Diversity and diversification of light chains in myeloma: The specter of amyloidogenesis by proxy

Contributions to Nephrology

Volumn 153, Issue , 2007, Pages 156-181

  Gu, Minyi ^a   Wilton, Rosemary ^a   Stevens, Fred J ^a  

^a ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA CHAIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN LAMBDA CHAIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMYLOIDOSIS; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MUTATION; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; REVIEW;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMYLOIDOSIS; BASE SEQUENCE; DNA; GERM-LINE MUTATION; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA-CHAINS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN LAMBDA-CHAINS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 33751519573     PISSN: 03025144     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1159/000096766     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Sanders PW: Pathogenesis and treatment of myeloma kidney. J Lab Clin Med 1994;124:484-488.
2. Melato M, et al: Amyloid casts within renal tubules: a singular finding in myelomatosis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 1980;387:133-145.
3. Cohen AH: The kidney in plasma cell dyscraias: Bence Jones cast nephropathy and light chain deposit disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:529-532.
4. Isaac J, Herrera GA: Cast nephropathy in a case of Waldenstrom' macroglobulinemia. Nephron 2001;91:512-515.
5. Sanders PW, Booker BB: Pathobiology of cast nephropathy from human Bence Jones proteins. J Clin Invest 1992;89:630-639.
6. Hill GS, et al: Renal lesions in multiple myeloma: their relationship to associated protein abnormalities. Am J Kidney Dis 1983;2:423-438.
7. Basic-Jukic N, et al: Myeloma kidney: pathogenesis and treatment. Acta Med Croatica 2001;55:169-175.
8. Markowitz GS: Dysproteinemia and the kidney. Adv Anat Pathol 2004;11:49-63.
9. Huang ZQ, et al: Bence Jones proteins bind to a common peptide segment of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein to promote heterotypic aggregation. J Clin Invest 1993;92:2975-2983.
10. Huang ZQ, Sanders PW: Biochemical interactions between Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and Ig light chains in the pathogenesis of cast nephropathy. Lab Invest 1995;73:810-817.
11. Huang ZQ, Sanders PW: Localization of a single binding site for immunoglobulin light chains on human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. J Clin Invest 1997;99:732-736.
12. Ying WZ, Sanders PW: Mapping the binding domain of immunoglobulin light chains for Tamm-Horsfall protein. Am J Pathol 2001;158:1859-1866.
13. Wangsiripaisan A, et al: Role of polymeric Tamm-Horsfall protein in cast formation: oligosaccharide and tubular fluid ions. Kidney Int 2001;59:932-940.
14. Weichhart T, et al: The multiple functions of Tamm-Horsfall protein in human health and disease: a mystery clears up. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2005;117:316-322.
15. Saemann MD, et al: Tamm-Horsfall protein: a multilayered defence molecule against urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Invest 2005;35:227-235.
16. Saemann MD, et al: Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein links innate immune cell activation with adaptive immunity via a Toll-like receptor-4-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 2005;115:468-475.
17. Sanders PW: Management of paraproteinemic renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005;14:97-103.
18. Ivanyi B: Frequency of light chain deposition nephropathy relative to renal amyloidosis and Bence Jones cast nephropathy in a necropsy study of patients with myeloma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990;114:986-987.
19. Buxbaum JN, et al: Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease: light chain and light and heavy chain deposition diseases and their relation to light chain amyloidosis. Clinical features, immunopathology, and molecular analysis. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:455-464.
20. Deret S, et al: Molecular modeling of immunoglobulin light chains implicates hydrophobic residues in non-amyloid light chain deposition disease. Protein Eng 1997;10:1191-1197.
21. Buxbaum J: Mechanisms of disease: monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition. Amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease, and light and heavy chain deposition disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:323-346.
22. Buxbaum J, Gallo G: Nonamyloidotic monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease. Light-chain, heavy-chain, and light- and heavy-chain deposition diseases. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1999;13:1235-1248.
23. Strom EH, et al: Light chain deposition disease of the kidney. Morphological aspects in 24 patients. Virchows Arch 1994;425:271-280.
24. Colombat M, et al: Pulmonary cystic disorder related to light chain deposition disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:777-780.
25. Tanenbaum ND, et al: Lambda light chain deposition disease in a renal allograft. Transplant Proc 2005;37:4289-4292.
26. Suzuki K: Light- and heavy-chain deposition disease (LHCDD): difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. Intern Med 2005;44:915-916.
27. Demeule B, et al: Where disease pathogenesis meets protein formulation: renal deposition of immunoglobulin aggregates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006;62:121-130.
