메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 23-36

Toxicokinetics of inhaled trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in humans at 1 ppm: Empirical results and comparisons with previous studies

Author keywords

Bio transformation and toxico kinetics; Dosimetry; Pharmacokinetics toxicokinetics; Risk assessment; Volatile organic compounds

Indexed keywords

GLUCURONIC ACID; TETRACHLOROETHYLENE; TRICHLOROACETIC ACID; TRICHLOROETHANOL; TRICHLOROETHYLENE;

EID: 33845674209     PISSN: 10966080     EISSN: 10960929     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl129     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 0023923003 scopus 로고
    • Biosynthesis and biotransformation of glutathione S-conjugates to toxic metabolites
    • Anders, M. W., Lash, L., Dekant, W., Elfarra, A. A., and Dohn, D. R. (1988). Biosynthesis and biotransformation of glutathione S-conjugates to toxic metabolites. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 18(4), 311-341.
    • (1988) Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 311-341
    • Anders, M.W.1    Lash, L.2    Dekant, W.3    Elfarra, A.A.4    Dohn, D.R.5
  • 2
    • 0000242234 scopus 로고
    • Effect of physical exercise on uptake, distribution and elimination of vapors in man
    • In (F. Fiserova-Bergerova, Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
    • Åstrand, I. (1983). Effect of physical exercise on uptake, distribution and elimination of vapors in man. In Modeling of Inhalation Exposure to Vapors: Uptake, Distribution, and Elimination (F. Fiserova-Bergerova, Ed.), pp. 107-130. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1983) Modeling of Inhalation Exposure to Vapors: Uptake, Distribution, and Elimination , pp. 107-130
    • Åstrand, I.1
  • 3
    • 0004037660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta
    • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). (1997a). Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene (Update). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta.
    • (1997) Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene (Update)
  • 5
    • 0004243933 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and excretion of trichloroethylene after inhalation by human subjects
    • Bartonicek, V. (1962). Metabolism and excretion of trichloroethylene after inhalation by human subjects. Br J. Ind. Med. 19, 134-141.
    • (1962) Br J. Ind. Med. , vol.19 , pp. 134-141
    • Bartonicek, V.1
  • 6
    • 0029912279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotransformation of trichloroethene: Dose-dependent excretion of 2,2,2-trichlorometabolites and mercapturic acids in rats and humans after inhalation
    • Bernauer, U., Birner, G., Dekant, W., and Henschler, D. (1996). Biotransformation of trichloroethene: Dose-dependent excretion of 2,2,2-trichlorometabolites and mercapturic acids in rats and humans after inhalation. Arch. Toxicol. 70(6), 338-346.
    • (1996) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.70 , Issue.6 , pp. 338-346
    • Bernauer, U.1    Birner, G.2    Dekant, W.3    Henschler, D.4
  • 7
    • 0027267051 scopus 로고
    • Nephrotoxic and genotoxic N-acetyl-S-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine is a urinary metabolite after occupational 1,1,2-trichloroethene exposure in humans: Implications for the risk of trichloroethene exposure
    • Birner, G., Vamvakas, S., Dekant, W., and Henschler, D. (1993). Nephrotoxic and genotoxic N-acetyl-S-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine is a urinary metabolite after occupational 1,1,2-trichloroethene exposure in humans: Implications for the risk of trichloroethene exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 99, 281-284.
    • (1993) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.99 , pp. 281-284
    • Birner, G.1    Vamvakas, S.2    Dekant, W.3    Henschler, D.4
  • 9
    • 0033931419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical analysis of Fisher et al. PBPK model of trichloroethylene kinetics
    • Bois, F. Y. (2000). Statistical analysis of Fisher et al. PBPK model of trichloroethylene kinetics. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(Suppl. 2), 275-282.
