메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 372-390

Vicarious retribution: The role of collective blame in intergroup aggression

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 33845994740     PISSN: 10888683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (234)

References (149)
  • 1
    • 0034218583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culpable control and the psychology of blame
    • Alicke, M. (2000). Culpable control and the psychology of blame. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 556-574.
    • (2000) Psychological Bulletin , vol.126 , pp. 556-574
    • Alicke, M.1
  • 4
    • 0001815320 scopus 로고
    • The socialization of altruistic and sympathetic behavior: Some theoretical and experimental analyses
    • B. Puka Ed, New York: Academic
    • Aronfreed, J. (1970). The socialization of altruistic and sympathetic behavior: Some theoretical and experimental analyses. In B. Puka (Ed.), Defining perspectives in moral development (pp. 145-168). New York: Academic.
    • (1970) Defining perspectives in moral development , pp. 145-168
    • Aronfreed, J.1
  • 5
    • 84986366235 scopus 로고
    • Effects of victim's pain cues, victim's race, and level of prior instigation upon physical aggression
    • Baron, R. A. (1979). Effects of victim's pain cues, victim's race, and level of prior instigation upon physical aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 103-114.
    • (1979) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.9 , pp. 103-114
    • Baron, R.A.1
  • 9
    • 33845999247 scopus 로고
    • A threatened leadership position and intergroup competition: A simulation experiment with three countries
    • Bekkers, F. (1976). A threatened leadership position and intergroup competition: A simulation experiment with three countries. International Journal of Group Tensions, 6, 67-94.
    • (1976) International Journal of Group Tensions , vol.6 , pp. 67-94
    • Bekkers, F.1
  • 13
    • 0002158345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The context and content of social identity threat
    • N. Ellemers & R. Spears Eds, Oxford, England: Blackwell Science
    • Branscombe, N. R., Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1999). The context and content of social identity threat. In N. Ellemers & R. Spears (Eds.), Social identity: Content, commitment, context (pp. 35-58). Oxford, England: Blackwell Science.
    • (1999) Social identity: Content, commitment, context , pp. 35-58
    • Branscombe, N.R.1    Ellemers, N.2    Spears, R.3    Doosje, B.4
  • 15
    • 0142019084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate?
    • Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429-444.
    • (1999) Journal of Social Issues , vol.55 , pp. 429-444
    • Brewer, M.B.1
  • 16
    • 0001613301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup relations
    • D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & L. Gardner Eds, New York: Springer
    • Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & L. Gardner (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology: Vol. 2 (pp. 299-329). New York: Springer.
    • (1998) The handbook of social psychology , vol.2 , pp. 299-329
    • Brewer, M.B.1    Brown, R.J.2
  • 17
    • 85039137075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brewer, M. B., & Harasty, A. S. (1996). Seeing groups and entities: The role of perceiver motivation. In R. Sorrentino & E. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: 3: The interpersonal context (pp. 347-370). New York: Guilford.
    • Brewer, M. B., & Harasty, A. S. (1996). Seeing groups and entities: The role of perceiver motivation. In R. Sorrentino & E. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Vol. 3: The interpersonal context (pp. 347-370). New York: Guilford.
  • 18
    • 0002084025 scopus 로고
    • Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation
    • N. Miller & M. B. Brewer Eds, New York: Academic Press
    • Brewer, M. B., & Miller, N. (1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegreation (pp. 281-302). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1984) Groups in contact: The psychology of desegreation , pp. 281-302
    • Brewer, M.B.1    Miller, N.2
  • 19
    • 0006346292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group distinctiveness, social identification, and collective mobilization
    • S. Stryker & T. Owens Eds, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
    • Brewer, M. B., & Silver, M. D. (2000). Group distinctiveness, social identification, and collective mobilization. In S. Stryker & T. Owens (Eds.), Self, identity, and social movements (pp. 153-171). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    • (2000) Self, identity, and social movements , pp. 153-171
    • Brewer, M.B.1    Silver, M.D.2
  • 21
    • 85039138133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bush, G. W. (2001). [Speech]. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved August 19, 2006, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/terroristattack/ bush_speech_9-17.html
    • Bush, G. W. (2001). [Speech]. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved August 19, 2006, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/terroristattack/ bush_speech_9-17.html
  • 22
    • 85039137344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speech, Retrieved August 19, 2006 from
    • Bush, G. W. (2004). [Speech]. Retrieved August 19, 2006 from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/05/20040505-2. html
    • (2004)
    • Bush, G.W.1
  • 23
    • 0035234042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy?
    • Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 108, 273-279.
    • (2001) Psychological Review , vol.108 , pp. 273-279
    • Bushman, B.J.1    Anderson, C.A.2
  • 24
    • 85056008973 scopus 로고
    • Common fate, similarity, and other indices of status of aggregates of persons as social entities
    • Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3, 14-25.
    • (1958) Behavioral Science , vol.3 , pp. 14-25
    • Campbell, D.T.1
  • 26
    • 0002893241 scopus 로고
    • Explanation of the relation between negative mood and helping
    • Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (1987). Explanation of the relation between negative mood and helping. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 91-108.
    • (1987) Psychological Bulletin , vol.102 , pp. 91-108
    • Carlson, M.1    Miller, N.2
  • 28
    • 0001590626 scopus 로고
    • A focus theory of normative influence: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places
    • Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative influence: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015-1026.
    • (1990) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.58 , pp. 1015-1026
    • Cialdini, R.B.1    Reno, R.R.2    Kallgren, C.A.3
  • 29
    • 0032133320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture, social organization, and patterns of violence
    • Cohen, D. (1998). Culture, social organization, and patterns of violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 408-419.
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 408-419
    • Cohen, D.1
  • 30
    • 0038087034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intractable conflict
    • M. Deutsch & P. T. Coleman Eds, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
    • Coleman, P. T. (2000). Intractable conflict. In M. Deutsch & P. T. Coleman (Eds.), The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice (pp. 428-450). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    • (2000) The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice , pp. 428-450
    • Coleman, P.T.1
  • 31
    • 85047674087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived entitativity, stereotype formation, and the interchangeability of group members
    • Crawford, M. T., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (2002). Perceived entitativity, stereotype formation, and the interchangeability of group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1076-1094.
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.83 , pp. 1076-1094
    • Crawford, M.T.1    Sherman, S.J.2    Hamilton, D.L.3
  • 35
    • 33846002705 scopus 로고
    • A study of normative and informational social influence upon individual judgment
    • Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influence upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 461-470.
    • (1955) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 461-470
    • Deutsch, M.1    Gerard, H.B.2
  • 38
    • 0002179212 scopus 로고
    • The effect of attitudinal similarity on interracial aggression
    • Donnerstein, E., & Donnerstein, M. (1975). The effect of attitudinal similarity on interracial aggression. Journal of Personality, 43, 485-502.
    • (1975) Journal of Personality , vol.43 , pp. 485-502
    • Donnerstein, E.1    Donnerstein, M.2
  • 43
    • 0000636487 scopus 로고
    • Empathy, sympathy, and altruism: Empirical and conceptual links
    • N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer Eds, New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). Empathy, sympathy, and altruism: Empirical and conceptual links. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 292-316). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1987) Empathy and its development , pp. 292-316
    • Eisenberg, N.1    Miller, P.A.2
  • 44
    • 0031514581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sticking together or falling apart: Ingroup identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility
    • Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: Ingroup identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 617-626.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 617-626
    • Ellemers, N.1    Spears, R.2    Doosje, B.3
  • 45
    • 0035263740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decategorization and the reduction of bias in the cross categorization paradigm
    • Ensari, N., & Miller, N. (2001). Decategorization and the reduction of bias in the cross categorization paradigm. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 193-216.
    • (2001) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 193-216
    • Ensari, N.1    Miller, N.2
  • 47
    • 0001878680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social identity, self-categorization, and leadership: A field study of small interactive groups
    • Fielding, K. S., & Hogg, M. A. (1997). Social identity, self-categorization, and leadership: A field study of small interactive groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1, 39-51.
    • (1997) Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice , vol.1 , pp. 39-51
    • Fielding, K.S.1    Hogg, M.A.2
  • 49
    • 0345851867 scopus 로고
    • Public and private self-awareness: When personal attitudes clash with societal expectations
    • Framing, W. J., Walker, G. R., & Lopyan, K. J. (1982). Public and private self-awareness: When personal attitudes clash with societal expectations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 476-487.
    • (1982) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 476-487
    • Framing, W.J.1    Walker, G.R.2    Lopyan, K.J.3
  • 50
    • 0032351870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: An interconnection of self and others
    • Gaertner, L., & Schopler, J. (1998). Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: An interconnection of self and others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 963-980.
