The roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in periodontal disease

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 85-101

  Noguchi, Kazuyuki ^a   Ishikawa, Isao ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTACOID; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; PROSTAGLANDIN E RECEPTOR; PROSTAGLANDIN E2;

ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; BONE REMODELING; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PERIODONTITIS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BONE REMODELING; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITORS; DINOPROSTONE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; PERIODONTITIS; RECEPTORS, PROSTAGLANDIN E;

EID: 33846071205     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: 16000757     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00170.x     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Abramovitz M, Adam M, Boie Y, Carriere M, Denis D, Godbout C, Lamontagne S, Rochette C, Sawyer N, Tremblay NM, Belley M, Gallant M, Dufresne C, Gareau Y, Ruel R, Juteau H, Labelle M, Ouimet N, Metters KM. The utilization of recombinant prostanoid receptors to determine the affinities and selectivities of prostaglandins and related analogs. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000: 1483: 285-293.
2. Aoyagi T, Sugawara-Aoyagi M, Yamazaki K, Hara K. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-6-producing memory T-cells in peripheral blood and gingival tissue in periodontitis patients with high serum antibody titers to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995: 10: 304-310.
3. 4 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 1999: 126: 365-371.
4. 2 subtype. J Biol Chem 1994: 269: 11873-11877.
5. Bezerra MM, de Lima V, Alencar VB, Vieira IB, Brito GA, Ribeiro RA, Rocha FA. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition prevents alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol 2000: 71: 1009-1014.
6. 2 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998: 95: 15792-15797.
7. 4 in the nuclear envelope. J Biol Chem 1999: 274: 15719-15724.
8. 2 rapidly stimulates insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in primary rat osteoblast cultures: evidence for transcriptional control. Endocrinology 1993: 133: 1020-1028.
9. Birkedal-Hansen H, Moore WG, Bodden MK, Windsor LJ, Birkedal-Hansen B, DeCarlo A, Engler JA. Matrix metalloproteinases: a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1993: 4: 197-250.
10. Buduneli N, Vardar S, Atilla G, Sorsa T, Luoto H, Baylas H. Gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels following adjunctive use of meloxicam and initial phase of periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 2002: 73: 103-109.
11. 1. J Periodontal Res 1994: 29: 138-145.
12. 2α enhance differentiation of cementoblastic cells. J Periodontol 2005: 76: 303-309.
13. Cavanaugh PF Jr, Mcdonald JS, Pavelic L, Limardi RJ, Gluckman JL, Pavelic ZP. Immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin H synthase isoenzyme proteins in the gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis. Inflammopharmacology 1995: 3: 109-119.
14. Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, Evanson NK, Tomsik J, Elton TS, Simmons DL. COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002: 99: 13926-13931.
15. Chang YC, Tsai CH, Yang SH, Liu CM, Chou MY. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with nicotine. J Periodontal Res 2003: 38: 496-501.
16. Chomarat P, Banchereau J. An update on interleukin-4 and its receptor. Eur Cytokine Network 1997: 8: 333-344.
17. 2+ mobilization in T cells. Am J Physiol 1999: 277: R1741-1748.
18. 2-mediated inhibition of T cell p59(fyn) is independent of cAMP. Am J Physiol 1999: 277: C302-C309.
19. Coleman RA, Smith WL, Narumiya S. International Union of Pharmacology classification of prostanoid receptors: properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 1994: 46: 205-229.
20. 2 potentiates interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 production by human gingival fibroblasts. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 635-640.
21. 4 receptor sequestration. Mol Pharmacol 2000: 58: 1279-1286.
22. Diamond MS, Staunton DE, Marlin SD, Springer TA. Binding of the integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) to the third immunoglobulin-like domain of ICAM-1 (CD54) and its regulation by glycosylation. Cell 1991: 65: 961-971.
23. Ebersole JL, Taubman MA. The protective nature of host responses in periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 1994: 5: 112-141.
24. 2 in human gingiva in health and disease and its stimulation by female sex steroids. Prostaglandins 1976: 11: 331-341.
25. Endo T, Ogushi F, Sone S. LPS-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 induction in human monocytes is down-regulated by IL-13, but not IFN-γ. J Immunol 1996: 156: 2240-2246.
26. 4 subtypes regulate B lymphocyte activation and differentiation to IgE-secreting cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997: 433: 153-157.
27. FitzGerald GA. COX-2 and beyond: approaches to prostaglandin inhibition in human disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003: 2: 879-890.