28. Pozzi C, et al: Light chain deposition disease with renal involvement: clinical characteristics and prognostic factors. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:1154-1163.
29. Pozzi C, Locatelli F: Kidney and liver involvement in monoclonal light chain disorders. Semin Nephrol 2002;22:319-330.
30. Dhodapkar MV, et al: Biology and therapy of immunoglobulin deposition diseases. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1997;11:89-110.
31. van Ingen G, et al: Light chain deposition disease without detectable light chains in serum or urine. Report of a case and review of the literature. Neth J Med 1991;39:142-147.
32. Gallo G, et al: The spectrum of monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease associated with immunocytic dyscrasias. Semin Hematol 1989;26:234-245.
33. Samanez C, et al: Development of rapidly progressive liver light chain deposition under VAD chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2006;76:83-85.
34. Tycko R: Progress towards a molecular-level structural understanding of amyloid fibrils. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2004;14:96-103.
35. Ashburn TT, et al: Amyloid probes based on Congo red distinguish between fibrils comprising different peptides. Chem Biol 1996;3:351-358.
36. Cohen AS, Connors LH: The pathogenesis and biochemistry of amyloidosis. J Pathol 1987;151:1-10.
37. Chastonay P, Hurlimann J: Characterization of different amyloids with immunological techniques. Pathol Res Pract 1986;181:657-663.
38. Sipe JD, Cohen AS: Review: history of the amyloid fibril. J Struct Biol 2000;130:88-98.
39. LeVine H 3rd: Quantification of beta-sheet amyloid fibril structures with thioflavin T. Methods Enzymol 1999;309:274-284.
40. De Ferrari GV, et al: Thioflavin T is a fluorescent probe of the acetylcholinesterase peripheral site that reveals conformational interactions between the peripheral and acylation sites. J Biol Chem 2001;276:23282-23287.
41. Kyle RA: Monoclonal proteins and renal disease. Annu Rev Med 1994;45:71-77.
42. Orfila C, et al: Fanconi's syndrome, kappa light-chain myeloma, non-amyloid fibrils and cytoplasmic crystals in renal tubular epithelium. Am J Nephrol 1991;11:345-349.
43. Hetzel GR, et al: AL-amyloidosis of the kidney initially presenting as minimal change glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36:630-635.
44. Bataille Y, et al: Primary amyloidosis (AL) as a cause of nephrotic syndrome. Acta Clin Belg 2005;60:94-97.
45. Katagiri T, et al: A long-survival case of systemic AL amyloidosis with nephrotic syndrome. Intern Med 2002;41:1052-1055.
46. Yoshita M, et al: Immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with myasthenic symptoms and echocardiographic features of dilated cardiomyopathy. Intern Med 2006;45:159-162.
47. Mesquita T, et al: Primary amyloidosis as a cause of microvascular angina and intermittent claudication. Rev Port Cardiol 2005;24:1521-1531.
48. Ikeda S: Unusual clinical manifestations of primary systemic AL amyloidosis: are myasthenic symptoms and dilated cardiomyopathy caused by muscular or myocardial amyloid angiopathy? Intern Med 2006;45:123-124.
49. Comenzo RL, et al: Seeking confidence in the diagnosis of systemic AL (Ig light-chain) amyloidosis: patients can have both monoclonal gammopathies and hereditary amyloid proteins. Blood 2006;107:3489-3491.
50. Paccalin M, et al: Localized amyloidosis: a survey of 35 French cases. Amyloid 2005;12:239-245.
51. Berk JL, et al: Diaphragm paralysis in primary systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid 2005;12:193-196.
52. Tomita T: Amyloidosis of pancreatic islets in primary amyloidosis (AL type). Pathol Int 2005;55:223-227.
53. Tabatabai G, et al: Primary amyloidoma of the brain parenchyma. Arch Neurol 2005;62:477-480.
54. Bartels H, et al: Laryngeal amyloidosis: localized versus systemic disease and update on diagnosis and therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2004;113:741-748.
55. Park MA, et al: Primary (AL) hepatic amyloidosis: clinical features and natural history in 98 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:291-298.
56. Kyle RA, et al: Localized AL amyloidosis of the colon: an unrecognized entity. Amyloid 2003;10:36-41.
57. Yamano S, et al: Primary systemic amyloidosis presenting as angina pectoris due to intramyocardial coronary artery involvement: a case report. Heart Vessels 2002;16:157-160.
58. Comenzo RL: Primary systemic amyloidosis. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2000;1:83-89.
59. Anavi BL, et al: Primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. A case report. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2001;43:47-52.
