The genetic determinants of renal impairment following cardiac surgery

Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 314-326

  Yates, Robert B ^a,b   Stafford Smith, Mark ^b  

^a THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiac surgery; Genetic determinants; Renal dysfunction

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; CLINICAL FEATURE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEART SURGERY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; KIDNEY INJURY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PREDICTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMALS; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; CREATININE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY DISEASES; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 33750735736     PISSN: 10892532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1089253206294350     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Roach GW, Kanchuger M, Mangano CM, et al. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1857-1863.
2. Taylor GJ, Mikell FL, Moses HW, et al. Determinants of hospital charges for coronary artery bypass surgery: the economic consequences of postoperative complications. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65:309-313.
3. Conlon PJ, Stafford-Smith M, White WD, et al. Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:1158-1162.
4. Doberneck RC, Reiser MP, Lillehei CW. Acute renal failure after open-heart surgery utilizing extracorporeal circulation and total body perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1962;43:441-452.
5. Chertow GM, Lazarus JM, Christiansen CL, et al. Preoperative renal risk stratification. Circulation. 1997;95:878-884.
6. Mangano CM, Diamondstone LS, Ramsay JG, et al. Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors, adverse outcomes, and hospital resource utilization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:194-203.
7. Stafford-Smith M. Perioperative renal dysfunction: Implications and strategies for protection. In: Newman MF, ed. Perioperative organ protection. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003:89-124.
8. Page US, Washburn T. Using tracking data to find complications that physicians miss: the case of renal failure in cardiac surgery. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1997;23:511-520.
9. Nozawa E, Azeka E, Ignez ZM, et al. Factors associated with failure of weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery. Int Heart J. 2005;46:819-831.
10. Thakar CV, Arrigain S, Worley S, et al. A clinical score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:162-168.
11. Anderson RJ, O'Brien M, MaWhinney S, et al. Renal failure predisposes patients to adverse outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery. VA Cooperative Study no. 5. Kidney Int. 1999;55:1057-1062.
12. Anderson RJ, O'Brien M, MaWhinney S, et al. Mild renal failure is associated with adverse outcome after cardiac valve surgery. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:1127-1134.
13. Rao V, Weisel RD, Buth KJ, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with non-dialysis-dependent renal insufficiency. Circulation. 1997;96(9 Suppl):II-38-43.
14. Andersson LG, Ekroth R, Bratteby LE, et al. Acute renal failure after coronary surgery - a study of incidence and risk factors in 2009 consecutive patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;41:237-241.
15. Mangos GJ, Brown MA, Chan WY, et al. Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery: incidence, outcomes and risk factors. Aust N Z J Med. 1995;25:284-289.
16. Stafford-Smith M. Evidence-based renal protection in cardiac surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005;9:65-76.
17. Kellum JA, J MD. Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1526-1531.
18. Prins I, Plotz FB, Uiterwaal CS, et al. Low-dose dopamine in neonatal and pediatric intensive care: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. Jan 2001;27:206-210.
19. Marquardt L, Ruf A, Mansmann U, et al. Inflammatory response after acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2005;236:65-71.
20. Balakrishnan KR, Kuruvilla S. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis: immunohistochemical and electron microscopic images of a coronary endarterectomy specimen. Circulation. 2006;113:e41-43.
21. Maseri A. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and ischemic events - exploring the hidden side of the moon. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1014-1016.
22. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-126.
23. Vainas T, Lubbers T, Stassen FR, et al. Serum C-reactive protein level is associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm size and may be produced by aneurysmal tissue. Circulation. 2003;107:1103-1105.
24. Laffey J, Boylan J, Cheng D. The systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery: Implications for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:215-252.
25. Cunningham PN, Dyanov HM, Park P, et al. Acute renal failure in endotoxemia is caused by TNF acting directly on TNF receptor-1 in kidney. J Immunol. 2002;168:5817-5823.
26. Segerer S, Nelson PJ, Schlondorff D. Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and renal disease: from basic science to pathophysiologic and therapeutic studies. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:152-176.
27. Schmartz D, Tabardel Y, Preiser JC, et al. Does aprotinin influence the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass in patients? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:184-190.
28. Aydin NB, Gercekoglu H, Aksu B, et al. Endotoxemia in coronary artery bypass surgery: a comparison of the off-pump technique and conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:843-848.