28. FitzGerald GA, Patrono C. The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2. N Engl J Med 2001: 345: 433-442.
29. Fokkema SJ, Loos BG, Slegte C, van der Velden U. A type 2 response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood cell cultures from periodontitis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2002: 127: 374-378.
30. + T cells isolated from inflamed human gingival tissues. Clin Exp Immunol 1996: 103: 422-428.
31. Funk CD, Furci L, FitzGerald GA, Grygorczyk R, Rochette C, Bayne MA, Abramovitz M, Adam M, Metters KM. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype. J Biol Chem 1993: 268: 26767-26772.
32. Gemmell E, Yamazaki K, Seymour GJ. Destructive periodontitis lesions are determined by the nature of the lymphocytic response. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002: 13: 17-34.
33. Gilroy DW, Colville-Nash PR, Willis D, Chivers J, Paul-Clark MJ, Willoughby DA. Inducible cyclooxygenase may have anti-inflammatory properties. Nat Med 1999: 5: 698-701.
34. 2 levels and human periodontal disease. Prostaglandins 1974: 6: 81-85.
35. Gopikrishna V, Parameswaran A. Effectiveness of prophylactic use of rofecoxib in comparison with ibuprofen on postendodontic pain. J Endod 2003: 29: 62-64.
36. Gurgel BC, Duarte PM, Nociti FH Jr, Sallum EA, Casati MZ, Sallum AW, de Toledo S. Impact of an anti-inflammatory therapy and its withdrawal on the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol 2004: 75: 1613-1618.
37. 2 regulates gingival mononuclear cell immunoglobulin production. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 222-227.
38. 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989: 86: 3803-3807.
39. 2 generation through suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human fibroblasts. Cytokine 2000: 12: 603-612.
40. 2 on cortical bone turnover in adult dogs: a histomorphometric study. Bone 1987: 8: 363-373.
41. Hla T, Neilson K. Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992: 89: 7384-7388.
42. Holzhausen M, Rossa C Jr, Marcantonio E Jr, Nassar PO, Spolidorio DM, Spolidorio LC. Effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on the development of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol 2002: 73: 1030-1036.
43. Hormdee D, Nagasawa T, Kiji M, Yashiro R, Kobayashi H, Koshy G, Noguchi K, Nitta H, Ishikawa I. Protein kinase A-dependent osteoprotegerin production on interleukin-1 stimulation in human gingival fibroblasts is distinct from periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Clin Exp Immunol 2005: 142: 490-497.
44. Howell TH, Jeffcoat MK, Goldhaber P, Reddy MS, Kaplan ML, Johnson HG, Hall CM, Williams RC. Inhibition of alveolar bone loss in beagles with the NSAID naproxen. J Periodontal Res 1991: 26: 498-501.
45. Howell TH, Fiorellini J, Weber HP, Williams RC. Effect of the NSAID piroxicam, topically administered, on the development of gingivitis in beagle dogs. J Periodontal Res 1991: 26: 180-183.
46. 2 subtype with different C-terminal tail coupling to both stimulation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Eur J Biochem 1993: 217: 313-318.
47. 2 and platelet-activating factor. Infect Immun 2000: 68: 1563-1568.
48. 2 regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in interleukin-1β-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 1999: 34: 97-104. Erratum in: J Periodontal Res 1999: 34: 97-232.
49. 4 receptors in human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and interferon-gamma. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2003: 18: 150-155.
50. Jackson JR, Seed MP, Kircher CH, Willoughby DA, Winkler JD. The codependence of angiogenesis and chronic inflammation. FASEB J 1997: 11: 457-465.
51. 2 enhances cortical bone mass and activates intracortical bone remodeling in intact and ovariectomized female rats. Bone 1990: 11: 253-266.
52. Jeffcoat MK, Page R, Reddy M, Wannawisute A, Waite P, Palcanis K, Cogen R, Williams RC, Basch C. Use of digital radiography to demonstrate the potential of naproxen as an adjunct in the treatment of rapidly progressive periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 1991: 26: 415-421.
53. Jones DA, Carlton DP, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM. Molecular cloning of human prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase type II and demonstration of expression in response to cytokines. J Biol Chem 1993: 268: 9049-9054.
54. 2 administration. Acta Orthop Scand 1988: 59: 464-466.
55. Juni P, Nartey L, Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Dieppe PA, Egger M. Risk of cardiovascular events and rofecoxib: cumulative meta-analysis. Lancet 2004: 364: 2021-2029.
