos Int 14 (2003) 295-300
101. Ebbesen E.N., Thomsen J.S., Beck-Nielsen H., et al. Age- and gender-related differences in vertebral bone mass, density, and strength. J Bone Miner Res 14 (1999) 1394-1403
102. Taccone A., Oddone M., Occhi M., et al. MRI "road-map" of normal age-related bone marrow. I. Cranial bone and spine. Pediatr Radiol 25 (1995) 588-595
103. Taccone A., Oddone M., Dell'Acqua A.D., et al. MRI "road-map" of normal age-related bone marrow. II. Thorax, pelvis and extremities. Pediatr Radiol 25 (1995) 596-606
104. Ricci C., Cova M., Kang Y.S., et al. Normal age-related patterns of cellular and fatty bone marrow distribution in the axial skeleton: MR imaging study. Radiology 177 (1990) 83-88
105. Mosher T.J., Dardzinski B.J., and Smith M.B. Human articular cartilage: influence of aging and early symptomatic degeneration on the spatial variation of T2-preliminary findings at 3 T. Radiology 214 (2000) 259-266
106. Herter L.D., Golendziner E., Flores J.A., et al. Ovarian and uterine sonography in healthy girls between 1 and 13 years old: Correlation of findings with age and pubertal status. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178 (2002) 1531-1536
107. Giacobbe M., Pinto-Neto A.M., Costa-Paiva L.H., et al. Ovarian volume, age, and menopausal status. Menopause 11 (2004) 180-185
108. Hoad C.L., Raine-Fenning N.J., Fulford J., et al. Uterine tissue development in healthy women during the normal menstrual cycle and investigations with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192 (2005) 648-654
109. Hauth E.A., Jaeger H.J., Libera H., et al. MR imaging of the uterus and cervix in healthy women: Determination of normal values. Eur Radiol (2006)
110. Zackrisson B., Hugosson J., and Aus G. Transrectal ultrasound anatomy of the prostate and seminal vesicles in healthy men. Scand J Urol Nephrol 34 (2000) 175-180
111. Williams A.M., Simon I., Landis P.K., et al. Prostatic growth rate determined from MRI data: Age-related longitudinal changes. J Androl 20 (1999) 474-480
112. Hamm B., and Fobbe F. Maturation of the testis: Ultrasound evaluation. Ultrasound Med Biol 21 (1995) 143-147
113. Lee N.A., Rusinek H., Weinreb J., et al. Fatty and fibroglandular tissue volumes in the breasts of women 20-83 years old: Comparison of X-ray mammography and computer-assisted MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168 (1997) 501-506
114. Hasselbalch H., Ersboll A.K., Jeppesen D.L., et al. Thymus size in infants from birth until 24 months of age evaluated by ultrasound. A longitudinal prediction model for the thymic index. Acta Radiol 40 (1999) 41-44
115. Baron R.L., Lee J.K., Sagel S.S., et al. Computed tomography of the normal thymus. Radiology 142 (1982) 121-125