    • (1998) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 963-980
    • Gaertner, L.1    Schopler, J.2
  • 52
    • 35448985014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating and reducing intergroup conflict: The role of perspective-taking in affecting outgroup evaluations
    • H. Sondak Ed, New York: Elsevier
    • Galinsky A. D. (2002). Creating and reducing intergroup conflict: The role of perspective-taking in affecting outgroup evaluations. In H. Sondak (Ed.), Toward phenomenology of groups and group membership: Research on managing groups and teams (pp. 85-113). New York: Elsevier.
    • (2002) Toward phenomenology of groups and group membership: Research on managing groups and teams , pp. 85-113
    • Galinsky, A.D.1
  • 53
    • 0004213144 scopus 로고
    • Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing
    • Geen, R. G. (1990). Human aggression. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
    • (1990) Human aggression
    • Geen, R.G.1
  • 54
    • 0033476955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential use of person information in decisions about guilt versus innocence: The role of implicit theories
    • Gervey, B. M., Chiu, C.-Y, Hong, Y.-Y., & Dweck, C. (1999). Differential use of person information in decisions about guilt versus innocence: The role of implicit theories. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 17-27.
    • (1999) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.25 , pp. 17-27
    • Gervey, B.M.1    Chiu, C.-Y.2    Hong, Y.-Y.3    Dweck, C.4
  • 55
    • 0002846751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ordinary personology
    • D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds, ) New York: McGraw Hill
    • Gilbert, D. T. (1998). Ordinary personology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 89-150) New York: McGraw Hill.
    • (1998) The handbook of social psychology , pp. 89-150
    • Gilbert, D.T.1
  • 56
    • 84993814809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotional consequences of categorizing victims of negative outgroup behavior as ingroup or outgroup
    • Gordijn, E. H., Wigboldus, D., & Yzerbyt, V. (2001). Emotional consequences of categorizing victims of negative outgroup behavior as ingroup or outgroup. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4, 317-326.
    • (2001) Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , vol.4 , pp. 317-326
    • Gordijn, E.H.1    Wigboldus, D.2    Yzerbyt, V.3
  • 67
    • 0000559313 scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of social behavior: Evidence of differing expectations for interpersonal and intergroup interaction
    • Hoyle, R. H., Pinkley, R. L., & Insko, C. A. (1989). Perceptions of social behavior: Evidence of differing expectations for interpersonal and intergroup interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 365-376.
    • (1989) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.15 , pp. 365-376
    • Hoyle, R.H.1    Pinkley, R.L.2    Insko, C.A.3
  • 68
    • 33845317543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior
    • R. G. Geen & E. Donnerstein Eds, San Diego, CA: Academic
    • Huesmann, L. R. (1998). The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. In R. G. Geen & E. Donnerstein (Eds.), Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for social policy (pp. 73-109). San Diego, CA: Academic.
    • (1998) Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for social policy , pp. 73-109
    • Huesmann, L.R.1
  • 69
    • 85039138846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights Watch. (1999). Leave none to tell the story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/
    • Human Rights Watch. (1999). Leave none to tell the story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/
  • 70
    • 33745074640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birds of a feather and birds flocking together: Physical versus behavioral cues may lead to trait versus goal based group perception
    • Ip, G. W.-M., Chiu, C.-Y., & Wan, C. (2006). Birds of a feather and birds flocking together: Physical versus behavioral cues may lead to trait versus goal based group perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 368-385.
    • (2006) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 368-385
    • Ip, G.W.-M.1    Chiu, C.-Y.2    Wan, C.3
  • 71
    • 0037232289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus
    • Iyer, A., Leach, C. A., & Crosby, F. J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 117-129.
    • (2003) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.29 , pp. 117-129
    • Iyer, A.1    Leach, C.A.2    Crosby, F.J.3
  • 74
  • 75
    • 33747879194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ashamed to be an American? The role of identification in predicting vicarious shame for anti-Arab prejudice after 9-11
    • Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2005). Ashamed to be an American? The role of identification in predicting vicarious shame for anti-Arab prejudice after 9-11. Self and Identity, 4, 331-348.
    • (2005) Self and Identity , vol.4 , pp. 331-348
    • Johns, M.1    Schmader, T.2    Lickel, B.3
  • 76
    • 0242594488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mental representations of high and low entitativity groups
    • Johnson, A. L., & Queller, S. (2003). The mental representations of high and low entitativity groups. Social Cognition, 21, 101-119.