56. 4 signaling initiates skin immune responses by promoting migration and maturation of Langerhans cells. Nat Med 2003: 9: 744-749.
57. 2 synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 2002: 17: 210-220.
58. + T cells inhibits acquisition of ability to produce IFN-γ and IL-2, but not IL-4 and IL-5. J Immunol 1995: 155: 4604-4612.
59. 2 induces the gene expression of bone matrix metalloproteinase-1 in mouse osteoblasts by cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005: 37: 375-385.
60. Kornman KS, Blodgett RF, Brunsvold M, Holt SC. Effects of topical applications of meclofenamic acid and ibuprofen on bone loss, subgingival microbiota and gingival PMN response in the primate Macaca fascicularis. J Periodontal Res 1990: 25: 300-307.
61. 3 receptor subtype gene (PTGER3). Genomics 1997: 40: 425-434.
62. Kraemer SA, Meade EA, DeWitt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase gene structure: identification of the transcriptional start site and 5′-flanking regulatory sequences. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992: 293: 391-400.
63. Kujubu DA, Fletcher BS, Varnum BC, Lim RL, Hershman HR. TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter-inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase homologue. J Biol Chem 1991: 266: 12866-12872.
64. Kunii R, Nemoto E, Kanaya S, Tsubahara T, Shimauchi H. Expression of CD13/aminopeptidase N on human gingival fibroblasts and up-regulation upon stimulation with interleukin-4 and interleukin-13. J Periodontal Res 2005: 40: 138-146.
65. Lee SH, Soyoola E, Chanmugam P, Hart S, Sun W, Zhong H, Liou S, Simmons D, Hwang D. Selective expression of mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1992: 267: 25934-25938.
66. Li KL, Vogel R, Jeffcoat MK, Alfano MC, Smith MA, Collins JG, Offenbacher S. The effect of ketoprofen creams on periodontal disease in rhesus monkeys. J Periodontal Res 1996: 31: 525-532.
67. 2 receptor impairs osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Endocrinology 2000: 141: 2054-2061.
68. Li Y, Xu L, Hasturk H, Kantarci A, Depalma SR, Van Dyke TE. Localized aggressive periodontitis is linked to human chromosome 1q25. Hum Gen 2004: 114: 291-297.
69. Lohinai Z, Stachlewitz R, Szekely AD, Feher E, Dezsi L, Szabo C. Evidence for the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme in periodontitis. Life Sci 2001: 70: 279-290.
70. Malmstrom K, Daniels S, Kotey P, Seidenberg BC, Desjardins PJ. Comparison of rofecoxib and celecoxib, two cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, in postoperative dental pain: a randomized, placebo- and active-comparator-controlled clinical trial. Clin Ther 1999: 21: 1653-1663.
71. 4 receptor. Calcif Tissue Int 2000: 67: 85-92.
72. 1 stimulates mandibular bone formation in vivo. J Oral Pathol 1988: 17: 500-505.
73. 1 induces periodontal regeneration in adult dogs. J Periodontal Res 1994: 29: 103-108.
74. Masferrer JL, Reddy ST, Zweifel BS, Seibert K, Needleman P, Gilbert RS, Herschman HR. In vivo glucocorticoids regulate cyclooxygenase-2 but not cyclooxygenase-1 in peritoneal macrophages. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994: 270: 1340-1344.
75. McCarthy TL, Centrella M. Local IGF-I expression and bone formation. Growth Horm IGF Res 2001: 11: 213-219.
76. 2 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor-α generation. Br J Pharmacol 1997: 122: 149-157.
77. 1: quantitative histomorphometry and comparison of delivery by minipumps and controlled-release pellets. Bone 1993: 14: 143-151.
78. 2 on alveolar bone loss-histometric analysis. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 405-411.
79. Miyauchi M, Hiraoka M, Oka H, Sato S, Kudo Y, Ogawa I, Noguchi K, Ishikawa I, Takata T. Immuno-localization of COX-1 and COX-2 in the rat molar periodontal tissue after topical application of lipopolysaccharide. Arch Oral Biol 2004: 49: 739-746.
80. 2 in prostaglandin E receptor EP4-knockout mice. J Biol Chem 2000: 275: 19819-19823.
81. Moraitis D, Du B, De Lorenzo MS, Boyle JO, Weksler BB, Cohen EG, Carew JF, Altorki NK, Kopelovich L, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ. Levels of cyclooxygenase-2 are increased in the oral mucosa of smokers: evidence for the role of epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands. Cancer Res 2005: 65: 664-670.