    • (2000) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 275-282
    • Bois, F.Y.1
  • 11
    • 23644450723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration adjustment of acute exposure guideline level values for trichloroethylene using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model
    • Boyes, W. K., Evans, M. V., Eklund, C., Janssen, P., and Simmons, J. E. (2005). Duration adjustment of acute exposure guideline level values for trichloroethylene using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model. Risk Anal. 25(3), 677-686.
    • (2005) Risk Anal. , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 677-686
    • Boyes, W.K.1    Evans, M.V.2    Eklund, C.3    Janssen, P.4    Simmons, J.E.5
  • 12
    • 0033947603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mode of action of liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate
    • Bull, R. J. (2000). Mode of action of liver tumor induction by trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(Suppl. 2), 241-259.
    • (2000) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 241-259
    • Bull, R.J.1
  • 13
    • 0033596310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of aqueous decomposition of trichloroethylene oxide
    • Cai, H. L., and Guengerich, F. P. (1999). Mechanisms of aqueous decomposition of trichloroethylene oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 11656-11663.
    • (1999) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.121 , pp. 11656-11663
    • Cai, H.L.1    Guengerich, F.P.2
  • 14
    • 33748185237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Key issues in the modes of action and effects of trichloroethylene metabolites for liver and kidney tumorigenesis
    • Caldwell, J. C., and Keshava, N. (2006). Key issues in the modes of action and effects of trichloroethylene metabolites for liver and kidney tumorigenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(9), 1457-1463.
    • (2006) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.114 , Issue.9 , pp. 1457-1463
    • Caldwell, J.C.1    Keshava, N.2
  • 15
    • 33646572245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting the population toxicokinetics of tetrachloroethylene
    • Chiu, W. A., and Bois, F. Y. (2006). Revisiting the population toxicokinetics of tetrachloroethylene. Arch. Toxicol. 80(6), 382-385.
    • (2006) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.80 , Issue.6 , pp. 382-385
    • Chiu, W.A.1    Bois, F.Y.2
  • 16
    • 33748209170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issues in the pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene and its metabolites
    • Chiu, W. A., Okino, M. S., Lipscomb, J. C., and Evans, M. V. (2006). Issues in the pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene and its metabolites. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(9), 1450-1456.
    • (2006) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.114 , Issue.9 , pp. 1450-1456
    • Chiu, W.A.1    Okino, M.S.2    Lipscomb, J.C.3    Evans, M.V.4
  • 17
    • 0023922558 scopus 로고
    • Automatic headspace gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of trichloroethylene and metabolites in blood and urine
    • Christensen, J. M., Rasmussen, K., and Koppen, B. (1988). Automatic headspace gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of trichloroethylene and metabolites in blood and urine. J. Chromatogr. 442, 317-323.
    • (1988) J. Chromatogr. , vol.442 , pp. 317-323
    • Christensen, J.M.1    Rasmussen, K.2    Koppen, B.3
  • 18
    • 0343090508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of trichloroethylene and its metabolites for use in risk assessment
    • Clewell, H. J., Gentry, P. R., Covington, T. R., and Gearhart, J. M. (2000). Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of trichloroethylene and its metabolites for use in risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(Suppl. 2), 283-305.
    • (2000) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 283-305
    • Clewell, H.J.1    Gentry, P.R.2    Covington, T.R.3    Gearhart, J.M.4
  • 19
    • 33845619937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of Markov chain Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis to support a Public Health Goal for perchloroethylene
    • doi:109.1016/j.yrtph.2006.06.008
    • Covington, T. R., Gentry, P. R., Van Landingham, C. B., Andersen, M. E., Kester, J. E., and Clewell, H. J. (2006). The use of Markov chain Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis to support a Public Health Goal for perchloroethylene. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., doi:109.1016/ j.yrtph.2006.06.008.
    • (2006) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.
    • Covington, T.R.1    Gentry, P.R.2    Van Landingham, C.B.3    Andersen, M.E.4    Kester, J.E.5    Clewell, H.J.6
  • 20
    • 0021732901 scopus 로고
    • Effects of biosolubility on pulmonary uptake and disposition of gases and vapors of lipophilic chemicals
    • Fiserova-Bergerova, V., Tichy, M., and Di Carlo, F. J. (1984). Effects of biosolubility on pulmonary uptake and disposition of gases and vapors of lipophilic chemicals. Drug Metab. Rev. 15, 1033-1070.