29. Meldrum DR, Donnahoo KK. Role of TNF in mediating renal insufficiency following cardiac surgery: evidence of a postbypass cardiorenal syndrome. J Surg Res. 1999;85:185-199.
30. Ishihara K, Hirano T. IL-6 in autoimmune disease and chronic inflammatory proliferative disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2002;13(4-5):357-368.
31. Bennermo M, Held C, Stemme S, et al. Genetic predisposition of the interleukin-6 response to inflammation: implications for a variety of major diseases? Clin Chem. 2004;50:2136-2140.
32. Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1369-1376.
33. Stafford-Smith M, Podgoreanu M, Swaminathan M, et al. Association of genetic polymorphisms with risk of renal injury after coronary after bypass graft surgery. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:519-530.
34. Kelberman D, Fife M, Rockman MV, et al. Analysis of common IL-6 promoter SNP variants and the AnTn tract in humans and primates and effects on plasma IL-6 levels following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1688:160-167.
35. Burzotta F, Iacoviello L, Di Castelnuovo A, et al. Relation of the -174 G/C polymorphism of interleukin-6 to interleukin-6 plasma levels and to length of hospitalization after surgical coronary revascularization. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:1125-1128.
36. Brull DJ, Montgomery HE, Sanders J, et al. Interleukin-6 gene -174g>c and -572g>c promoter polymorphisms are strong predictors of plasma interleukin-6 levels after coronary artery bypass surgery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1458-1463.
37. Gaudino M, Andreotti F, Zamparelli R, et al. The -174G/C interleukin-6 polymorphism influences postoperative interleukin-6 levels and postoperative atrial fibrillation. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory complication? Circulation. 2003;108(10 Suppl 1):II195-199.
38. Galley HF, Lowe PR, Carmichael RL, et al. Genotype and interleukin-10 responses after cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(3):424-426.
39. Cremer J, Martin M, Redl H, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:1714-1720.
40. Fransen E, Maessen J, Dentener M, et al. Systemic inflammation present in patients undergoing CABG without extracorporeal circulation. Chest. 1998;113:1290-1295.
41. Park BL, Lee HS, Kim YJ, et al. Association between interleukin 6 promoter variants and chronic hepatitis B progression. Exp Mol Med. 2003;35:76-82.
42. Jones KG, Brull DJ, Brown LC, et al. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation. 2001;103:2260-2265.
43. Wang AL, Yu YX, Xu Y, et al. Studies of the association between angiotensinogen gene regulation and cytokines in essential hypertension. Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 2003;30: 978-982.
44. Heesen M, Bloemeke B, Heussen N, et al. Can the interleukin-6 response to endotoxin be predicted? Studies of the influence of a promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene, gender, the density of the endotoxin receptor CD14, and inflammatory cytokines. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:664-669.
45. Beutler B, Cerami A. Cachectin and tumour necrosis factor as two sides of the same biological coin. Nature. 1986;320:584-588.
46. Wilson AG, di Giovine FS, Blakemore AI, et al. Single base polymorphism in the human tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene detectable by Ncol restriction of PCR product. Hum Mol Genet. 1992;1:353.
47. Wilson AG, Symons JA, McDowell TL, et al. Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:3195-3199.
48. Stafford-Smith M, Podgoreanu M, Swaminathan M, et al. Association of genetic polymorphisms with risk of renal injury after coronary bypass graft surgery. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:519-530.
49. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, et al. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:1977-1981.
50. Mahley RW, Rall SC, Jr. Apolipoprotein E: far more than lipid transport protein. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2000;1:507-537.
51. Laskowitz DT, Lee DM, Schmechel D, et al. Altered mmune responses in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Lipid Res. 2000;41:613-620.
52. Guo L, LaDu MJ, Van Eldik LJ. A dual role for apolipoprotein e in neuroinflammation: anti- and proinflammatory activity. J Mol Neurosci. 2004;23:205-212.
53. Roselaar SE, Daugherty A. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice have impaired innate immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes in vivo. J Lipid Res. 1998;39:1740-1743.
54. de Bont N, Netea MG, Demacker PN, et al. Apolipoprotein E knock-out mice are highly susceptible to endotoxemia and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. J Lipid Res. 1999;40:680-685.
