Colonic drug delivery. II - Types of delivery systems;Liberação específica de fármacos no cólon por via oral. II - Tipos de sistemas utilizados

Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Farmaceuticas/Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 337-355

  Freire, Ana Cristina ^a   Podczeck, Fridrun ^b   Sousa, João ^a   Veiga, Francisco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Colon specific delivery; pH dependent systems; Systems based on the colonic microflora; Systems based on the intraluminal pressure; Time dependent systems

Indexed keywords

BUDESONIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; EUDRAGIT; MESALAZINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NAPROXEN; POLYSACCHARIDE;

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG PELLET; DRUG SOLUBILITY; ENTERITIS; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; INTESTINE PRESSURE; INTESTINE TRANSIT TIME; PH MEASUREMENT; REVIEW; STOMACH EMPTYING;

EID: 33845494484     PISSN: 15169332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-93322006000300004     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. ASHFORD, M.; FELL, J. T. Targeting drugs to the colon: delivery systems for oral administration. J. Drug Target., London, v. 2, p. 241-258, 1994.
2. ASHFORD, M.; FELL, J. T.; ATTWOOD, D.; SHARMA, H.; WOODHEAD, P. J. An vivo investigation into the suitability of pH-dependent polymers for colonic targeting. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 95, p. 193-199, 1993a.
3. ASHFORD, M.; FELL, J. T.; ATTWOOD, D.; WOODHEAD, P. J. An in vitro investigation into the suitability of pH-dependent polymers for colonic targeting. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 91, p. 241-245, 1993b.
4. ASHFORD, M.; FELL, J. T.; ATTWOOD, D.; SHARMA, H.; WOODHEAD, P. J. Studies on pectin formulations for colonic drug delivery. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 30, p. 225-232, 1994.
5. AZAD KHAN. A. K.; PIRIS, J.; TRUELOVES, C. An experiment to determine the active therapeutic moiety of sulphasalazine. Lancet. London, v. 2, p. 892-895, 1997.
6. BAUER, K. H.; KESSELHUT, J. F. Novel pharmaceutical excipients for colon targeting. S.T.P. Pharma Sci., Paris, v. 5, n. 1, p. 54-59, 1995.
7. BRØNDSTED, H.; HOVGAARD, L.; SIMONSEN, L. Dextran hydrogels for colon-specific drug delivery. III. In vitro and in vivo degradation. S.T.P. Pharma Sci., Paris, v. 5, n. 1, p. 60-64, 1995a.
8. BRØNDSTED, H.; HOVGAARD, L.; SIMONSEN, L. Dextran hydrogels for colon-specific drug delivery. IV. Comparative release study of hydrocortisone and prednisolone sodium phosphate. S.T.P. Pharma Sci., Paris, v. 5, n. 1, p. 65-69, 1995b.
9. BRUNNER, M.; GREINWALD, R.; KLETTER, K.; KVATERNIKS, H.; CORRADO, M. E.; EIGHLER, H. G.; MULLER, M. Gastrointestinal transit and release of 5-aminosalicylic acid from 153 Sm-labelled mesalazine pellets vs. tablets in male healthy volunteers. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., London, v. 17, p. 1163-1169, 2003.
10. DASH, A.K.; BRITTAIN, H.G Mesalamine, In: BRITTAIN, H.G., (Ed.). Analytical profiles of drug substances and excipients. New York: Academic Press, 1998., v. 25, p.209-242.
11. DAVARAN, S.; HANAEE, J.; KHOSRAVI, A. Release of 5-amino salicylic acid from acrylic type polymeric prodrugs designed for colon-specific drug delivery. J. Control. Release. Amsterdam, v. 58. p. 279-287, 1999.
12. DEW, M. J.; HUGHES, P.J.; LEE, M. G.; EVANS, B. K.; RHODES, J. An oral preparation to release drugs in the human colon. Br. J. Clin. Pharmc., London, v. 14, p. 405-408, 1982.
13. DUCHENE, D.; PONCHEL, G. Colonic administration, development of drug delivery systems, contribution of bioadhesion. S.T.P. Pharma Sci., Paris, v. 3, p. 277-285, 1993.
14. EL-GIBALY, I. Oral delayed-release system based on Zn-pectinate gel (ZPG) microparticles as an alternative carrier to calcium pectinate beads for colonic drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 232, p. 199-211, 2002.