82. Morita I. Distinct functions of COX-1 and COX-2. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002: 68-69: 165-175.
83. Morrison BW, Christensen S, Yuan W, Brown J, Arnlani S, Seidenberg B. Analgesic efficacy of the cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor rofecoxib in post-dental surgery pain: randomized, controlled trial. Clin Ther 1999: 21: 943-953.
84. Morton RS, Dongari-Bagtzoglou AI. Cyclooxygenase-2 is upregulated in inflamed gingival tissues. J Periodontol 2001: 72: 461-469.
85. Murakami S, Shimabukuro Y, Saho T, Hino E, Kasai D, Hashikawa T, Hirano H, Okada H. Immunoregulatory roles of adhesive interactions between lymphocytes and gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 1997: 32: 110-114.
86. Namba T, Sugimoto Y, Negishi M, Irie A, Ushikubi F, Kakizuka A, Ito S, Ichikawa A, Narumiya S. Alternative splicing of C-terminal tail of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 determines G-protein specificity. Nature 1993: 365: 166-170.
87. Narumiya S, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A. Prostanoid receptors: structures, properties, and functions. Physiol Rev 1999: 79: 1193-1226.
88. 2 that regulate cellular immune responses in the mouse. J Clin Invest 2001: 108: 1229-1235.
89. Niiro H, Otsuka T, Tanabe T, Hara S, Kuga S, Nemoto Y, Tanaka Y, Nakashima H, Kitajima S, Abe M, Niho Y. Inhibition by interleukin-10 of inducible cyclooxygenase expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes: its underlying mechanism in comparison with interleukin-4. Blood 1995: 85: 3736-3745.
90. Niiro H, Otsuka T, Izuhara K, Yamaoka K, Ohshima K, Tanabe T, Hara S, Nemoto Y, Tanaka Y, Nakashima H, Niho Y. Regulation by interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human neutrophils. Blood 1997: 89: 1621-1628.
91. Nishigaki N, Negishi M, Honda A, Sugimoto Y, Namba T, Narumiya S, Ichikawa A. Identification of prostaglandin E receptor 'EP2' cloned from mastocytoma cells EP4 subtype. FEBS Lett 1995: 364: 339-341.
92. 2 on the expression of MMPs in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2002: 37: 167-176.
93. Noguchi K, Yanai M, Shitashige M, Nishihara T, Morita I, Murota S, Ishikawa I. Prostaglandin production via induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with lipopolysaccharides. Inflammation 1996: 20: 555-568.
94. 4 subtypes down-regulate tumor necrosis factor α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 1999: 34: 478-485.
95. Noguchi K, Shitashige M, Murota S, Ishikawa I. Interleukin-4 and interferon-γ inhibit prostaglandin production by interleukin-1β- stimulated human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Inflammation 1999: 23: 1-13.
96. Noguchi K, Shitashige M, Ishikawa I. Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in interleukin-1α-induced prostaglandin production by human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol 1999: 70: 902-908.
97. Noguchi K, Yanai M, Shitashige M, Nishihara T, Ishikawa I. Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin production by peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharides isolated from periodontopathogenic bacteria. J Periodontol 2000: 71: 1568-1575.
98. 4 receptors in interleukin-1β-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2000: 79: 1955-1961.
99. Noguchi K, Shitashige M, Endo H, Kondo H, Yotsumoto Y, Izumi Y, Nitta H, Ishikawa I. Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in serum-induced prostaglandin production by human oral gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2001: 36: 124-130.
100. 2 in human fibroblasts. Inflammation 2001: 25: 75-81.
101. 2 receptors in IL-1β-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2002: 37: 29-36.
102. 2 and E-cadherin and gene expression of beta-defensin-2 by human gingival epithelial cells in response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Inflammation 2003: 27: 341-349.
103. 2 in human periodontal ligament cells. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2005: 20: 56-59.
104. 2 on expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol 2004: 75: 249-259.
105. Nyman S, Schroeder HE, Lindhe J. Suppression of inflammation and bone resorption by indomethacin during experimental periodontitis in dogs. J Periodontol 1979: 50: 450-461.
106. O'Neill GP, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues. FEBS Lett 1993: 330: 156-160.
107. Offenbacher S, Odle BM, Gray RC, Van Dyke TE. Crevicular fluid prostaglandin E levels as a measure of the periodontal disease status of adult and juvenile periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 1984: 19: 1-13.
108. 2 levels as a predictor of periodontal attachment loss. J Periodontal Res 1986: 21: 101-112.