    • (1984) Drug Metab. Rev. , vol.15 , pp. 1033-1070
    • Fiserova-Bergerova, V.1    Tichy, M.2    Di Carlo, F.J.3
  • 21
    • 0032192157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetic acid and free trichloroethanol
    • Fisher, J. W., Mahle, D., and Abbas, R. (1998). A human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetic acid and free trichloroethanol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 152(2), 339-359.
    • (1998) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.152 , Issue.2 , pp. 339-359
    • Fisher, J.W.1    Mahle, D.2    Abbas, R.3
  • 22
    • 0024524118 scopus 로고
    • Partition coefficients of low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals in various liquids and tissues
    • Gargas, M. L., Burgess, R. J., Voisard, D. E., Cason, G. H., and Andersen, M. E. (1989). Partition coefficients of low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals in various liquids and tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 98, 87-99.
    • (1989) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.98 , pp. 87-99
    • Gargas, M.L.1    Burgess, R.J.2    Voisard, D.E.3    Cason, G.H.4    Andersen, M.E.5
  • 23
    • 0027300555 scopus 로고
    • Variability of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model parameters and their effects on PBPK model predictions in a risk assessment for perchloroethylene (PCE)
    • Gearhart, J. M., Mahle, D. A., Greene, R. J., Seckel, C. S., Flemming, C. D., Fisher, J. W., and Clewell, H. J., III (1993). Variability of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model parameters and their effects on PBPK model predictions in a risk assessment for perchloroethylene (PCE). Toxicol. Lett. 68(1-2), 131-144.
    • (1993) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.68 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 131-144
    • Gearhart, J.M.1    Mahle, D.A.2    Greene, R.J.3    Seckel, C.S.4    Flemming, C.D.5    Fisher, J.W.6    Clewell III, H.J.7
  • 24
    • 0033947180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary toxicity and carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: Species differences and modes of action
    • Green, T. (2000). Pulmonary toxicity and carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: Species differences and modes of action. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(Suppl. 2), 261-264.
    • (2000) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 261-264
    • Green, T.1
  • 25
    • 0030800178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of glutathione conjugation in the development of kidney tumours in rats exposed to trichloroethylene
    • Green, T., Dow, J., Ellis, M. K., Foster, J. R., and Odum, J. (1997). The role of glutathione conjugation in the development of kidney tumours in rats exposed to trichloroethylene. Chem Biol. Interact. 105(2), 99-117.
    • (1997) Chem Biol. Interact. , vol.105 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-117
    • Green, T.1    Dow, J.2    Ellis, M.K.3    Foster, J.R.4    Odum, J.5
  • 27
    • 0015540220 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism, excretion and toxicology of trichloroethylene after inhalation. 2. Experimental human exposure
    • Kimmerle, G., and Eben, A. (1973). Metabolism, excretion and toxicology of trichloroethylene after inhalation. 2. Experimental human exposure. Arch. Toxikol. 30(2), 127-138.
    • (1973) Arch. Toxikol. , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-138
    • Kimmerle, G.1    Eben, A.2
  • 28
    • 0037214432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human kidney flavin-containing monooxygenases and their potential roles in cysteine s-conjugate metabolism and nephrotoxicity
    • Krause, R. J., Lash, L. H., and Elfarra, A. A. (2003). Human kidney flavin-containing monooxygenases and their potential roles in cysteine s-conjugate metabolism and nephrotoxicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 304(1), 185-191.
    • (2003) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.304 , Issue.1 , pp. 185-191
    • Krause, R.J.1    Lash, L.H.2    Elfarra, A.A.3
  • 29
    • 0028793452 scopus 로고
    • Effect of various exposure scenarios on the biological monitoring of organic solvents in alveolar air - II. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and trichloroethylene
    • Laparé, S., Tardif, R., and Brodeur, J. (1995). Effect of various exposure scenarios on the biological monitoring of organic solvents in alveolar air - II. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and trichloroethylene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 67, 375-394.