15. FERNÁNDEZ-HERVÁS, M. J.; FELL, J. T. Pectin/chitosan mixtures as coatings for colon-specific drug delivery: an in vitro evaluation. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 169, p. 115-119, 1998.
16. 2-cyclodextrin by enzymes and colonic bacteria. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Stuttgart, v. 58, p. 91-97, 2004.
17. FRIEND, D. R.; TOZER, T. N. Drug glycosides in oral colon-specific drug delivery. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 19, p. 109-120, 1992.
18. FRIEND, D.R. Glycoside prodrugs: novel pharmacotherapy for colonic diseases. STP Pharma Sci., Paris, v. 5, n. 1, p. 70-76, 1995.
19. GAZZANIGA, A.; IAMARTINO, P.; MAFFIONE, G.; SANGALLI, M. E.; Oral delayed-release system for colonic specific delivery. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 108, p. 77-83, 1994.
20. GAZZANIGA, A.; BUSETTI, C.; MORO, L.; SANGALLI, M. E.; GIORDANO, F. Time-dependent oral delivery systems for colon targeting. S.T.P. Pharma Sci., Paris, v. 5, n. 1, p. 83-88, 1995.
21. GILCHRIST, P. J.; HEBDEN, J. M.; WILSON, C. G.; SPILLER, R.; PERKINS, A. C.; BINNS, J.S. Regional differences in colonic absorption?- A study using the Pulsincap® delivery system. Proceed. Inter, Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., Amsterdam, v. 22, p. 206-207, 1995.
22. GUPTA, V. K.; ASSMUS, M. W.; BECKERT, T. E.; PRICE, J. C. A novel pH- and time-based multi-unit potential colonic drug delivery system. II. Optimization of multiple response variables. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 213, p. 93-102, 2001.
23. 2-D-Glucuronide for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery. Pharma. Res., Amsterdam, v. 10, n. 11, p. 1553-1562, 1993.
24. HARBOE, E.; LARSEN, C.; JOHANSEN, M.; OLESEN, H. P. Macromolecular Prodrugs. XV. Colon-Targeted Delivery - Bioavailability of Naproxen from Orally Administered Dextran-Naproxen Ester Prodrugs Varying in Molecular Size in The Pig. Pharma. Res., Amsterdam, v. 6, n. 11, 1989.
25. HEALEY, J.N.C. Enteric coatings and delayed release. In: HARDY, J.G.; DAVIS, S.S.; WILSON, C.G., eds. Drug delivery to the gastrointestinal tract. New York: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1989. p.83-96.
26. HOVGAARD, L.; BRØNDSTED, H. Dextran hydrogels for colon-specific drug delivery. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 36, p. 159-166, 1995.
27. HU, Z.; KIMURA, G.; MAWATARI, S.; SHIMOKAWA, T.; YOSHIKAWA, Y.; TAKADA, K. New preparation method of intestinal pressure-controlled colon delivery capsules by coating machine and evaluation in beagle dogs. J. Control. Release, v. 56, p. 293-302, 1998.
28. HU, Z.; MAWATARI, S.; SHIBATA, N.; TAKADA, K.; YOSHIKAWA, Y.; ARAKAWA, A.; YOSIDA, Y. Application of a biomagnetic measurement system (BMS) to the evaluation of gastrointestinal transit of intestinal pressure-controlled colon delivery capsules (PCDCs) in human subjects. Pharma. Res., Amsterdam, v. 17, p. 160-167, 2000b.
29. HU, Z.; MAWATARI, S.; SHIMOKAWA, T.; KIMURA, G.; YOSHIKAWA, Y.; SHIBATA, N.; TAKADA, K. Colon delivery efficiencies of intestinal pressure-controlled colon delivery capsules prepared by a coating machine in human subjects. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London, v. 52, p. 1187-1193, 2000a.
30. ISHIBASHI, T.; HATANO, H.; KOBAYASHI, M.; MIZOBE, M.; YOSHINO, H. Design and evaluation of a new capsule-type dosage form for colon-targeted delivery of drugs. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 168, p. 31-40, 1998.
31. ISHIBASHI, T.; HATANO, H.; KOBAYASHI, M.: MIZOBE, M.; YOSHINO, H. In vivo drug release behavior in dogs from a new colon-targeted delivery system. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 57, p. 45-53, 1999.
