Defining carbohydrate antigens as HIV vaccine candidates

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 185-201

  Pashov, Anastas ^a   Perry, Marty ^b   Dyar, Michael ^b   Chow, Marie ^c   Kieber Emmons, Thomas ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^b OUACHITA BAPTIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

And Vaccine design; Carbohydrate antigens; Glycosylation; HIV; Mimotopes

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGEN; EPITOPE; GLYCAN; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 120; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINE; LECTIN; MANNOSE; MANNOSE BINDING PROTEIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIGENICITY; BINDING AFFINITY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG TARGETING; GLYCOSYLATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOGENICITY; IN VITRO STUDY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; VIRUS MUTATION; VIRUS STRAIN;

AIDS VACCINES; ANIMALS; BINDING SITES; CARBOHYDRATES; HIV ANTIBODIES; HIV ANTIGENS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS;

EID: 33846141440     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161207779313678     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Feizi T, Larkin M. AIDS and glycosylation. Glycobiology 1990; 1: 17-23.
2. Fenouillet E, Gluckman JC, Jones IM. Functions of HIV envelope glycans. Trends Biochem Sci 1994; 19: 65-70.
3. Geyer H, Holschbach C, Hunsmann G, Schneider J. Carbohydrates of human immunodeficiency virus. Structures of oligosaccharides linked to the envelope glycoprotein 120. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 11760-7.
4. Lifson J, Coutre S, Huang E, Engleman E. Role of envelope glycoprotein carbohydrate in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectivity and virus-induced cell fusion. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 2101-6.
5. Mizuochi T, Spellman MW, Larkin M, Solomon J, Basa LJ, Feizi T. Structural characterization by chromatographic profiling of the oligosaccharides of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) recombinant envelope glycoprotein gp120 produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biomed Chromatogr 1988; 2: 260-70.
6. Mizuochi T, Matthews TJ, Kato M, Hamako J, Titani K, Solomon J, Feizi T. Diversity of oligosaccharide structures on the envelope glycoprotein gp 120 of human immunodeficiency virus 1 from the lymphoblastoid cell line H9. Presence of complex-type oligosaccharides with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residues. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 8519-24.
7. Willey R, Shibata R, Freed E, Cho M, Martin M. Differential glycosylation, virion incorporation, and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope produced from infected primary T-lymphocyte and macrophage cultures. J Virol 1996; 70: 6431-6436.
8. Liedtke S, Geyer R, Geyer H. Host-cell-specific glycosylation of HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein. Glycoconj J 1997; 14: 785-93.
9. Liedtke S, Adamski M, Geyer R, Pfutzner A, Rubsamen WH, Geyer H Oligosaccharide profiles of HIV-2 external envelope glycoprotein: dependence on host cells and virus isolates. Glycobiology 1994; 4: 477-84.
10. Quinones-Kochs MI, Buonocore L, Rose JK. Role of N-linked glycans in a human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein: effects on protein function and the neutralizing antibody response. J Virol 2002; 76: 4199-211.
11. Bolmstedt A, Sjolander S, Hansen JE, Akerblom L, Hemming A, Hu SL, Morein B, Olofsson S. Influence of N-linked glycans in V4-V5 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp160 on induction of a virus-neutralizing humoral response. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996; 12: 213-20.
12. Papandreou MJ, Idziorek T, Miquelis R, Fenouillet E. Glycosylation and stability of mature HIV envelope glycoprotein conformation under various conditions. FEBS Lett 1996; 379: 171-6.
13. van Kooyk Y, Geijtenbeek TB. DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3: 697-709.
14. Turville SG, Cameron PU, Arthos J, MacDonald K, Clark G, Hart D, Cunningham AL. Bitter-sweet symphony: defining the role of dendritic cell gp120 receptors in HIV infection. J Clin Virol 2001; 22: 229-39.
15. Benjouad A, Mabrouk K, Gluckman JC, Fenouillet E. Effect of sialic acid removal on the antibody response to the third variable domain of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein. FEBS Lett 1994; 341: 244-50.
16. Losman B, Bolmstedt A, Schonning K, Bjorndal A, Westin C, Fenyo EM, Olofsson S. Protection of neutralization epitopes in the V3 loop of oligomeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein 120 by N-linked oligosaccharides in the V1 region. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17: 1067-76.
17. Pantophlet R, Wilson IA, Burton DR. Hyperglycosylated mutants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 monomeric gp120 as novel antigens for HIV vaccine design. J Virol 2003; 77: 5889-901.
18. Paoletti LC, Kennedy RC. Neutralizing antibody induced in mice by novel glycoconjugates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and env2-3. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 1597-602.