    • (1995) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , vol.67 , pp. 375-394
    • Laparé, S.1    Tardif, R.2    Brodeur, J.3
  • 31
    • 0032963856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutathione conjugation of trichloroethylene in human liver and kidney: Kinetics and individual variation
    • Lash, L. H., Lipscomb, J. C., Putt, D. A., and Parker, J. C. (1999a). Glutathione conjugation of trichloroethylene in human liver and kidney: Kinetics and individual variation. Drug Metab. Dispos. 27(3), 351-359.
    • (1999) Drug Metab. Dispos. , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 351-359
    • Lash, L.H.1    Lipscomb, J.C.2    Putt, D.A.3    Parker, J.C.4
  • 32
    • 0035018536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic and renal toxicities associated with perchloroethylene
    • Lash, L. H., and Parker, J. C. (2001). Hepatic and renal toxicities associated with perchloroethylene. Pharmacol. Rev. 53(2), 177-208.
    • (2001) Pharmacol. Rev. , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-208
    • Lash, L.H.1    Parker, J.C.2
  • 33
    • 0033945538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modes of action of trichloroethylene for kidney tumorigenesis
    • Lash, L. H., Parker, J. C., and Scott, C. S. (2000b). Modes of action of trichloroethylene for kidney tumorigenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(Suppl. 2), 225-240.
    • (2000) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 225-240
    • Lash, L.H.1    Parker, J.C.2    Scott, C.S.3
  • 34
    • 0033534408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione in the blood of human volunteers exposed to trichloroethylene
    • Lash, L. H., Putt, D. A., Brashear, W. T., Abbas, R., Parker, J. C., and Fisher, J. W. (1999b). Identification of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione in the blood of human volunteers exposed to trichloroethylene. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 56(1), 1-21.
    • (1999) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-21
    • Lash, L.H.1    Putt, D.A.2    Brashear, W.T.3    Abbas, R.4    Parker, J.C.5    Fisher, J.W.6
  • 35
    • 0038137502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of necrosis, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultures of human renal proximal tubular cells
    • Lash, L. H., Putt, D. A., Hueni, S. E., Krause, R. J., and Elfarra, A. A. (2003). Roles of necrosis, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultures of human renal proximal tubular cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305(3), 1163-1172.
    • (2003) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.305 , Issue.3 , pp. 1163-1172
    • Lash, L.H.1    Putt, D.A.2    Hueni, S.E.3    Krause, R.J.4    Elfarra, A.A.5
  • 36
    • 0032191413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro to in vivo extrapolation for trichloroethylene metabolism in humans
    • Lipscomb, J. C., Fisher, J. W., Confer, P. D., and Byczkowski, J. Z. (1998). In vitro to in vivo extrapolation for trichloroethylene metabolism in humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 152(2), 376-387.
    • (1998) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.152 , Issue.2 , pp. 376-387
    • Lipscomb, J.C.1    Fisher, J.W.2    Confer, P.D.3    Byczkowski, J.Z.4
  • 37
    • 0002799804 scopus 로고
    • Absorption, excretion and metabolic fate of chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol
    • Marshall, E. K., and Owens, A. H. (1954). Absorption, excretion and metabolic fate of chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 95(1), 1-18.
    • (1954) Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. , vol.95 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-18
    • Marshall, E.K.1    Owens, A.H.2
  • 38
    • 0017174461 scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of trichloroethylene in volunteers; influence of work load and exposure concentration
    • Monster, A. C., Boersma, G., and Duba, W. C. (1976). Kinetics of trichloroethylene in volunteers; influence of work load and exposure concentration. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 38, 87-102.