    • (2003) Social Cognition , vol.21 , pp. 101-119
    • Johnson, A.L.1    Queller, S.2
  • 77
    • 84937299740 scopus 로고
    • Negative illusions: Conceptual clarification and psychological evidence concerning false consciousness
    • Jost, J. T. (1995). Negative illusions: Conceptual clarification and psychological evidence concerning false consciousness. Political Psychology, 16, 391-424.
    • (1995) Political Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 391-424
    • Jost, J.T.1
  • 78
    • 4043130757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo
    • Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-920.
    • (2004) Political Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 881-920
    • Jost, J.T.1    Banaji, M.R.2    Nosek, B.A.3
  • 79
    • 0037242167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged
    • Jost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Sheldon, O., & Sullivan, B. N. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 13-36.
    • (2003) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 13-36
    • Jost, J.T.1    Pelham, B.W.2    Sheldon, O.3    Sullivan, B.N.4
  • 81
    • 0007703183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian national identities: The role of the other in existential conflicts
    • Kelman, H. C. (1999). The interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian national identities: The role of the other in existential conflicts. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 581-600.
    • (1999) Journal of Social Issues , vol.55 , pp. 581-600
    • Kelman, H.C.1
  • 82
    • 0000337762 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of social impact
    • Latane, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36, 343-356.
    • (1981) American Psychologist , vol.36 , pp. 343-356
    • Latane, B.1
  • 85
    • 19544379067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evocation of moral emotions in intergroup contexts: The distinction between collective guilt and collective shame
    • N. R. Branscombe & B. Doosje (Eds, ) New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Barquissau, M. (2004) The evocation of moral emotions in intergroup contexts: The distinction between collective guilt and collective shame. In N. R. Branscombe & B. Doosje (Eds.), Collective guilt: International perspectives (pp. 35-55) New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2004) Collective guilt: International perspectives , pp. 35-55
    • Lickel, B.1    Schmader, T.2    Barquissau, M.3
  • 87
    • 0037261797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case of collective responsibility: Who else was to blame for the Columbine High School shootings?
    • Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2003). A case of collective responsibility: Who else was to blame for the Columbine High School shootings? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 194-204.
    • (2003) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.29 , pp. 194-204
    • Lickel, B.1    Schmader, T.2    Hamilton, D.L.3
  • 88
    • 75249086150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group-conscious emotions: The implications of others' wrongdoings for identity and relationships
    • in press, J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robbins, & J. P. Tangney Eds, New York: Guilford
    • Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Spanovic, M. (in press). Group-conscious emotions: The implications of others' wrongdoings for identity and relationships. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robbins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. New York: Guilford.
    • The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research
    • Lickel, B.1    Schmader, T.2    Spanovic, M.3
  • 89
    • 33846029098 scopus 로고
    • Bodies from Rwanda cast a pall on lakeside villages in Uganda
    • Sec. 1, p
    • Lorch, D. (1994). Bodies from Rwanda cast a pall on lakeside villages in Uganda. New York Times, Sec. 1, p. 1.
    • (1994) New York Times , pp. 1
    • Lorch, D.1
  • 90
    • 0000553917 scopus 로고
    • A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity
    • Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318.
    • (1992) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 302-318
    • Luhtanen, R.1    Crocker, J.2
  • 91
    • 33846026700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Members' changes in attitude toward cooperative and antagonistic leaders in a competitive intergroup situation
    • Lundgren, D. C. (1998). Members' changes in attitude toward cooperative and antagonistic leaders in a competitive intergroup situation. Psychological Reports, 82, 254.
    • (1998) Psychological Reports , vol.82 , pp. 254
    • Lundgren, D.C.1
  • 92
    • 0034303263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context
    • Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616.
    • (2000) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.79 , pp. 602-616
    • Mackie, D.M.1    Devos, T.2    Smith, E.R.3
  • 95
    • 84956420114 scopus 로고
    • The black sheep effect: Social categorization, rejection of in-group deviates, and perception of group variability
    • W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone Eds, Chichester, England: Wiley
    • Marques, J., & Paez, D. (1994). The black sheep effect: Social categorization, rejection of in-group deviates, and perception of group variability. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology: Vol. 5 (pp. 37-68). Chichester, England: Wiley.
