Cortisol - Cause and cure for metabolic syndrome?

Diabetic Medicine

Volumn 23, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 1281-1288

  Walker, B R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

11 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; Cardiovascular disease; Glucocorticoids; Metabolic syndrome

Indexed keywords

11BETA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; CARBENOXOLONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY;

11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICE;

EID: 33751215200     PISSN: 07423071     EISSN: 14645491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01998.x     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Bjorntorp P, Holm G, Rosmond R. Hypothalamic arousal, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 373-381.
2. Phillips DIW, Barker DJP, Fall CHD, Whorwood CB, Seckl JR, Wood PJ et al. Elevated plasma cortisol concentrations: an explanation for the relationship between low birthweight and adult cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 757-760.
3. Phillips DIW, Walker BR, Reynolds RM, Flanagan DEH, Wood PJ, Osmond C et al. Low birthweight and elevated plasma cortisol concentrations in adults from three populations. Hypertension 2000; 35: 1301-1306.
4. Walker BR, Phillips DIW, Noon JP, Panarelli M, Best R, Edwards HE et al. Increased glucocorticoid activity in men with cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension 1998; 31: 891-895.
5. Reynolds RM, Syddall HE, Walker BR, Wood PJ, Phillips DIW. Predicting cardiovascular risk factors from plasma cortisol measured during oral glucose tolerance tests. Metabolism: Clin Exp 2003; 52: 524-527.
6. Walker BR, Soderberg S, Lindahl B, Olsson T. Independent effects of obesity and cortisol in predicting cardiovascular risk factors in men and women. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 198-204.
7. Reynolds RM, Walker BR, Phillips DIW, Sydall HE, Andrew R, Wood PJ et al. Altered control of cortisol secretion in adult men with low birthweight and cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 245-250.
8. Strain GW, Zumoff B, Kream J, Strain JJ, Levin J, Fukushima D. Sex difference in the influence of obesity on the 24 hr mean plasma concentration of cortisol. Metabolism 1982; 31: 209-212.
9. Lottenberg SA, Giannella-Neto D, Derendorf H, Rocha M, Bosco A, Carvalho SV et al. Effect of fat distribution on the pharmacokinetics of cortisol in obesity. Int J Clin Pharmacol Therapeutics 1998; 36: 501-505.
10. Andrew R, Phillips DIW, Walker BR. Obesity and gender influence cortisol secretion and metabolism in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1806-1809.
11. Reynolds RM, Sydall HE, Wood PJ, Phillips DIW, Walker BR. Elevated plasma cortisol in glucose intolerant men: different responses to glucose and habituation to venepuncture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1149-1153.
12. Brunner EJ, Hemingway H, Walker BR, Page M, Clarke P, Juneja M et al. Adrenocortical, autonomic and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study. Circulation 2002; 106: 2659-2665.
13. Seckl JR. Prenatal glucocorticoids and long-term programming. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151: 49-62.
14. Walker BR, Best R, Shackleton CHL, Padfield PL, Edwards CRW. Increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity to glucocorticoids in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1996; 27: 190-196.
15. Van Rossum EFC, Koper JW, Huizenga NATM, Uitterlinden AG, Janssen JAMJ, Brinkmann AO et al. A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene, which decreases sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo, is associated with low insulin and cholesterol levels. Diabetes 2002; 51: 3128-3134.
16. Reynolds RM, McKeigue PM, Lithell HO, Chapman KE, Seckl JR, Walker BR. Increased glucocorticoid receptor expression in skeletal muscle of men with cardiovascular risk factors. JAMA 2002; 287: 2505-2506.
17. Stewart PM, Krozowski ZS. 11Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Vitamins Hormones 1999; 57: 249-324.
18. Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ, Draper N, Lavery GG, Cooper MS et al. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 831-866.
19. Walker BR, Stewart PM, Shackleton CHL, Padfield PL, Edwards CRW. Deficient inactivation of cortisol by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in essential hypertension. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993; 39: 221-227.
20. Lovati E, Ferrari P, Dick B, Jostarndt K, Frey BM, Frey FJ et al. Molecular basis of human salt sensitivity: the role of the 11β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 3745-3749.