32. KHAN, M. Z. I.; PREBEG, Z.; KURJAKOVIC, N. A pH-dependent colon targeted oral drug delivery system using methacrylic acid copolymers 1. Manipulation of drug release using Eudragit® E100-55 and Eudragit® S100 combinations. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 58, p. 215-222, 1999.
33. KIMURA, Y.; MAKITA, Y.; KUMAGAI, T.; YAMANE, H.; KITAO, T.; SASATANI, H.; KIM, S. I. Degradation of azo-containing polyurethane by the action intestinal flora: its mechanism and application as a drug delivery system. Polymer, Amsterdam, v. 33, p. 5294-5299, 1992.
34. KOPEEK, J. The potential of water-soluble polymeric carriers in targeted and site-specific drug delivery. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 11, p. 279-290, 1990.
35. KOPEEK, J.; KOPEKOVA, P.; BRØNDSTED, H.; RATHI, R.; XIHOVÁ, B.; YEH, P.-Y.; IKESUE, K. Polymers for colon-specific delivery. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 19, p. 121-130, 1992.
36. KRISHNAIAH, Y.S.R.; SATYANARAYANA, S.; PRASAD, Y.V.R.; RAO, S.N. Evaluation of guargum as a compression coat for drug targeting to colon. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 171, p. 137-146, 1998a.
37. KRISHNAIAH, Y.S.R.; SATYANARAYANA, S.; PRASAD, Y.V.R.; RAO, S.N. Gamma scintigraphic studies on guar gum matrix tablets for colonic drug delivery in healthy human volunteers. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 55, p. 245-252, 1998b.
38. KROGARS, K.; HEINÄMÄKI, J.; VESALAHTI, J.; MARVOLA, M.; ANTIKAINEN, O.; YLIRUUSI, J. Extrusion-spheronization of pH-sensitive polymeric matrix pellets for possible colonic drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 199, p. 187-194, 2000.
39. LAMPRECHT, A.; YAMAMOTO, H.; TAKEUCHI, H.; KAWASHIMA, Y. Microsphere design for the colonic delivery of 5-fluorouracil. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 90, p. 313-322, 2003.
40. LAMPRECHT, A.; YAMAMOTO, H.; TAKEUCHI, H.; KAWASHIMA, Y. Design of pH-sensitive microspheres for the colonic delivery of the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Stuttgart, v. 58, p. 37-43, 2004.
41. LARSEN, C.; HARBOE, E.; JOHANSEN, M.; OLESEN, H. P. Macromolecular Prodrugs. XVI. Colon-Targeted Delivery - Comparison of the Rate of Release of Naproxen from Dextran Ester Prodrugs in Homogenates of Various Segments of the Pig Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract. Pharma. Res., Amsterdam, v. 6, n. 12, p. 1989.
42. LEOPOLD, C.S. Coated dosage forms for colon-specific delivery. PSTT, Amsterdam, v.2, n.5, p. 197-204, 1999.
43. LEOPOLD, C. S.; EIKELER, D. Basic coating polymers for colon-specific drug delivery in inflammatory bowel disease. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., New York, v. 26, n. 12, p. 1239-1246, 2000.
44. LIU, L.; FISHAMN, M. L.; KOST, J.; HICKS, K. B. Pectine-based systems for colon-specific drug delivery via oral route. Biomaterials. Amsterdam, v. 24, p. 3333-3343, 2003.
45. LLOYD, A. W.; HODGES, N. A.; MARTIN, G. P.; SOOZANDEHFAT, S. H. Azo reduction is mediated by enzymatically generated low molecular weight electron carriers. J. Pharma. Pharmacol., London, v.45, p. 21P, 1993.
46. LUPPI, B.; CERCHIARA, T.; BIGUCCI, F.; ORIENTI, I.; ZECCHI, V. pH-sensitive polymeric physical-mixture for possible site-specific delivery of ibuprofen. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Suttgart, v. 55, p. 199-202, 2003.
47. MACLEOD, A. D. Dextran prodrugs for colonic-specific drug delivery. In: FRIEND, D. R. ed. Oral colon-specific drug delivery. London: CRC PRESS, 1992. p.213-232.
48. MACLEOD, A. D.; TOZER, T. N. Kinetic perspectives in colonic drug delivery. In: FRIEND, D. R. ed. Oral colon-specific drug delivery. London: CRC Press, 1992. p. 85-114.