19. Wei X, Decker JM, Wang S, Hui H, Kappes JC, Wu X, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Salazar MG, Kilby JM, Saag MS, Komarova NL, Nowak MA, Hahn BH, Kwong PD, Shaw GM. Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1. Nature 2003; 422: 307-12.
20. Mosier DE. HIV-1 envelope evolution and vaccine efficacy. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 2005; 5: 171-7.
21. Zhang M, Gaschen B, Blay W, Foley B, Haigwood N, Kuiken C, Korber B. Tracking global patterns of N-linked glycosylation site variation in highly variable viral glycoproteins: HIV, SIV, and HCV envelopes and influenza hemagglutinin. Glycobiology 2004; 14: 1229-46.
22. Trkola A, Pomales AB, Yuan H, Korber B, Maddon PJ, Allaway GP, et al. Cross-clade neutralization of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human monoclonal antibodies and tetrameric CD4-IgG. J Virol 1995; 69: 6609-17.
23. Dacheux L, Moreau A, Ataman-Onal Y, Biron F, Verrier B, Barin F. Evolutionary dynamics of the glycan shield of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope during natural infection and implications for exposure of the 2G12 epitope. J Virol 2004; 78: 12625-37.
24. Clark GF, Dell A, Morris HR, Patankar M, Oehninger S, Seppala M. Viewing AIDS from a glycobiological perspective: potential linkages to the human fetoembryonic defence system hypothesis. Mol Hum Reprod 1997; 3: 5-13.
25. Lee RT, Lee YC. Affinity enhancement by multivalent lectin-carbohydrate interaction. Glycoconj J 2000; 17: 543-51.
26. Li H, Wang LX. Design and synthesis of a template-assembled oligomannose cluster as an epitope mimic for human HIV-neutralizing antibody 2G12. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2: 483-8.
27. Dudkin VY, Orlova M, Geng X, Mandal M, Olson WC, Danishefsky SJ. Toward fully synthetic carbohydrate-based HIV antigen design: on the critical role of bivalency. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126: 9560-2.
28. Gattegno L, Ramdani A, Jouault T, Saffar L, Gluckman JC. Lectin-carbohydrate interactions and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8: 27-37.
29. Ezekowitz RA, Kuhlman M, Groopman JE, Byrn RA. A human serum mannose-binding protein inhibits in vitro infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. J Exp Med 1989; 169: 185-96.
30. Hammar L, Hirsch I, Machado AA, De Mareuil J, Baillon JG, Bolmont C, et al. Lectin-mediated effects on HIV type 1 infection in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11: 87-95.
31. Hansen JE, Nielsen CM, Nielsen C, Heegaard P, Mathiesen LR, Nielsen JO. Correlation between carbohydrate structures on the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and syncytium inhibition with lectins. AIDS 1989; 3: 635-41.
32. Robinson WE, Jr., Montefiori DC, Mitchell WM. Evidence that mannosyl residues are involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1987; 3: 265-82.
33. Ferrantelli F, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Rasmussen RA, Wang T, Xu W, Li PL, et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis with human monoclonal antibodies prevented SHIV89.6P infection or disease in neonatal macaques. AIDS 2003; 17: 301-9.
34. Scanlan CN, Pantophlet R, Wormald MR, Saphire EO, Calarese D, Stanfield R, et al. The carbohydrate epitope of the neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibody 2G12. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 535: 205-18.
35. Engering A, Geijtenbeek TB, van Kooyk Y. Immune escape through C-type lectins on dendritic cells. Trends Immunol 2002; 23: 480-5.
36. Moxon ER, Kroll JS. Type b capsular polysaccharide as a virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae. Vaccine 1988; 6: 113-5.
37. Spath GF, Epstein L, Leader B, Singer SM, Avila HA, Turco SJ, Beverley SM. Lipophosphoglycan is a virulence factor distinct from related glycoconjugates in the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 9258-63.
38. Scanlan CN, Pantophlet R, Wormald MR, Ollmann Saphire E, Stanfield R, Wilson IA, et al. The broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody 2G12 recognizes a cluster of alpha 1->2 mannose residues on the outer face of gp120. J Virol 2002; 76: 7306-21.
39. Wyatt R, Kwong PD, Desjardins E, Sweet RW, Robinson J, Hendrickson WA, et al. The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein. Nature 1998; 393: 705-11.
40. Kwong PD, Wyatt R, Robinson J, Sweet RW, Sodroski J, Hendrickson WA. Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. Nature 1998; 393: 648-59.
41. Trkola A, Purtscher M, Muster T, Ballaun C, Buchacher A, Sullivan N, et al. Human monoclonal antibody 2G12 defines a distinctive neutralization epitope on the gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1996; 70: 1100-8.