109. Offenbacher S, Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Odle BM, Smith MA, Hall CM, Johnson HG, Goldhaber P. Effects of NSAIDs on beagle crevicular cyclooxygenase metabolites and periodontal bone loss. J Periodontal Res 1992: 27: 207-213.
110. Ohm K, Albers HK, Lisboa BP. Measurement of eight prostaglandins in human gingival and periodontal disease using high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. J Periodontal Res 1984: 19: 501-511.
111. Paquette DW, Williams RC. Modulation of host inflammatory mediators as a treatment strategy for periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2000: 24: 239-252.
112. 2 synthesis. J Invest Dermatol 1995: 104: 52-57.
113. Pourzarandian A, Watanabe H, Ruwanpura SM, Aoki A, Noguchi K, Ishikawa I. Er:YAG laser irradiation increases prostaglandin E production via the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2005: 40: 182-186.
114. Reddy MS, Palcanis KG, Barnett ML, Haigh S, Charles CH, Jeffcoat MK. Efficacy of meclofenamate sodium (Meclomen) in the treatment of rapidly progressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 20: 635-640.
115. 2 subtype. Mol Pharmacol 1994: 46: 213-220.
116. 2 levels in a primate model. Infect Immun 2004: 72: 1166-1168.
117. 2-treated human T lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2000: 22: 117-129.
118. 2 regulates interleukin-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinase-3 production in human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2004: 83: 260-265.
119. 2 synthesized de novo. Cytokine 2002: 18: 133-139.
120. Sakuma Y, Tanaka K, Suda M, Komatsu Y, Yasoda A, Miura M, Ozasa A, Narumiya S, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A, Ushikubi F, Nakao K. Impaired bone resorption by lipopolysaccharide in vivo in mice deficient in the prostaglandin E receptor EP4 subtype. Infect Immun 2000: 68: 6819-6825.
121. Sakuma Y, Tanaka K, Suda M, Yasoda A, Natsui K, Tanaka I, Ushikubi F, Narumiya S, Segi E, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A, Nakao K. Crucial involvement of the EP4 subtype of prostaglandin E receptor in osteoclast formation by proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide. J Bone Miner Res 2000: 15: 218-227.
122. 2 production and cyclooxygenase-2 in human gingival fibroblasts. Eur J Oral Sci 2000: 108: 29-34.
123. Sfakianakis A, Barr CE, Kreutzer DL. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-induced expression of IL-1α and IL-1β in human gingival epithelial cells: role in IL-8 expression. Eur J Oral Sci 2001: 109: 393-401.
124. Shankavaram UT, DeWitt DL, Funk SE, Sage EH, Wahl LM. Regulation of human monocyte matrix metalloproteinases by SPARC. J Cell Physiol 1997: 173: 327-334.
125. 2 secretion, cell maturation, and CD14 expression by monocyte-derived macrophages from localized juvenile periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 224-228.
126. Shimizu N, Ozawa Y, Yamaguchi M, Goseki T, Ohzeki K, Abiko Y. Induction of COX-2 expression by mechanical tension force in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol 1998: 69: 670-677.
127. 2: studies with prostaglandin receptor-deficient mice and prostaglandin E-receptor subtype-selective synthetic agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2001: 61: 1153-1160.
128. 1 administration. J Pediatr 1980: 97: 866-867.
129. 2 is crucially involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclast formation. J Immunol 2004: 172: 2504-2510.
130. 3 subtype. J Biol Chem 1992: 267: 6463-6466.
131. Suzawa T, Miyaura C, Inada M, Maruyama T, Sugimoto Y, Ushikubi F, Ichikawa A, Narumiya S, Suda T. The role of prostaglandin E receptor subtypes (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) in bone resorption: an analysis using specific agonists for the respective EPs. Endocrinology 2000: 141: 1554-1559.
132. 2 suppresses chemokine production in human macrophages through the EP4 receptor. J Biol Chem 2002: 277: 44147-44154.
133. 2 inhibits interleukin-6 release but not its transcription in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with interleukin-1β or tumor necrosis factor-α. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 1122-1127.
134. Tanabe T, Tohnai N. Cyclooxygenase isozymes and their gene structures and expression. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002: 68-69: 95-114.
135. 2 via interferon γ. J Periodontol 2003: 74: 771-779.
136. Tiranathanagul S, Yongchaitrakul T, Pattamapun K, Pavasant P. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide activates matrix metalloproteinase-2 and increases receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol 2004: 75: 1647-1654.