60. Meeus G, et al: Immunoglobulin related amyloidosis presenting as isolated lymph node and pulmonary involvement. Leuk Lymphoma 2000;38:423-427.
61. Stimson PG, et al: Localized primary amyloid tumor of the parotid gland. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988;66:466-469.
62. Hrncic R, et al: Antibody-mediated resolution of light chain-associated amyloid deposits. Am J Pathol 2000;157:1239-1246.
63. Racanelli V, D'Amore FP: Localized AL amyloidosis of the colon and clinical features of intestinal obstruction. A case report. Ann Ital Med Int 1999;14:58-60.
64. Wilk W, Papla B: Amyloidoma and marginal zone malignant lymphoma (MALT type) in the gastric antrum. A case report. Pol J Pathol 1998;49:183-186.
65. Flores M, et al: Soft-tissue amyloidoma. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998;80:654-656.
66. Dee CH, et al: Primary amyloidoma of the spine. A case report and review of the literature. Spine 1998;23:497-500.
67. Symonds DA, et al: Calcifying amyloidoma of the breast. South Med J 1995;88:1169-1172.
68. Bornemann A, et al: Amyloidoma of the gasserian ganglion as a cause of symptomatic neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve: report of three cases. J Neurol 1993;241:10-14.
69. Krishnan J, et al: Tumoral presentation of amyloidosis (amyloidomas) in soft tissues. A report of 14 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;100:135-144.
70. Sethi D, et al: Macroglossia and amyloidoma of the buttock: evidence of systemic involvement in dialysis amyloid. Nephron 1990;55:312-315.
71. Obici L, et al: Clinical aspects of systemic amyloid diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1753:11-22.
72. Kim DY, et al: Systemic AL amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma in a horse. Vet Pathol 2005;42:81-84.
73. Cohen AD, et al: Systemic AL amyloidosis due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: an unusual clinicopathologic association. Br J Haematol 2004;124:309-314.
74. Karimi M, et al: Biclonal systemic AL-amyloidosis with one glycosylated and one nonglycosylated AL-protein. Scand J Immunol 2003;57:319-323.
75. Samdal IA, et al: AL 366-a glycosylated protein of kappa 1b origin in a patient with systemic amyloidosis of predominantly non-parenchymatous distribution. Amyloid 2001;8:111-114.
76. Schiffer M: Molecular anatomy and the pathological expression of antibody light chains. Am J Pathol 1996;148:1339-1344.
77. Stevens FJ, Argon Y: Pathogenic light chains and the B-cell repertoire. Immunol Today 1999;20:451-457.
78. Stevens FJ, et al: Protein conformation and disease: pathological consequences of analogous mutations in homologous proteins. Biochemistry 2000;39:15291-15296.
79. Stevens FJ, et al: Thermodynamic aspects of immunoglobulin light chain disease; in Katchalski-Katzir E (ed): Conformational Diseases - A Compendium. Center for the Study of Emerging Diseases, 2002, pp 135-150.
80. Stevens FJ, et al: Structural basis of light chain-related pathology; in Capra JD (ed): The Antibodies. Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999, vol 5, pp 175-208.
81. Stevens FJ: Systemic: immunoglobulin; in Sipe JD (ed): Amyloid Proteins: The Beta Sheet Conformation and Disease. Wiley-VCH, 2005, pp 527-569.
82. Solomon A, et al: Experimental model of human light-chain associated disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992;182:261-267.
83. Solomon A, et al: Induction in mice of human light-chain associated amyloidosis. Am J Pathol 1992;140:629-637.
84. Solomon A, Weiss DT: Protein host factors implicated in the pathogenesis of light chain amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis). Amyloid 1995;2:269-279.
85. Myatt EA, et al: Pathogenic potential of monoclonal human immunoglobulin light chains: relationship of in vitro aggregation to in vivo organ deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:3034-3038.
86. Liao R, et al: Infusion of light chains from patients with cardiac amyloidosis causes diastolic dysfunction in isolated mouse hearts. Circulation 2001;104:1594-1597.
87. Halaby DM, et al: The immunoglobulin fold family: sequence analysis and 3D structure comparisons. Protein Eng 1999;12:563-571.
88. Kenny PA et al: Molecular evolution of immunoglobulin and fibronectin domains in titin and related muscle proteins. Gene 1999;232:11-23.
89. Williams AF, Barclay AN: The immunoglobulin superfamily - domains for cell surface recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 1988;6:381-405.