42. Rizzuto CD, Wyatt R, Hernandez-Ramos N, Sun Y, Kwong PD, Hendrickson WA, et al. A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding. Science 1998; 280: 1949-53.
43. Schonning K, Jansson B, Olofsson S, Hansen JE. Rapid selection for an N-linked oligosaccharide by monoclonal antibodies directed against the V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Gen Virol 1996; 77 (Pt 4): 753-8.
44. Mizuochi T, Spellman MW, Larkin M, Solomon J, Basa LJ, Feizi T. Carbohydrate structures of the human-immunodeficiency-virus (HIV) recombinant envelope glycoprotein gp120 produced in Chinese-hamster ovary cells. Biochem J 1988; 254: 599-603.
45. Quinones-Kochs MI, Buonocore L, Rose JK. Role of N-linked glycans in a human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein: effects on protein function and the neutralizing antibody response. J Virol 2002; 76: 4199-211.
46. Shilatifard A, Merkle RK, Helland DE, Welles JL, Haseltine WA, Cummings RD. Complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides of gp120 from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 contain sulfated N-acetylglucosamine. J Virol 1993; 67: 943-52.
47. Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJ, Barre A, Rouge P. Classification of plant lectins in families of structurally and evolutionary related proteins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001; 491: 27-54.
48. Sharon N, Lis H. History of lectins: from hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules. Glycobiology 2004; 14: 53R-62R.
49. Sharon N, Lis H. The structural basis for carbohydrate recognition by lectins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001; 491: 1-16.
50. Matsui T, Kobayashi S, Yoshida O, Ishii S, Abe Y, Yamamoto N. Effects of succinylated concanavalin A on infectivity and syncytial formation of human immunodeficiency virus. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1990; 179: 225-35.
51. Weiler BE, Schroder HC, Stefanovich V, Stewart D, Forrest JM, Allen LB, et al. Sulphoevernan, a polyanionic polysaccharide, and the narcissus lectin potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus infection by binding to viral envelope protein. J Gen Virol 1990; 71 (Pt 9): 1957-63.
52. Muller WE, Renneisen K, Kreuter MH, Schroder HC, Winkler I. The D-mannose-specific lectin from Gerardia savaglia blocks binding of human immunodeficiency virus type I to H9 cells and human lymphocytes in vitro. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1988; 1: 453-8.
53. Balzarini J, Schols D, Neyts J, Van Damme E, Peumans W, De Clercq E. Alpha-(1-3)- and alpha-(1-6)-D-mannose-specific plant lectins are markedly inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus infections in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 410-6.
54. Balzarini J, Neyts J, Schols D, Hosoya M, Van Damme E, Peumans W, et al. The mannose-specific plant lectins from Cymbidium hybrid and Epipactis helleborine and the (N-acetylglucosamine)n-specific plant lectin from Urtica dioica are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 1992; 18: 191-207.
55. Muller WE, Bachmann M, Weiler BE, Schroder HC, Uhlenbruck G, Shinoda T, et al. Antibodies against defined carbohydrate structures of Candida albicans protect H9 cells against infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in vitro. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4: 694-703.
56. Balzarini J, Van Laethem K, Hatse S, Vermeire K, De Clercq E, Peumans W, et al. Profile of resistance of human immunodeficiency virus to mannose-specific plant lectins. J Virol 2004; 78: 10617-27.
57. Appelmelk BJ, van Die I, van Vliet SJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Geijtenbeek TBH, et al. Cutting Edge: Carbohydrate Profiling Identifies New Pathogens That Interact with Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin on Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 2003; 170: 1635-1639.
58. Tailleux L, Schwartz O, Herrmann JL, Pivert E, Jackson M, Amara A, et al. DC-SIGN is the major Mycobacterium tuberculosis receptor on human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2003; 197: 121-7.
59. Koppel EA, Ludwig IS, Hernandez MS, Lowary TL, Gadikota RR, Tuzikov AB, et al. Identification of the mycobacterial carbohydrate structure that binds the C-type lectins DC-SIGN, L-SIGN and SIGNR1. Immunobiology 2004; 209: 117-27.
60. van Gisbergen KP, Aarnoudse CA, Meijer GA, Geijtenbeek TB, van Kooyk Y. Dendritic cells recognize tumor-specific glycosylation of carcinoembryonic antigen on colorectal cancer cells through dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 5935-44.
61. Marzi A, Gramberg T, Simmons G, Moller P, Rennekamp AJ, Krumbiegel M, et al. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR interact with the glycoprotein of Marburg virus and the S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2004; 78: 12090-5.