    • (1994) European review of social psychology , vol.5 , pp. 37-68
    • Marques, J.1    Paez, D.2
  • 96
    • 84985757478 scopus 로고
    • The "black sheep effect": Extremity of judgments towards in-group members as a function of group identification
    • Marques, J. M., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Leyens, J. P. (1988). The "black sheep effect": Extremity of judgments towards in-group members as a function of group identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 1-16.
    • (1988) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 1-16
    • Marques, J.M.1    Yzerbyt, V.Y.2    Leyens, J.P.3
  • 97
    • 0004309922 scopus 로고
    • Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press
    • May, L. (1987). The morality of groups. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
    • (1987) The morality of groups
    • May, L.1
  • 98
    • 0031115953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Target entitativity : Implications for information processing about individual and group targets
    • McConnell, A. R., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1997). Target entitativity : Implications for information processing about individual and group targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 750-762.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 750-762
    • McConnell, A.R.1    Sherman, S.J.2    Hamilton, D.L.3
  • 103
    • 0030639843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escalation in response to persistent annoyance: Groups versus individuals and gender effects
    • Mikolic, J. M., Parker, J. C., & Pruitt, D. G. (1997) Escalation in response to persistent annoyance: Groups versus individuals and gender effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 151-163.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 151-163
    • Mikolic, J.M.1    Parker, J.C.2    Pruitt, D.G.3
  • 104
    • 85190919962 scopus 로고
    • When social comparison goes awry: The case of pluralistic ignorance
    • J. Suls & T. Wills Eds, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
    • Miller, D. T., & McFarland, C. (1991). When social comparison goes awry: The case of pluralistic ignorance. In J. Suls & T. Wills (Eds.), Social comparison: Contemporary theory and Research (pp. 287-313). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
    • (1991) Social comparison: Contemporary theory and Research , pp. 287-313
    • Miller, D.T.1    McFarland, C.2
  • 105
    • 0036312215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personalization and the promise of contact theory
    • Miller, N. (2002). Personalization and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 387-410.
    • (2002) Journal of Social Issues , vol.58 , pp. 387-410
    • Miller, N.1
  • 107
    • 0000821981 scopus 로고
    • Justice and emotional reactions to the disadvantaged
    • Montada, L., & Schneider, A. (1989). Justice and emotional reactions to the disadvantaged. Social Justice Research, 3, 313-334.
    • (1989) Social Justice Research , vol.3 , pp. 313-334
    • Montada, L.1    Schneider, A.2
  • 109
    • 85004912597 scopus 로고
    • Better or different?: The impact of importance of comparison dimension and relative ingroup size upon intergroup discrimination
    • Mummendey, A., & Simon, B. (1989). Better or different?: The impact of importance of comparison dimension and relative ingroup size upon intergroup discrimination. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 1-16.
    • (1989) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 1-16
    • Mummendey, A.1    Simon, B.2
  • 111
    • 0027588007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nisbett, R. E. (1993) Violence and U. S. regional culture. American Psychologist, 48, 441-449.
    • Nisbett, R. E. (1993) Violence and U. S. regional culture. American Psychologist, 48, 441-449.
  • 114
    • 0002147999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings
    • S. Oskamp Ed, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
    • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 93-114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
    • (2000) Reducing prejudice and discrimination , pp. 93-114
    • Pettigrew, T.F.1    Tropp, L.R.2
  • 115
    • 0035617339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A social identity analysis of leadership endorsement: The effects of leader ingroup prototypicality and distributive intergroup fairness
    • Platow, M. J., & van Knippenberg, D. (2001). A social identity analysis of leadership endorsement: The effects of leader ingroup prototypicality and distributive intergroup fairness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1508-1519.
    • (2001) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.27 , pp. 1508-1519
    • Platow, M.J.1    van Knippenberg, D.2
  • 116
    • 0027549978 scopus 로고
    • Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: Some consequences of misperceiving the social norm
    • Prentice, D. A., & Miler, D. T. (1993). Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: Some consequences of misperceiving the social norm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 243-256.