90. Williams AF: The immunoglobulin superfamily takes shape. Nature 1984;308:12-13.
91. Isobe T, et al: V-domain deposition of lambda Bence Jones protein in the renal epithelial cells in a patient with the adult Fanconi syndrome. Amyloid 1998;5:117-120.
92. Kametani F, et al: Complete amino acid sequence of a unique protein related to the variable domain of lambda light chain from a case with Fanconi syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985;126:848-852.
93. Ch'ang LY, et al: Identification and characterization of a functional human Ig V lambda VI germline gene. Mol Immunol 1994;31:531-536.
94. Solomon A, et al: Bence Jones proteins and light chains of immunoglobulins. Preferential association of the V-lambda-VI subgroup of human light chains with amyloidosis AL (lambda). J Clin Invest 1982;70:453-460.
95. Pokkuluri PR, et al: Tertiary structure of human lambda 6 light chains. Amyloid 1999;6:165-171.
96. Wall JS, et al: Structural basis of light chain amyloidogenicity: comparison of the thermodynamic properties, fibrillogenic potential and tertiary structural features of four V(lambda)6 proteins. J Mol Recognit 2004;17:323-331.
97. Wall J, et al: Thermodynamic instability of human lambda 6 light chains: correlation with fibrillogenicity. Biochemistry 1999;38:14101-14108.
98. Ozaki S, et al: Preferential expression of human lambda-light-chain variable-region subgroups in multiple myeloma, AL amyloidosis, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994;71:183-189.
99. Abe M, et al: Differences in kappa to lambda (kappa:lambda) ratios of serum and urinary free light chains. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;111:457-462.
100. Abraham RS, et al: Quantitative analysis of serum free light chains. A new marker for the diagnostic evaluation of primary systemic amyloidosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:274-278.
101. Rocca A, et al: Sequences of V kappa L subgroup light chains in Fanconi's syndrome. Light chain V region gene usage restriction and peculiarities in myeloma-associated Fanconi's syndrome. J Immunol 1995;155:3245-3252.
102. Denoroy L, et al: Overrepresentation of the V kappa IV subgroup in light chain deposition disease. Immunol Lett 1994;42:63-66.
103. Lautner-Rieske A et al: The human immunoglobulin kappa locus. Characterization of the duplicated A regions. Eur J Immunol 1992;22:1023-1029.
104. Santos-Esteban E, Curiel-Quesada E: Isolation of human scFv antibody fragments against ABO blood group antigens from a phage display library. Vox Sang 2001;81:194-198.
105. Winter G, et al: Making antibodies by phage display technology. Annu Rev Immunol 1994;12:433-455.
106. Li Y, et al: Editing anti-DNA B cells by Vlambdax. J Exp Med 2004;199:337-346.
107. Li H, et al: Regulation of anti-phosphatidylserine antibodies. Immunity 2003;18:185-192.
108. Li H, et al: Editors and editing of anti-DNA receptors. Immunity 2001;15:947-957.
109. Stewart JJ, et al: A solution to the rheumatoid factor paradox: pathologic rheumatoid factors can be tolerized by competition with natural rheumatoid factors. J Immunol 1997;159:1728-1738.
110. Chen C, et al: Editing disease-associated autoantibodies. Immunity 1997;6:97-105.
111. Monestier M, Zouali M: Receptor revision and systemic lupus. Scand J Immunol 2002;55:425-431.
112. Zouali M: The structure of human lupus anti-DNA antibodies. Methods 1997;11:27-35.
113. Radic MZ, Zouali M: Receptor editing, immune diversification, and self-tolerance. Immunity 1996;5:505-511.
114. Paige CJ, Wu GE: The B cell repertoire. FASEB J 1989;3:1818-1824.
115. Hughes AL: Natural selection and the diversification of vertebrate immune effectors. Immunol Rev 2002;190:161-168.
116. de Villartay JP: V(D)J recombination and DNA repair: lessons from human immune deficiencies and other animal models. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;2:473-479.
117. Cannon JP, et al: The phylogenetic origins of the antigen-binding receptors and somatic diversification mechanisms. Immunol Rev 2004;200:12-22.
118. Cooper MD, Alder MN: The evolution of adaptive immune systems. Cell 2006;124:815-822.
119. Milstein C: From the structure of antibodies to the diversification of the immune response. Nobel lecture, 8 December 1984. Biosci Rep 1985;5:275-297.
120. Rajewsky K: Clonal selection and learning in the antibody system. Nature 1996;381:751-758.
121. Tarlinton DM, et al: Affinity maturation of the primary response by V gene diversification. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998;229:71-83.