62. Lau YL, Peiris JS. Pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17: 404-10.
63. Lozach PY, Burleigh L, Staropoli I, Navarro-Sanchez E, Harriague J, Virelizier JL, et al. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN)-mediated enhancement of dengue virus infection is independent of DC-SIGN internalization signals. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 23698-708.
64. Simmons G, Reeves JD, Grogan CC, Vandenberghe LH, Baribaud F, Whitbeck JC, et al. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR bind ebola glycoproteins and enhance infection of macrophages and endothelial cells. Virology 2003; 305: 115-23.
65. Serrano-Gomez D, Dominguez-Soto A, Ancochea J, Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Leal JA, Corbi AL. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin mediates binding and internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by dendritic cells and macrophages. J Immunol 2004; 173: 5635-43.
66. Bergman MP, Engering A, Smits HH, van Vliet SJ, van Bodegraven AA, Wirth HP, et al. Helicobacter pylori modulates the T helper cell 1/T helper cell 2 balance through phase-variable interaction between lipopolysaccharide and DC-SIGN. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 979-90.
67. Ghosh M, Bandyopadhyay S. Interaction of Leishmania parasites with dendritic cells and its functional consequences. Immunobiology 2004; 209: 173-7.
68. Cormier EG, Durso RJ, Tsamis F, Boussemart L, Manix C, Olson WC, et al. L-SIGN (CD209L) and DC-SIGN (CD209) mediate transinfection of liver cells by hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 14067-72.
69. Van Liempt E, Imberty A, Bank CMC, Van Vliet SJ, Van Kooyk Y, Geijtenbeek TBH, et al. Molecular Basis of the Differences in Binding Properties of the Highly Related C-type Lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN to Lewis X Trisaccharide and Schistosoma mansoni Egg Antigens. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 33161-33167.
70. Kwon DS, Gregorio G, Bitton N, Hendrickson WA, Littman DR. DC-SIGN-mediated internalization of HIV is required for trans-enhancement of T cell infection. Immunity 2002; 16: 135-44.
71. Baribaud F, Pohlmann S, Leslie G, Mortari F, Doms RW. Quantitative expression and virus transmission analysis of DC-SIGN on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Virol 2002; 76: 9135-42.
72. Monzavi-Karbassi B, Luo P, Cunto-Amesty G, Jousheghany F, Pashov A, Weissman D, Kieber-Emmons T. Fucosylated lactosamines participate in adhesion of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein to dendritic cells. Arch Virol 2004; 149: 75-91.
73. Arendrup M, Hansen JE, Clausen H, Nielsen C, Mathiesen LR, Nielsen JO. Antibody to histo-blood group A antigen neutralizes HIV produced by lymphocytes from blood group A donors but not from blood group B or O donors. AIDS 1991; 5: 441-4.
74. Hansen JE, Clausen H, Hu SL, Nielsen JO, Olofsson S. An O-linked carbohydrate neutralization epitope of HIV-1 gp 120 is expressed by HIV-1 env gene recombinant vaccinia virus. Arch Virol 1992; 126: 11-20.
75. Hansen JE, Nielsen C, Arendrup M, Olofsson S, Mathiesen L, Nielsen JO, et al. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeted to mucin-type carbohydrate epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1991; 65: 6461-7.
76. Mello MA, Mascarenhas RE, Ferraro GA, Harn D, Galvao-Castro M, Bou-Habib DC. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by monoclonal antibodies to carbohydrates of Schistosoma mansoni. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2005; 194: 61-5.
77. Lin G, Simmons G, Pohlmann S, Baribaud F, Ni H, Leslie GJ, et al. Differential N-linked glycosylation of human immunodeficiency virus and Ebola virus envelope glycoproteins modulates interactions with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. J Virol 2003; 77: 1337-46.
78. Geijtenbeek TB, Engering A, Van Kooyk Y. DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin on dendritic cells that unveils many aspects of dendritic cell biology. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 71: 921-31.
79. Snyder GA, Ford J, Torabi-Parizi P, Arthos JA, Schuck P, Colonna M, et al. Characterization of DC-SIGN/R interaction with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and ICAM molecules favors the receptor's role as an antigen-capturing rather than an adhesion receptor. J Virol 2005; 79: 4589-98.
80. John CM, Jarvis GA, Swanson KV, Leffler H, Cooper MD, Huflejt ME, et al. Galectin-3 binds lactosaminylated lipooligosaccharides from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is selectively expressed by mucosal epithelial cells that are infected. Cell Microbiol 2002; 4: 649-62.
81. Leppanen A, Stowell S, Blixt O, Cummings RD. Dimeric galectin-1 binds with high affinity to alpha2,3-sialylated and non-sialylated terminal N-acetyllactosamine units on surface-bound extended glycans. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 5549-62.