137. Tokoro Y, Matsuki Y, Yamamoto T, Suzuki T, Hara K. Relevance of local Th-2 type cytokine mRNA expression in immunocompetent infiltrates in inflamed gingival tissue to periodontal diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 1997: 107: 166-174.
138. 1 analog/methacrylate composite. J Clin Periodontol 1999: 26: 381-387.
139. 1 in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease. J Pediatr 1980: 97: 834-836.
140. Vane JR. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol 1971: 231: 232-235.
141. Vane J. Towards a better aspirin. Nature 1994: 367: 215-216.
142. 2α and clinical parameters of chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003: 74: 57-63.
143. Waite IM, Saxton CA, Young A, Wagg BJ, Corbett M. The periodontal status of subjects receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Periodontal Res 1981: 16: 100-108.
144. Wallace JL, McKnight W, Reuter BK, Vergnolle N. NSAID-induced gastric damage in rats: requirement for inhibition of both cyclooxygenase 1 and 2. Gastroenterology 2000: 119: 706-714.
145. Watanabe K, Tanaka Y, Morimoto Y, Yahata K, Zeki K, Fujihara T, Yamashita U, Eto S. Interleukin-4 as a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990: 172: 1035-1041.
146. Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Kaplan ML, Goldhaber P, Johnson HG, Wechter WJ. Flurbiprofen: a potent inhibitor of alveolar bone resorption in beagles. Science 1985: 227: 640-642.
147. Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Hall CM, Johnson HG, Wechter WJ, Goldhaber P. Indomethacin or flurbiprofen treatment of periodontitis in beagles: comparison of effect on bone loss. J Periodontal Res 1987: 22: 403-407.
148. Williams RC, Offenbacher S, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Johnson HG, Hall CM, Wechter WJ, Goldhaber P. Indomethacin or flurbiprofen treatment of periodontitis in beagles: effect on crevicular fluid arachidonic acid metabolites compared with effect on alveolar bone loss. J Periodontal Res 1988: 23: 134-138.
149. Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Reddy MS, Johnson HG, Hall CM, Goldhaber P. Topical flurbiprofen treatment of periodontitis in beagles. J Periodontal Res 1988: 23: 166-169.
150. Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Reddy MS, Johnson HG, Hall CM, Goldhaber P. Ibuprofen: an inhibitor of alveolar bone resorption in beagles. J Periodontal Res 1988: 23: 225-229.
151. Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Rolla A, Stubbs D, Teoh KW, Reddy MS, Goldhaber P. Altering the progression of human alveolar bone loss with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen. J Periodontol 1989: 60: 485-490.
152. Williams RC, Jeffcoat MK, Howell TH, Paquette DW, Rolla A, Reddy MS, Goldhaber P. Three-year trial of flurbiprofen treatment in humans: post-treatment period. J Dent Res 1991: 76: 1617(abstract).
153. Williams CS, Mann M, DuBois RN. The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development. Oncogene 1999: 18: 7908-7916.
154. Xie W, Chipman JG, Robertson DL, Erikson RL, Simmons DL. Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991: 88: 2692-2696.
155. 2 receptors in human periodontal ligament cells stimulated with interleukin-1α. J Periodontol 2005: 76: 929-935.
156. Yoshida K, Oida H, Kobayashi T, Maruyama T, Tanaka M, Katayama T, Yamaguchi K, Segi E, Tsuboyama T, Matsushita M, Ito K, Ito Y, Sugimoto Y, Ushikubi F, Ohuchida S, Kondo K, Nakamura T, Narumiya S. Stimulation of bone formation and prevention of bone loss by prostaglandin E EP4 receptor activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002: 99: 4580-4585.
157. Yucel-Lindberg T, Ahola H, Nilsson S, Carlstedt-Duke J, Modeer T. Interleukin-1β induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in human gingival fibroblasts. Inflammation 1995: 19: 549-560.
158. Yucel-Lindberg T, Nilsson S, Modeer T. Signal transduction pathways involved in the synergistic stimulation of prostaglandin production by interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α in human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 1999: 78: 61-68.
159. 2 production in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with interleukin-1β and epidermal growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999: 257: 528-532.
160. Zhang X, Schwarz EM, Young DA, Puzas JE, Rosier RN, O'Keefe RJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates mesenchymal cell differentiation into the osteoblast lineage and is critically involved in bone repair. J Clin Invest 2002: 109: 1405-1415.
161. Zhang F, Engebretson SP, Morton RS, Cavanaugh PF Jr, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ. The overexpression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in chronic periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc 2003: 134: 861-867.