49. MACLEOD, A. D.; FRIEND, D. R.; TOZER, T. N. Synthesis and chemical stability of glucocorticoid-dextran esters: potential prodrugs for colon-specific delivery. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 92, p. 105-114, 1993.
50. MACLEOD, G.S.; FELL, J.T.; COLLETT, J.H.; SHARMA, H.L.; SMITH, A.M. Selective drug delivery to the colon using pectin: chitosan: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose film coated tablets. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 187, p. 251-257, 1999.
51. MCNEIL, M. E.; STEVENS, H.N.E. Dispensing device. WO 90/09168, 1990.
52. MILLER, J. A.; MILLER, E. C. The carcinogenicity of 3-methoxi-4-aminoazo- benzene and its N-methyl derivatives for extrahepatic tissues of the rat. Cancer Research, Amsterdam, v. 21, p. 1068-1074.
53. MILOJEVIC, S.; NEWTON, J. M.; CUMMINGS, J. H.; GIBSON, G. R.; BOTHMAN, R. L.; RING, S. G.; ALLWOOD, M. C.; STOCKHAM, M. Amylose, the new perspective in oral drug delivery to the human large intestine. STP Pharma Sci, Paris, v. 5, n. 1, p. 47-53, 1995a.
54. MILOJEVIC, S.; NEWTON, J. M.; CUMMINGS, J. H.; GIBSON, G. R.; BOTHMAN, R. L.; RING, S. G.; STOCKHAM, M.; ALLWOOD, M. C. Amylose as a coating for drug delivery to the colon: Preparation and in vitro evaluation using 5-aminosalicylic acid pellets. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 38, p. 75-84, 1995b.
55. MILOJEVIC, S.; NEWTON, J. M.; CUMMINGS, J. H.; GIBSON, G. R.; BOTHMAN, R. L.; RING, S. G.; STOCKHAM, M.; ALLWOOD, M. C. Amylose as a coating for drug delivery to the colon: Preparation and in vitro evaluation using glucose pellets. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 38, p. 85-94, 1995c.
56. NYKANEN, P.; KROGARS, K.; SÄKKINEN, M.; HEINÄMÄKI, J.; JÜRJENSON, H.; VESKI, P.; MARVOLA, M. Organic acids as excipients in matrix granules for colon-specific drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 184, p. 251-261, 1999.
57. NYKÄNEN, P.; LEMPÄÄ, S.; AALTONEN, M.-L.; JURJENSON, H.; VESKI, P.; MARVOLA, M. Citric acid as excipient in multiple-unit enteric-coated tablets for targeting drugs on the colon. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 229, p. 115-162, 2001.
58. PEETERS, R.; KINGET, R. Film-forming polymers for colonic drug delivery: I. Synthesis and physical and chemical properties of methyl derivates of Eudragit S. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v.94, p. 125-134, 1993.
59. POZZI, F.; FURLANI, P.; GAZZANIGA, A.; DAVIS, S. S.; WILDING, I.R. The TIME CLOCK® system: a new oral dosage form for fast and complete release of a drug after a predetermined lag time. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 31, p. 99-108, 1994.
60. PRASAD, Y.V.R.; KRISHNAIAH, Y.S.R.; SATYANARAYANA, S. In vitro evaluation of goma guar as a carrier for colon-specific drug delivery. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 51, p. 281-287, 1998.
61. QUADROS, E.; CASSIDY, J.; HIRSCHBERG, Y.; OBERLE, R.; CARR, J.; SAVASTANO, L. Evaluation of a novel colonic delivery device in vivo. S.T.P. Pharma Sci., Paris, v.5, n.1, p. 77-82, 1995.
62. RUBINSTEIN, A.; NAKAR, D.; SINTOV, A. Chondroitin sulphate: A potential biodegradable carrier for colon-specific drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 84, p. 141-150, 1992a.
63. RUBINSTEIN, A.; NAKAR, D.; SINTOV, A. Colonic drug delivery: Enhanced release of indomethacin from crosslinked chondroitin matrix in rat cecal content. Pharma. ACT., Amsterdam, v. 9, n. 2, p. 276-278, 1992b.
64. RUBINSTEIN, A.; SINTOV, A. Biodegradable polymeric matrices with potential specificity to the large intestine. In: FRIEND, D. R. ed. Oral colon-specific drug delivery, London, CRC Press, 1992. p. 233-257.