82. Ouellet M, Mercier S, Pelletier I, Bounou S, Roy J, Hirabayashi J, et al. Galectin-1 acts as a soluble host factor that promotes HIV-1 infectivity through stabilization of virus attachment to host cells. J Immunol 2005; 174: 4120-6.
83. Lanteri M, Giordanengo V, Hiraoka N, Fuzibet JG, Auberger P, Fukuda M, et al. Altered T cell surface glycosylation in HIV-1 infection results in increased susceptibility to galectin-1-induced cell death. Glycobiology 2003; 13: 909-18.
84. Pashov A, Canziani G, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Kaveri SV, Macleod S, Saha R, et al. Antigenic properties of peptide mimiotopes of HIV-1 associated carbohydrate antigens. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 28959-65.
85. Chackerian B, Rudensey LM, Overbaugh J. Specific N-linked and O-linked glycosylation modifications in the envelope V1 domain of simian immunodeficiency virus variants that evolve in the host alter recognition by neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 1997; 71: 7719-27.
86. Rudensey LM, Kimata JT, Long EM, Chackerian B, Overbaugh J. Changes in the extracellular envelope glycoprotein of variants that evolve during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVMne infection affect neutralizing antibody recognition, syncytium formation, and macrophage tropism but not replication, cytopathicity, or CCR-5 coreceptor recognition. J Virol 1998; 72: 209-17.
87. Binley JM, Wyatt R, Desjardins E, Kwong PD, Hendrickson W, Moore JP, et al. Analysis of the interaction of antibodies with a conserved enzymatically deglycosylated core of the HIV type 1 envelope glycoprotein 120. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14: 191-8.
88. Bolmstedt A, Olofsson S, Sjogren JE, Jeansson S, Sjoblom I, Akerblom L, et al. Carbohydrate determinant NeuAc-Gal beta (1-4) of N-linked glycans modulates the antigenic activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp120. J Gen Virol 1992; 73(pt 12): 3099-105.
89. Gram GJ, Hemming A, Bolmstedt A, Jansson B, Olofsson S, Akerblom L, et al. Identification of an N-linked glycan in the V1-loop of HIV-1 gp120 influencing neutralization by anti-V3 antibodies and soluble CD4. Arch Virol 1994; 139: 253-61.
90. Back NK, Smit L, De JJ, Keulen W, Schutten M, Goudsmit J, et al. An N-glycan within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 V3 loop affects virus neutralization. Virology 1994; 199: 431-8.
91. Kang SM, Quan FS, Huang C, Guo L, Ye L, Yang C, et al. Modified HIV envelope proteins with enhanced binding to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Virology 2005; 331: 20-32.
92. Kayman SC, Wu Z, Revesz K, Chen H, Kopelman R, Pinter A. Presentation of native epitopes in the V1/V2 and V3 regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 by fusion glycoproteins containing isolated gp120 domains. J Virol 1994; 68: 400-10.
93. Laczko I, Hollosi M, Urge L, Ugen KE, Weiner DB, Mantsch HH, et al. Synthesis and conformational studies of N-glycosylated analogues of the HIV-1 principal neutralizing determinant. Biochemistry 1992; 31: 4282-8.
94. Pinter A, Honnen WJ, D'Agostino P, Gorny MK, Zolla-Pazner S, Kayman SC. The C108g epitope in the V2 domain of gp120 functions as a potent neutralization target when introduced into envelope proteins derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates. J Virol 2005; 79: 6909-17.
95. Warrier SV, Pinter A, Honnen WJ, Girard M, Muchmore E, Tilley SA. A novel, glycan-dependent epitope in the V2 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 is recognized by a highly potent, neutralizing chimpanzee monoclonal antibody. J Virol 1994; 68: 4636-42.
96. Wu Z, Kayman SC, Honnen W, Revesz K, Chen H, Vijh-Warrier S, et al. Characterization of neutralization epitopes in the V2 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120: role of glycosylation in the correct folding of the V1/V2 domain. J Virol 1995; 69: 2271-8.
97. Bolmstedt A, Hinkula J, Rowcliffe E, Biller M, Wahren B, Olofsson S. Enhanced immunogenicity of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env DNA vaccine by manipulating N-glycosylation signals. Effects of elimination of the V3 N306 glycan. Vaccine 2001; 20: 397-405.
98. McCaffrey RA, Saunders C, Hensel M, Stamatatos L. N-linked glycosylation of the V3 loop and the immunologically silent face of gp120 protects human immunodeficiency virus type 1 SF162 from neutralization by anti-gp120 and anti-gp41 antibodies. J Virol 2004; 78: 3279-95.