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.64 , pp. 243-256
    • Prentice, D.A.1    Miler, D.T.2
  • 117
    • 85039142520 scopus 로고
    • Promotion of national unity and reconciliation act, Retrieved from
    • Promotion of national unity and reconciliation act. (1995). Retrieved from http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/
    • (1995)
  • 119
    • 85047682453 scopus 로고
    • Deindividuation and anger-mediated interracial aggression: Unmasking regressive racism
    • Rogers, R. W., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1981). Deindividuation and anger-mediated interracial aggression: Unmasking regressive racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 63-73
    • (1981) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 63-73
    • Rogers, R.W.1    Prentice-Dunn, S.2
  • 121
    • 0001729142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How effective are the things people say to apologize? Effects of the realization of the apology speech act
    • Scher, S. J., & Darley, J. M. (1997). How effective are the things people say to apologize? Effects of the realization of the apology speech act. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 26, 127-140.
    • (1997) Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , vol.26 , pp. 127-140
    • Scher, S.J.1    Darley, J.M.2
  • 122
    • 84904838518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stigma and shame: Emotional responses to the Stereotypie actions of one's ethnic ingroup
    • S. Levin & C. van Laar Eds, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
    • Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2006). Stigma and shame: Emotional responses to the Stereotypie actions of one's ethnic ingroup. In S. Levin & C. van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological approaches (pp. 261-285). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
    • (2006) Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological approaches , pp. 261-285
    • Schmader, T.1    Lickel, B.2
  • 123
    • 0039040400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of ingroup vs. outgroup performance on personal values
    • Schmader, T., & Major, B. (1999). The impact of ingroup vs. outgroup performance on personal values. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 47-67.
    • (1999) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 47-67
    • Schmader, T.1    Major, B.2
  • 126
    • 0000102526 scopus 로고
    • Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice
    • D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton Eds, San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 297-315). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1993) Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception , pp. 297-315
    • Smith, E.R.1
  • 127
    • 0001663828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affective and cognitive implications of a group becoming part of the self: New models of prejudice and the self-concept
    • D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg Eds, Malden, MA: Blackwell
    • Smith, E. R. (1999). Affective and cognitive implications of a group becoming part of the self: New models of prejudice and the self-concept. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 183-196). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    • (1999) Social identity and social cognition , pp. 183-196
    • Smith, E.R.1
  • 128
    • 0030306492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ingroup becomes part of the self: Response time evidence
    • Smith, E. R., & Henry, S. (1996). An ingroup becomes part of the self: Response time evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 635-642.
    • (1996) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.22 , pp. 635-642
    • Smith, E.R.1    Henry, S.2
  • 130
    • 29244442192 scopus 로고
    • South African Truth and Reconciliation Committee, Retrieved August 18, 2006, from
    • South African Truth and Reconciliation Committee. (1995). Promotion of national unity and reconciliation act. Retrieved August 18, 2006, from http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/
    • (1995) Promotion of national unity and reconciliation act
  • 138
    • 0002814246 scopus 로고
    • Social psychology of intergroup relations
    • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 20, 1-39.
    • (1982) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 1-39
    • Tajfel, H.1
  • 140
    • 0001868677 scopus 로고
    • The social identity theory of intergroup behavior
    • S. Worchel & W. Austin Eds, Chicago: Nelson Hall
    • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson Hall.
    • (1986) Psychology of intergroup relations , pp. 7-24
    • Tajfel, H.1    Turner, J.C.2
  • 144
    • 0030305864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification
    • Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1996). Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 776-793.
    • (1996) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.22 , pp. 776-793
    • Terry, D.J.1    Hogg, M.A.2
  • 145
  • 147
    • 13444279085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forgiveness and collective guilt assignment to historical perpetrator groups depend on level of social category inclusiveness
    • Wohl, M. J. A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2005). Forgiveness and collective guilt assignment to historical perpetrator groups depend on level of social category inclusiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 288-303.
    • (2005) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 288-303
    • Wohl, M.J.A.1    Branscombe, N.R.2
  • 148
    • 0035532484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interplay of subjective essentialism and entitativity in the formation of stereotypes
    • Yzerbyt, V., Corneille, O., & Estrada, C. (2001). The interplay of subjective essentialism and entitativity in the formation of stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 141-155.
    • (2001) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.5 , pp. 141-155
    • Yzerbyt, V.1    Corneille, O.2    Estrada, C.3
  • 149
    • 0348228128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I feel for us: The impact of categorization and identification on emotions and action tendencies
    • Yzerbyt, V., Dumont, M., Wigboldus, D., & Gordijn, E. (2003) I feel for us: The impact of categorization and identification on emotions and action tendencies. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 533-549.
    • (2003) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.42 , pp. 533-549
    • Yzerbyt, V.1    Dumont, M.2    Wigboldus, D.3    Gordijn, E.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.