122. Neuberger MS, et al: Antibody diversification and selection in the mature B-cell compartment. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1999;64:211-216.
123. Raffen R, et al: Physicochemical consequences of amino acid variations that contribute to fibril formation by immunoglobulin light chains. Protein Sci 1999;8:509-517.
124. Connors LH, et al: Tabulation of transthyretin (TTR) variants as of 1/1/2000. Amyloid 2000;7:54-69.
125. Booth DR, et al: Instability, unfolding and aggregation of human lysozyme variants underlying amyloid fibrillogenesis. Nature 1997;385:787-793.
126. Fine JM, et al: Simultaneous occurrence of clinical manifestations of myeloma and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia with monoclonal IgG Lambda and IgM Kappa in a single patient. Acta Med Scand 1981;209:229-234.
127. Kyle RA, et al: The clinical aspects of biclonal gammopathies. Review of 57 cases. Am J Med 1981;71:999-1008.
128. Weinstein S, et al: Biclonal IgA and IgM gammopathy in lymphocytic lymphoma. Clin Chem 1984;30:1710-1712.
129. Smith L, et al: Biclonal and hypodiploid multiple myeloma. Am J Med 1986;80:841-843.
130. Graziani MS, Lippi U: Multiple myeloma with serum IgM kappa and Bence Jones lambda biclonal gammopathy. Clin Chem 1986;32:2220-2221.
131. Osterborg A, Mellstedt H: Monoclonal and biclonal immunoglobulin- producing disorders. Eur J Haematol Suppl 1989;51:11-18.
132. Pizzolato M, et al: IgG1-kappa biclonal gammopathy associated with multiple myeloma suggests a regulatory mechanism. Br J Haematol 1998;102:503-508.
133. Pace F, et al: Idiopathic AL amyloidosis and biclonal paraproteinemia: a case report and review of the literature. Amyloid 2001;8:215-219.
134. Kwan SP, et al: Two kappa immunoglobulin genes are expressed in the myeloma S107. Cell 1981;26(pt 1):57-66.
135. Rodilla Sala E, et al: Biclonality in amyloidosis patient MAL: one clone producing an amyloidogenic, the other a nonamyloidogenic kappa L-chain; in Westermark P (ed): Amyloid and Amyloidosis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990, pp 161-164.
136. Goni F, et al: A double monoclonal IgG1k and IgG2k in a single myeloma patient. Variation in clonal product and therapeutic responses. J Immunol 1988;140:551-557.
137. Dwulet FE, et al: Polymorphism in a kappa I primary (AL) amyloid protein (BAN). Mol Immunol 1986;23:73-78.
138. Stevens FJ: Four structural risk factors identify most fibril-forming kappa light chains. Amyloid 2000;7:200-211.
139. Omtvedt LA, et al: The carbohydrate structure of the amyloid immunoglobulin light chain EPS. Amyloid 1995;2:150-158.
140. Omtvedt LA, et al: The amino acid sequence of the glycosylated amyloid immunoglobulin light chain protein AL MS. Scand J Immunol 1997;45:551-556.
141. Omtvedt LA, et al: Glycosylation of immunoglobulin light chains associated with amyloidosis. Amyloid 2000;7:227-244.
142. Bahler DW, Levy R: Clonal evolution of a follicular lymphoma: evidence for antigen selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:6770-6774.
143. Kenny TP, et al: Mutational analysis of immunoglobulin germline derived Vlambda4B light chains in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2001;99:283-290.
144. Semrad TJ, et al: Mutational analysis of immunoglobulin germline derived Vlambda4A light chains in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2001;99:276-282.
145. Izuta S, et al: Replication error rates for G.dGTP, T.dGTP, and A.dGTP mispairs and evidence for differential proofreading by leading and lagging strand DNA replication complexes in human cells. J Biol Chem 1995;270:2595-2600.
146. Ishihara T, et al: Amyloid fibril formation in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells from a patient with localized A lambda amyloidosis. Lab Invest 1991;63:265-271.
147. Fu X, et al: Induction of AApoAII amyloidosis by various heterogeneous amyloid fibrils. FEBS Lett 2004;563:179-184.
148. Lundmark K, et al: Protein fibrils in nature can enhance amyloid protein A amyloidosis in mice: Cross-seeding as a disease mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:6098-6102.
149. Westermark P: Aspects on human amyloid forms and their fibril polypeptides FEBS J 2005;272:5942-5949.
150. Kisilevsky R, et al: New clothes for amyloid enhancing factor (AEF): silk as AEF. Amyloid 1999;6:98-106.