99. Ly A, Stamatatos L. V2 loop glycosylation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 SF162 envelope facilitates interaction of this protein with CD4 and CCR5 receptors and protects the virus from neutralization by anti-V3 loop and anti-CD4 binding site antibodies. J Virol 2000; 74: 6769-76.
100. Koch M, Pancera M, Kwong PD, Kolchinsky P, Grundner C, Wang L, et al. Structure-based, targeted deglycosylation of HIV-1 gp120 and effects on neutralization sensitivity and antibody recognition. Virology 2003; 313: 387-400.
101. Chohan B, Lang D, Sagar M, Korber B, Lavreys L, Richardson B, Overbaugh J. Selection for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycosylation variants with shorter V1-V2 loop sequences occurs during transmission of certain genetic subtypes and may impact viral RNA levels. J Virol 2005; 79: 6528-31.
102. Derdeyn CA, Decker JM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Mokili JL, Muldoon M, Denham SA, et al. Envelope-constrained neutralization-sensitive HIV-1 after heterosexual transmission. Science 2004; 303: 2019-22.
103. Cole KS, Steckbeck JD, Rowles JL, Desrosiers RC, Montelaro RC. Removal of N-linked glycosylation sites in the V1 region of simian immunodeficiency virus gp120 results in redirection of B-cell responses to V3. J Virol 2004; 78: 1525-39.
104. Garrity RR, Rimmelzwaan G, Minassian A, Tsai WP, Lin G, de Jong JJ, et al. Refocusing neutralizing antibody response by targeted dampening of an immunodominant epitope. J Immunol 1997; 159: 279-89.
105. Cheng-Mayer C, Brown A, Harouse J, Luciw PA, Mayer AJ. Selection for neutralization resistance of the simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF33A variant in vivo by virtue of sequence changes in the extracellular envelope glycoprotein that modify N-linked glycosylation. J Virol 1999; 73: 5294-300.
106. Polzer S, Dittmar MT, Schmitz H, Schreiber M. The N-linked glycan g15 within the V3 loop of the HIV-1 external glycoprotein gp120 affects coreceptor usage, cellular tropism, and neutralization. Virology 2002; 304: 70-80.
107. Thordsen I, Polzer S, Schreiber M. Infection of cells expressing CXCR4 mutants lacking N-glycosylation at the N-terminal extracellular domain is enhanced for R5X4-dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type-1. BMC Infect Dis 2002; 2: 31.
108. Pashov A, Macleod S, Saha R, Perry M, Vancott TC, Kieber-Emmons T. Concanavalin A binding to HIV envelope protein is less sensitive to mutations in glycosylation sites than monoclonal antibody 2G12. Glycobiology 2005; 15: 994-1001.
109. Botos I, Wlodawer A. Proteins that bind high-mannose sugars of the HIV envelope. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2005; 88: 233-82.
110. Mandal DK, Kishore N, Brewer CF. Thermodynamics of lectin-carbohydrate interactions. Titration microcalorimetry measurements of the binding of N-linked carbohydrates and ovalbumin to concanavalin A. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 1149-56.
111. Mandal DK, Bhattacharyya L, Koenig SH, Brown RD, 3rd, Oscarson S, Brewer CF. Studies of the binding specificity of concanavalin A. Nature of the extended binding site for asparagine-linked carbohydrates. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 1157-62.
112. Gupta D, Dam TK, Oscarson S, Brewer CF. Thermodynamics of lectin-carbohydrate interactions. Binding of the core trimannoside of asparagine-linked carbohydrates and deoxy analogs to concanavalin A. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 6388-92.
113. Wang LX, Ni J, Singh S, Li H. Binding of high-mannose-type oligosaccharides and synthetic oligomannose clusters to human antibody 2G12: implications for HIV-1 vaccine design. Chem Biol 2004; 11: 127-34.
114. Sanders RW, Venturi M, Schiffner L, Kalyanaraman R, Katinger H, Lloyd KO, et al. The mannose-dependent epitope for neutralizing antibody 2G12 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp120. J Virol 2002; 76: 7293-305.
115. Calarese DA, Scanlan CN, Zwick MB, Deechongkit S, Mimura Y, Kunert R, et al. Antibody Domain Exchange Is an Immunological Solution to Carbohydrate Cluster Recognition. Science 2003; 300: 2065-2071.
116. Chen H, Xu X, Bishop A, Jones IM. Reintroduction of the 2G12 epitope in an HIV-1 clade C gp120. AIDS 2005; 19: 833-5.
117. Pashov A, Canziani G, Macleod S, Plaxco J, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Kieber-Emmons T. Targeting carbohydrate antigens in HIV vaccine development. Vaccine 2005; 23: 2168-75.