65. RUBINSTEIN, A.; RADAI, R.; EZRA, M.; PATHAK, S.; ROKEM, S. in vitro evaluation of calcium pectinate: A potential colon-specific drug delivery carrier. Pharma. ACT., Amsterdam, v.10, n. 2, p. 258-263, 1993.
66. RUBINSTEIN, A.; TIROSH, B.; BALUOM, M.; NASSAR, T.; DAVID, A.; RADAI, R.; GLIKO-KABIR, I.; FRIEDMAN, M. The rationale for peptide drug delivery to the colon and the potential of polymeric carriers as effective tools. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 46, p. 59-73, 1997.
67. RUDOLPH, M. W.; KLEIN, S.; BECKERT, T.E.; PETEREIT, H. U.; DRESSMAN, J. B. A new 5-aminosalicylic acid multi-unit dosage for the therapy of ulcerative colitis. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Stuttgart, v. 51, p. 183-190, 2001.
68. SCHACHT, E.; GEVAERT, A.; KENAWY, E. R.; MOLLY, K.; VERSTRAETE, W.; ADRIAENSENS, P.; CARLEER, R.; GELAN, J. Polymers for colon specific drug delivery. J. Control. Release. Amsterdam, v. 39, p. 327-338, 1996.
69. SCHRÖDER, H.; LEWKONIA, R.M.; PRICE-EVANS, D.A. Metabolism of salicylazosuliapyridine in healthy subjects and patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., London, v. 14, p. 802-809, 1973.
70. SEMDE, R.; AMIGHI, K.; DEVLEESCHOUWER, M. J.; MOœ, A.J. Studies of pectin HM/EUDRAGIT® RL/EUDRAGIT®NE film-coating formulations intended for colonic drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 197, p. 182-192, 2000a.
71. SEMDE, R.; AMIGHI, K.; DEVLEESCHOUWER, M. J.; MOœ, A.J. Effect of pectinolytic enzymes on the theophylline release from pellets coated with water insoluble polymers containing pectin HM or calcium pectinate. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 197, p. 169-179, 2000b.
72. SHIBATA, N.; OBNO, T.; SHIMOKAWA, T.; HU, Z.; YOSHIKAWA, Y.; KOGA, K.; MURAKAMI, M.; TAKADA, K. Application of pressure-controlled colon delivery capsule to oral administration of glycyrrhizin in dogs. J. Pharma. Pharmacol., London, v.53, p. 441-447, 2001.
73. SIEW, L. F.; MAN, S-T.: NEWTON, J. M.; BASIT, A.W. Amylose formulations for drug delivery to the colon: a comparison of two fermentation models to assess colonic targeting performance in vitro. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 273, p. 129-134, 2004.
74. SIMOMSEN, L.; HOVGAARD, L.; MORTENSEN, P. B.; BRØNDSTED, H. Dextran hydrogels for colon-specific drug delivery. V. Degradation in human intestinal incubation models. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., v. 3, p. 329-337, 1995.
75. SRIAMORNSAK, P.; PRAKONGPAN, S.; PUTTIPI-PATKHACHORN, S.; KENNEDY, R. A. Development of sustained release theophylline pellets coated with calcium pectinate. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 47, p. 221-232, 1997.
76. STEED, K. P.; HOOPER, G.; MONTI, N.; BENEDETTI, M. S.; FORNASINI, G.; WILDING, I. R. The use of pharmacoscintigraphy to focus the development strategy for a novel 5-ASA colon targeting system ("TIME-CLOCK®"system). J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v.49, p. 115-122, 1997.
77. TAKAYA, T.; IKEDA, C.; IMAGAWA, N.; NIWA, K.; TAKADA, K. Development of a colon delivery capsule and the pharmacological activity of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) in beagles dogs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London, v. 47, p. 474-478, 1995.
78. 3-scintigraphy. Proceed Inter, Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., v. 27, p. 2000.
79. THEEUWES, F.; WONG, P. L.; BURKOTH, T. L.; FOX, D. A. Osmotic Systems for Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery. In: BIECK, P. R., ed. Colonic drug absorption and metabolism, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York: Marcel-Dekker, v. 60, 1993, p. 137-158.