    • (1976) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , vol.38 , pp. 87-102
    • Monster, A.C.1    Boersma, G.2    Duba, W.C.3
  • 39
    • 0018378646 scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of trichloroethylene in repeated exposure of volunteers
    • Monster, A. C., Boersma, G., and Duba, W. C. (1979). Kinetics of trichloroethylene in repeated exposure of volunteers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 42, 283-292.
    • (1979) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , vol.42 , pp. 283-292
    • Monster, A.C.1    Boersma, G.2    Duba, W.C.3
  • 40
    • 0024588092 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory input in inhalation experiments
    • Opdam, J. J. (1989a). Respiratory input in inhalation experiments. Br J. Ind. Med. 46(3), 145-156.
    • (1989) Br J. Ind. Med. , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 145-156
    • Opdam, J.J.1
  • 41
    • 0024351276 scopus 로고
    • Intra and interindividual variability in the kinetics of a poorly and highly metabolising solvent
    • Opdam, J. J. (1989b). Intra and interindividual variability in the kinetics of a poorly and highly metabolising solvent. Br. J. Ind. Med. 46(12), 831-845.
    • (1989) Br. J. Ind. Med. , vol.46 , Issue.12 , pp. 831-845
    • Opdam, J.J.1
  • 42
    • 0001215156 scopus 로고
    • The excretion of sodium trichloroacetate
    • Paykoc, Z. V., and Powell, J. F. (1945). The excretion of sodium trichloroacetate. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 85, 289-293.
    • (1945) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.85 , pp. 289-293
    • Paykoc, Z.V.1    Powell, J.F.2
  • 43
    • 0021842689 scopus 로고
    • Species differences in response to trichloroethylene. I. Pharmacokinetics in rats and mice
    • Prout, M. S., Provan, W. M., and Green, T. (1985). Species differences in response to trichloroethylene. I. Pharmacokinetics in rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79(3), 389-400.
    • (1985) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.79 , Issue.3 , pp. 389-400
    • Prout, M.S.1    Provan, W.M.2    Green, T.3
  • 44
    • 0018760585 scopus 로고
    • A structure-activity relationship of some chlorinated hydrocarbons
    • Sato, A., and Nakajima, T. (1979). A structure-activity relationship of some chlorinated hydrocarbons. Arch. Environ. Health 34(2), 69-75.
    • (1979) Arch. Environ. Health , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 69-75
    • Sato, A.1    Nakajima, T.2
  • 45
    • 0017357074 scopus 로고
    • A pharmacokinetic model to study the excretion of trichloroethylene and its metabolites after an inhalation exposure
    • Sato, A., Nakajima, T., Fujiwara, Y., and Murayama, N. (1977). A pharmacokinetic model to study the excretion of trichloroethylene and its metabolites after an inhalation exposure. Br. J. Ind. Med. 34(1), 56-63.
    • (1977) Br. J. Ind. Med. , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 56-63
    • Sato, A.1    Nakajima, T.2    Fujiwara, Y.3    Murayama, N.4
  • 46
    • 0005995001 scopus 로고
    • Excretion of trichloroethylene metabolites in human urine 1
    • Soucek, B., and Vlachova, D. (1960). Excretion of trichloroethylene metabolites in human urine 1. Br. J. Ind. Med. 17, 60-64.
    • (1960) Br. J. Ind. Med. , vol.17 , pp. 60-64
    • Soucek, B.1    Vlachova, D.2
  • 48
    • 0032210675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotransformation of perchlorethene: Dose-dependent excretion of trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and N-acetyl-S-(trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in rats and humans after inhalation
    • Völkel, W., Friedewald, M., Lederer, E., Pähler, A., Parker, J., and Dekant, W. (1998). Biotransformation of perchlorethene: Dose-dependent excretion of trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and N-acetyl-S-(trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in rats and humans after inhalation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 153, 20-27.
    • (1998) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.153 , pp. 20-27
    • Völkel, W.1    Friedewald, M.2    Lederer, E.3    Pähler, A.4    Parker, J.5    Dekant, W.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.