118. Hong PW, Flummerfelt KB, de Parseval A, Gurney K, Elder JH, Lee B. Human immunodeficiency virus envelope (gp120) binding to DC-SIGN and primary dendritic cells is carbohydrate dependent but does not involve 2G12 or cyanovirin binding sites: implications for structural analyses of gp120-DC-SIGN binding. J Virol 2002; 76: 12855-65.
119. Witvrouw M, Fikkert V, Hantson A, Pannecouque C, O'Keefe BR, McMahon J, et al. Resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the high-mannose binding agents cyanovirin N and concanavalin A. J Virol 2005; 79: 7777-84.
120. Balzarini J, Van Laethern K, Hatse S, Froeyen M, Van Damme E, Bolmstedt A, et al. Marked depletion of glycosylation sites in HIV-1 gp120 under selection pressure by the mannose-specific plant lectins of Hippeastrum hybrid and Galanthus nivalis. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67: 1556-65.
121. Hemming A, Gram GJ, Bolmstedt A, Losman B, Hansen JE, Ricksten A, et al. Conserved N-linked oligosaccharides of the C-terminal portion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and viral susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. Arch Virol 1996; 141: 2139-51.
122. Geng X, Dudkin VY, Mandal M, Danishefsky SJ. In pursuit of carbohydrate-based HIV vaccines, part 2: The total synthesis of high-mannose-type gp120 fragments-evaluation of strategies directed to maximal convergence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43: 2562-5.
123. Werz DB, Seeberger PH. Carbohydrates as the next frontier in pharmaceutical research. Chemistry 2005; 11: 3194-206.
124. Adams EW, Ratner DM, Bokesch HR, McMahon JB, O'Keefe BR, Seeberger PH. Oligosaccharide and glycoprotein microarrays as tools in HIV glycobiology; glycan-dependent gp120/protein interactions. Chem Biol 2004; 11: 875-81.
125. Cunto-Amesty G, Dam TK, Luo P, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Brewer CF, Van Cott TC, et al. Directing the immune response to carbohydrate antigens. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 30490-8.
126. Agadjanyan M, Luo P, Westerink MA, Carey LA, Hutchins W, Steplewski Z, et al. Peptide mimicry of carbohydrate epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15: 547-51.
127. Jain D, Kaur K, Sundaravadivel B, Salunke DM. Structural and Functional Consequences of Peptide-Carbohydrate Mimicry. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A CARBOHYDRATE-MIMICKING PEPTIDE BOUND TO CONCANAVALIN A. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 16098-16102.
128. Scott JK, Loganathan D, Easley RB, Gong X, Goldstein IJ. A family of concanavalin A-binding peptides from a hexapeptide epitope library. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5398-402.
129. Hutchins WA, Adkins AR, Kieber-Emmons T, Westerink MA. Molecular characterization of a monoclonal antibody produced in response to a group C meningococcal polysaccharide peptide mimic. Mol Immunol 1996; 33: 503-10.
130. Murali R, Kieber-Emmons T. Molecular recognition of a peptide mimic of the Lewis Y antigen by an anti-Lewis Y antibody. J Mol Recognit 1997; 10: 269-76.
131. Partidos CD. Peptide mimotopes as candidate vaccines. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2000; 2: 74-9.
132. Deroo S, Muller CP. Antigenic and immunogenic phage displayed mimotopes as substitute antigens: applications and limitations. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2001; 4: 75-110.
133. Dorgham K, Dogan I, Bitton N, Parizot C, Cardona V, Debre P, et al. Immunogenicity of HIV type 1 gp120 CD4 binding site phage mimotopes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21: 82-92.
134. Gomez-Roman VR, Cao C, Bai Y, Santamaria H, Acero G, Manoutcharian K, et al. Phage-displayed mimotopes recognizing a biologically active anti-HIV-1 gp120 murine monoclonal antibody. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31: 147-53.
135. Enshell-Seijffers D, Smelyanski L, Vardinon N, Yust I, Gershoni JM. Dissection of the humoral immune response toward an immunodominant epitope of HIV: a model for the analysis of antibody diversity in HIV+ individuals. FASEB J 2001; 15: 2112-20.
136. Konigs C, Rowley MJ, Thompson P, Myers MA, Scealy M, Davies JM, et al. Monoclonal antibody screening of a phage-displayed random peptide library reveals mimotopes of chemokine receptor CCR5: implications for the tertiary structure of the receptor and for an N-terminal binding site for HIV-1 gp120. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30: 1162-71.
137. D'Mello F, Kairo SK, Howard CR, Partidos CD. Mapping the specificity of an anti-feline immunodeficiency virus monoclonal antibody using a filamentous phage displayed peptide library. Vaccine 1999; 18: 371-5.