80. TURKOGLU, M.; UGURLU, T. In vitro evaluation of pectin-HPMC compression coated 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets for colonic delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Stuttgart, v. 53, p. 65-73, 2002.
81. VAN DER MOOTER, G.; SAMYN, C.; KINGET, R. Azo polymers for colon-specific drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 87, p. 37-46, 1992.
82. VAN DER MOOTER, G.; SAMYN, C.; KINGET, R. Azo polymers for colon-specific drug delivery. II: Influence of the type of azo polymers on the degradation by intestinal microflora. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 97, p. 133-139, 1993.
83. VAN DER MOOTER, G.; OFFRINGA, M.; KALALA, W.; SAMYN, C.; KINGET, R. Synthesis and evaluation of new linear azo-polymers for colonic-targeting. S.T.P Pharma Sci., Paris, v. 5, n. 1, p. 36-40, 1995.
84. VAN DER MOOTER, G.; KINGET, R. Oral colon-specific drug delivery. A Review. Drug delivery, Amsterdam, v. 2, p. 81-93, 1995a.
85. VAN DER MOOTER, G.; SAMYN, C.; KINGET. In vivo evaluation of a colonic-specific drug delivery system: an absorption study of theophylline from capsules coated with azo polymers in rats. Pharm. Res., Amsterdam, v. 12, n. 2, p. 244-247, 1995b.
86. VERMA, R. K.; KRISHNA, D. M.; GARG, S. Formulation aspects in the development of osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v.79, p. 7-27, 2002.
87. VERVOORT, L.; KINGET, R. In vitro degradation by colonic bacteria of inulinHP incorporated in Eudragit RS films. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 129, p. 185-190, 1996.
88. VERVOORT, L.; ROMBAUT, P.; VAN DER MOOTER, G.; AUGUSTIJNS, P.; KINGET, R. Inulin hydrogels. II. In vitro degradation study. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 172, p. 137-145, 1998a.
89. VERVOORT, L.; VAN DER MOOTER, G.; AUGUSTIJNS, P.; KINGET, R. Inulin hydrogels. I. Dynamic and equilibrium swelling properties. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 172, p. 127-135, 1998b.
90. WATANABE, S.; KAWAI, H.; KATSUMA, M.; FUKUI, M.; Colon specific drug release system. US patent application (09/183,339), 1998.
91. WATTS, P. J.; ILLUM, L. Colonic drug delivery. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., London, v. 23, p. 893-913, 1997.
92. WILDING, I. R.; DAVIS, S. S.; POZZI, F.; FURLANI, P. GAZZANIGA, A. Enteric coated time release systems for colonic targeting. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 111, p. 99-102, 1994.
93. WILDING, I. R. Scintigraphic evaluation of colonic delivery systems. S.T.P. Pharma Sci., Paris, v.5, n. 1, p. 13-18, 1995.
94. WILDING, I. R.; BEHRENS, C.; TARDIF, S. J.; WRAY, H.; BIAS, P.; ALBRECHT, W. Combined scintigraphy and pharmacokinetic investigation of enteric-coated mesalazine micropellets in healthy subjects. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., London, v. 17, p. 1153-1162, 2003.
95. YANG, L.; CHU, J. S.; FIX, J. A.; Colon-specific drug delivery: new approaches and in vitro/in vivo evaluation, Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 235, p. 1-15, 2002.
96. YANO, H.; HIRAYAMA, F.; KAMADA, M.; ARIMA, H.; UEKAMA, K. Colon-specific delivery of prednisolone-appended ±-cyclodextrin conjugate: alleviation of systemic side effect after oral administration. J. Control. Release, Amsterdam, v. 79, p. 103-112, 2002.
97. ZHANG H.; ALSARRA, I. A.; NEAU, S.H. An in vitro evaluation of chitosan-containing multiparticulate system for macromolecule delivery to the colon. Int. J. Pharm., Amsterdam, v. 239, p. 197-205, 2002.
98. ZEITON, P.; BRISARD, P. Im Colon zerfallende Tabletten und Irhe Herstellung. Patent Roussel-uclaf, Patentschrift DE 3046559 C2, 1988.
99. ZOU, M.; OKAMOTO, H.; CHENG G.; HAO, X.; SUN, J.; CUI, F.; DANJO, K. Synthesis and properties of polysaccharide prodrugs of 5-aminosalicylic acid as potential colon-specific delivery systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Stuttgart, p. 1-6, 2004.