21. Seckl JR, Walker BR. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 - a tissue-specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 1371-1376.
22. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR et al. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 2001; 294: 2166-2170.
23. Masuzaki H, Yamamoto H, Kenyon CJ, Elmquist JK, Morton NM, Paterson JM et al. Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 83-90.
24. Paterson JM, Morton NM, Fievet C, Kenyon CJ, Holmes MC, Staels B et al. Metabolic syndrome without obesity: hepatic overexpression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 7088-7093.
25. Kotelevtsev YV, Holmes MC, Burchell A, Houston PM, Scholl D, Jamieson PM et al. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice show attenuated glucocorticoid inducible responses and resist hyperglycaemia on obesity and stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 14924-14929.
26. Morton NM, Holmes MC, Fievet C, Staels B, Tailleux A, Mullins JJ et al. Improved lipid and lipoprotein profile, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 null mice. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 41293-41300.
27. Morton NM, Paterson JM, Masuzaki H, Holmes MC, Staels B, Fievet C et al. Novel adipose tissue-mediated resistance to diet-induced visceral obesity in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 deficient mice. Diabetes 2004; 53: 931-938.
28. Andrew R, Smith K, Jones GC, Walker BR. Distinguishing the activities of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in vivo using isotopically labelled cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 277-285.
29. Basu R, Singh RJ, Basu A, Chittilapilly EG, Johnson CM, Toffolo G et al. Splanchnic cortisol production occurs in humans - evidence for conversion of cortisone to cortisol via the 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 pathway. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2051-2059.
30. Andrew R, Westerbacka J, Wahren J, Yki-Jarvinen H, Walker BR. The contribution of visceral adipose tissue to splanchnic cortisol production in healthy humans. Diabetes 2005; 54: 1364-1370.
31. Livingstone DEW, Jones GC, Smith K, Andrew R, Kenyon CJ, Walker BR. Understanding the role of glucocorticoids in obesity: tissue-specific alterations of corticosterone metabolism in obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 560-563.
32. Stewart PM, Boulton A, Kumar S, Clark PMS, Shackleton CHL. Cortisol metabolism in human obesity: impaired cortisone-cortisol conversion in subjects with central adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 1022-1027.
33. Rask E, Olsson T, Soderberg S, Andrew R, Livingstone DEW, Johnson O et al. Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1418-1421.
34. Rask E, Walker BR, Soderberg S, Livingstone DEW, Eliasson M, Johnson O et al. Tissue-specific changes in peripheral cortisol metabolism in obese women; increased adipose 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3330-3336.
35. Wake DJ, Rask E, Livingstone DEW, Soderberg S, Olsson T, Walker BR. Local and systemic impact of transcriptional upregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissue in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2983-2988.
36. Lindsay RS, Tataranni A, Permana P, Livingstone DEW, Wake DJ, Walker BR. Subcutaneous adipose 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity and mRNA levels are associated with adiposity and insulinaemia in Pima Indians and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2738-2744.
37. Engeli S, Bohnke J, Feldpausch M, Gorzelniak K, Heintze U, Janke J et al. Regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase genes in human adipose tissue: influence of central obesity and weight loss. Obesity Res 2004; 12: 9-17.
38. Kannisto K, Pietilainen KH, Ehrenborg E, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Hamsten A et al. Overexpression of 11beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase-1 in adipose tissue is associated with acquired obesity and features of insulin resistance: studies in young adult monozygotic twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4414-4421.
39. Paulmyer-Lacroix O, Boullu S, Oliver C, Alessi M-C, Grino M. Expression of the mRNA coding for 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissue from obese patients: an in situ hybridization study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2701-2705.