138. Scala G, Chen X, Liu W, Telles JN, Cohen OJ, Vaccarezza M, et al. Selection of HIV-specific immunogenic epitopes by screening random peptide libraries with HIV-1-positive sera. J Immunol 1999; 162: 6155-61.
139. Boots LJ, McKenna PM, Arnold BA, Keller PM, Gorny MK, Zolla-Pazner S, et al. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 human monoclonal antibodies that bind discontinuous epitopes in the viral glycoproteins can identify mimotopes from recombinant phage peptide display libraries. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13: 1549-59.
140. El Kasmi KC, Deroo S, Theisen DM, Brons NH, Muller CP. Cross-reactivity of mimotopes and peptide homologues of a sequential epitope with a monoclonal antibody does not predict crossreactive immunogenicity. Vaccine 1999; 18: 284-90.
141. Monzavi-Karbassi B, Shamloo S, Kieber-Emmons M, Jousheghany F, Luo P, Lin KY, et al. Priming characteristics of peptide mimotopes of carbohydrate antigens. Vaccine 2003; 21: 753-60.
142. Luo P, Agadjanyan M, Qiu J, Westerink MA, Steplewski Z, Kieber-Emmons T. Antigenic and immunological mimicry of peptide mimotopes of Lewis
143. Imberty A, Perez S. Molecular modelling of protein-carbohydrate interactions. Understanding the specificities of two legume lectins towards oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 1994; 4: 351-66.
144. Oldenburg KR, Loganathan D, Goldstein IJ, Schultz PG, Gallop MA. Peptide ligands for a sugar-binding protein isolated from a random peptide library. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5393-7.
145. Dam TK, Roy R, Das SK, Oscarson S, Brewer CF. Binding of multivalent carbohydrates to concanavalin A and Dioclea grandiflora lectin. Thermodynamic analysis of the "multivalency effect". J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 14223-30.
146. Harris SL, Craig L, Mehroke JS, Rashed M, Zwick MB, Kenar K, et al. Exploring the basis of peptide-carbohydrate crossreactivity: evidence for discrimination by peptides between closely related anti-carbohydrate, antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 2454-9.
147. Vyas NK, Vyas MN, Chervenak MC, Bundle DR, Pinto BM, Quiocho FA. Structural basis of peptide-carbohydrate mimicry in an antibody-combining site. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 15023-8.
148. Arockia Jeyaprakash A, Jayashree G, Mahanta SK, Swaminathan CP, Sekar K, Surolia A, et al. Structural basis for the energetics of jacalin-sugar interactions: promiscuity versus specificity. J Mol Biol 2005; 347: 181-8.
149. Corbeau P, Pasquali JL, Devaux C. Jacalin, a lectin interacting with O-linked sugars and mediating protection of CD4+ cells against HIV-1, binds to the external envelope glycoprotein gp120. Immunol Lett 1995; 47: 141-3.
150. De Bolle X, Laurent T, Tibor A, Godfroid F, Weynants V, Letesson JJ, et al. Antigenic properties of peptidic mimics for epitopes of the lipopolysaccharide from Brucella. J Mol Biol 1999; 294: 181-91.
151. Reynard F, Fatmi A, Verrier B, Bedin F. HIV-1 acute infection env glycomutants designed from 3D model: effects on processing, antigenicity, and neutralization sensitivity. Virology 2004; 324: 90-102.
152. Manca F. Galactose receptors and presentation of HIV envelope glycoprotein to specific human T cells. J Immunol 1992; 148: 2278-82.
153. Naicker KP, Li H, Heredia A, Song H, Wang LX. Design and synthesis of alpha Gal-conjugated peptide T20 as novel antiviral agent for HIV-immunotargeting. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2: 660-4.
154. Wu X, Okada N, Momota H, Irie RF, Okada H. Complement-mediated anti-HIV-1 effect induced by human IgM monoclonal antibody against ganglioside GM2. J Immunol 1999; 162: 533-9.
155. Overbaugh J, Anderson RJ, Ndinya AJ, Kreiss JK. Distinct but related human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variant populations in genital secretions and blood. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12: 107-15.
156. Lue J, Hsu M, Yang D, Marx P, Chen Z, Cheng-Mayer C. Addition of a single gp120 glycan confers increased binding to dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin and neutralization escape to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2002; 76: 10299-306.
157. Bourinbaiar AS, Root-Bernstein RS, Abulafia-Lapid R, Rytik PG, Kanev AN, Jirathitikal V, et al. Therapeutic AIDS vaccines. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(16): 2017-30.
158. Pohlmann S, Reeves JD. Cellular entry of HIV: Evaluation of therapeutic targets. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(16): 1963-73.
159. Spearman P. Current progress in the development of HIV vaccines. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(9): 1147-67.