40. Sandeep TC, Andrew R, Homer NZM, Andrews RC, Smith K, Walker BR. Increased in vivo regeneration of cortisol in adipose tissue in human obesity and effects of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor carbenoxolone. Diabetes 2005; 54: 872-879.
41. Basu R, Singh RJ, Basu A, Chittilapilly EG, Johnson MC, Toffolo G et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes do not alter splanchnic cortisol production in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3919-3926.
42. Franks PW, Knowler WC, Nair S, Koska J, Lee Y-H, Lindsay RS et al. Interaction between an 11betaHSD1 gene variant and birth era modifies the risk of hypertension in Pima Indians. Hypertension 2004; 44: 681-688.
43. Nair S, Lee YH, Lindsay RS, Walker BR, Tataranni PA, Bogardus C et al. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: Genetic polymorphisms are associated with Type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians independently of obesity and expression in adipocyte and muscle. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1088-1095.
44. Alberts P, Engblom L, Edling N, Forsgren M, Klingstrom G, Larsson C et al. Selective inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 decreases blood glucose concentrations in hyperglycaemic mice. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 1528-1532.
45. Alberts P, Nilsson C, Selen G, Engblom NHM, Norlin S, Klingstrom G et al. Selective inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 improves hepatic insulin sensitivity in hyperglycaemic mice strains. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 4755-4762.
46. Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Balkovec JM, Cheng K, Chen HY, Hernandez M, Koo GC et al. 11β-HSD1 inhibition ameliorates metabolic syndrome and prevents progression of atherosclerosis in mice. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 517-527.
47. Walker BR, Connacher AA, Lindsay RM, Webb DJ, Edwards CRW. Carbenoxolone increases hepatic insulin sensitivity in man: a novel role for 11-oxosteroid reductase in enhancing glucocorticoid receptor activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 3155-3159.
48. Andrews RC, Rooyackers O, Walker BR. Effects of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor carbenoxolone on insulin sensitivity in men with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 285-291.
49. Sandeep TC, MacLullich AMJ, Noble J, Deary IJ, Walker BR, Seckl JR. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition improves cognitive function in healthy elderly men and type 2 diabetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 6734-6739.
50. Livingstone DEW, Walker BR. Is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 a therapeutic target? Effects of carbenoxolone in lean and obese Zucker rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305: 167-172.
51. Walker BR, Yau JL, Brett LP, Seckl JR, Monder C, Williams BC et al. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in vascular smooth muscle and heart: implications for cardiovascular responses to glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 1991; 129: 3305-3312.
52. Thieringer R, Le Grand CB, Carbin L, Cai T-Q, Wong B, Wright SD. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is induced in human monocytes upon differentiation to macrophages. J Immunol 2001; 167: 30-35.
53. Walker BR, Williams BC. Corticosteroids and vascular tone: mapping the messenger maze. Clin Sci 1992; 82: 597-605.
54. Ullian ME. The role of corticosteroids in the regulation of vascular tone. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 41: 55-64.
55. Hadoke PWF, Macdonald L, Logie JJ, Small GR, Dover AR, Walker BR. Intravascular glucocorticoid metabolism as a modulator of vascular structure and function. Cellular Mol Life Sci 2006; 63: 565-578.
56. Souverain PC, Berard A, van Staa TP, Cooper C, Leufkens HGM, Walker BR. Use of oral glucocorticoids and risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a population-based case-control study. Heart 2004; 90: 859-865.
57. Wei L, MacDonald TM, Walker BR. Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with subsequent cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 764-770.
58. Hadoke PWF, Christy C, Kotelevtsev YV, Williams BC, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR et al. Endothelial cell dysfunction in mice after transgenic knockout of type 2, but not type 1, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Circulation 2001; 104: 2832-2837.
59. Small GR, Hadoke PWF, Sharif I, Dover AR, Armour D, Kenyon CJ et al. Preventing regeneration of glucocorticoids by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enhances angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 12165-12170.