55. Vonk AG, De Bont N, Netea MG, et al. Apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice exhibit an increased susceptibility to disseminated candidiasis. Med Mycol. 2004;42:341-348.
56. Lynch JR, Morgan D, Mance J, et al. Apolipoprotein E modulates glial activation and the endogenous central nervous system inflammatory response. J Neuroimmunol. 2001;114:107-113.
57. Lynch JR, Tang W, Wang H, et al. APOE genotype and an ApoE-mimetic peptide modify the systemic and central nervous system inflammatory response. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:48529-48533.
58. Sorbi S, Nacmias N, Piacentini S, et al. ApoE as a prognostic factor for post-traumatic coma. Nat Med. 1995;1:852.
59. Friedman G, Froom P, Sazbon L, et al. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 1999;52:244-248.
60. Grocott HP, Newman MF, El-Moalem H, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype differentially influences the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122:622-623.
61. Oda H, Yorioka N, Ueda C, et al. Apolipoprotein E phenotype and renal disease. Contrib Nephrol. 1997;120:22-29.
62. Kimura H, Suzuki Y, Gejyo F, et al. Apolipoprotein E4 reduces risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients with NIDDM. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31:666-673.
63. Chew ST, Newman MF, White WD, et al. Preliminary report on the association of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms, with postoperative peak serum creatinine concentrations in cardiac surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:325-331.
64. Davila-Roman VG, Kouchoukos NT, Schechtman KB, et al. Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta is a predictor of renal dysfunction after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:111-116.
65. Navar LG, Inscho EW, Majid SA, et al. Paracrine regulation of the renal microcirculation. Physiol Rev. 1996;76:425-536.
66. Wattanapitayakul SK, Mihm MJ, Young AP, et al. Therapeutic implications of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2001;22:361-368.
67. Tesauro M, Thompson WC, Rogliani P, et al. Intracellular processing of endothelial nitric oxide synthase isoforms associated with differences in severity of cardiopulmonary diseases: cleavage of proteins with aspartate vs. glutamate at position 298. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:2832-2835.
68. Philip I, Plantefeve G, Vuillaumier-Barrot S, et al. G894T polymorphism in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with an enhanced vascular responsiveness to phenylephrine. Circulation. 1999;99:3096-3098.
69. Arendshorst WJ, Brannstrom K, Ruan X. Actions of angiotensin II on the renal microvasculature. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(Suppl 11):S149-S161.
70. Carden DL, Granger DN. Pathophysiology of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J Pathol. 2000;190:255-266.
71. Michel CC. Renal medullary microcirculation: architecture and exchange. Microcirculation. 1995;2:125-139.
72. Navar LG, Inscho EW, Majid SA, et al. Paracrine regulation of the renal microcirculation. Physiol Rev. 1996;76:425-536.
73. Pallone TL, Silldorff EP, Turner MR. Intrarenal blood flow: microvascular anatomy and the regulation of medullary perfusion. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1998;25:383-392.
74. Pathi VL, Morrison J, MacPhaden A, et al. Alterations in renal microcirculation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:993-998.
75. Navar LG, Imig JD, Zou L, et al. Intrarenal production of angiotensin II. Semin Nephrol. 1997;17:412-422.
76. Rohrwasser A, Morgan T, Dillon HF, et al. Elements of a paracrine tubular renin-angiotensin system along the entire nephron. Hypertension. 1999;34:1265-1274.
77. Johnston CI, Fabris B, Jandeleit K. Intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in renal physiology and pathophysiology. Kidney Int Suppl. 1993;42:S59-63.
78. Weder AB. Renal protective effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Hypertens. 1990;3:273S-277S.
79. Gambaro G, Anglani F, D'Angelo A. Association studies of genetic polymorphisms and complex disease. Lancet. 2000;355:308-311.
80. Yoshida H, Mitarai T, Kawamura T, et al. Functional significance of ACE I/D locus for controlling the ACE gene. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:633A.
81. Harris RC, Cheng HF. The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system: a paracrine system for the local control of renal function separate from the systemic axis. Exp Nephrol. 1996;4(Suppl 1):2-7.
82. Wolf G. Vasoactive factors and tubulointerstitial injury. Kidney Blood Press Res. 1999;22:62-70.
83. Tiret L, Rigat B, Visvikis S, et al. Evidence, from combined segregation and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE levels. Am J Hum Genet. 1992;51: 197-205.
84. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Ginocchio G, et al. The deletion/insertion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene and cardiovascular-renal risk. J Hypertens. 1997;15(12 Pt 2):1579-1592.
85. Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, et al. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:1343-1346.
86. Mizuiri S, Hemmi H, Kumanomidou H, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D genotype and renal ACE gene expression. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1124-1130.
87. Baudin B. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and drug response. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2000;38:853-856.
88. Vos PF, Boer P, Braam B, et al. Efficacy of intrarenal ACE-inhibition estimated from the renal response to angiotensin I and II in humans. Kidney Int. 1995;47:274-281.
89. Siragy HM, Lamb NE, Woodson JF, et al. Renal sensitivity to angiotensin II in the conscious dog. Endocrinology. 1987;120:1272-1278.
90. Navar LG, Harrison-Bernard LM, Imig JD, et al. Intrarenal angiotensin II generation and renal effects of AT1 receptor blockade. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(Suppl 12):S266-S272.
91. Krishan P, Sharma A, Singh M. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on ischaemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats. Pharmacol Res. 1998;37: 23-29.
92. Mizuiri S, Hemmi H, Inoue A, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism and development of diabetic nephropathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nephron. 1995;70:455-459.
93. Baboolal K, Ravine D, Daniels J, et al. Association of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene deletion polymorphism with early onset of ESRF in PKD1 adult polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1997;52:607-613.
94. Dudley CR, Keavney B, Stratton IM, et al. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study. XV: Relationship of renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms with microalbuminuria in NIDDM. Kidney Int. 1995;48(6):1907-1911.
95. Chowdhury TA, Dyer PH, Kumar S, et al. Genetic determinants of diabetic nephropathy. Clin Sci (Colch). 1999;96:221-230.
96. Frishberg Y, Becker-Cohen R, Halle D, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and the outcome of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children. Kidney Int. 1998;54:1843-1849.
97. Ohno T, Kawazu S, Tomono S. Association analyses of the polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen genes with diabetic nephropathy in Japanese non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Metabolism. 1996;45:218-222.
98. Young RP, Chan JC, Critchley JA, et al. Angiotensinogen T235 and ACE insertion/deletion polymorphisms associated with albuminuria in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:431-437.
99. Teranishi M, Ono H, Ishimitsu T, et al. Insertion/deletion angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism affects the microvascular structure of the kidney in patients with nondiabetic renal disease. J Hypertens. 1999;17:351-356.
100. Vleming LJ, van der Pijl JW, Lemkes HH, et al. The DD genotype of the ACE gene polymorphism is associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy to end stage renal failure in IDDM. Clin Nephrol. 1999;51(3):133-140.
101. Yorioka T, Suehiro T, Yasuoka N, et al. Polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene and clinical aspects of IgA nephropathy. Clin Nephrol. 1995;44:80-85.
102. Yoshida H, Mitarai T, Kawamura T, et al. Role of the deletion of polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in the progression and therapeutic responsiveness of IgA nephropathy. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96:2162-2169.
103. Yoshioka T, Xu YX, Yoshida H, et al. Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene predicts persistent proteinuria in Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:394-399.
104. Parving HH, Jacobsen P, Tarnow L, et al. Effect of deletion polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene on progression of diabetic nephropathy during inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme: observational follow up study. Br Med J 1996;313:591-594.
105. Fernandez-Llama P, Poch E, Oriola J, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism in essential hypertension and nephroangiosclerosis. Kidney Int. 1998;53:1743-1747.
106. Guan T, Liu Z, Chen Z. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the clinical pathological features and progression in lupus nephritis. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih. 1997;36:461-464.
107. Hohenfellner K, Hunley TE, Brezinska R, et al. ACE I/D gene polymorphism predicts renal damage in congenital uropathies. Pediatr Nephrol. 1999;13:514-518.
108. Hunley TE, Julian BA, Phillips JA, 3rd, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism: potential silencer motif and impact on progression in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1996;49:571-577.
109. Jacobsen P, Rossing K, Rossing P, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and ACE inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1998;53:1002-1006.
110. McLaughlin KJ, Harden PN, Ueda S, et al. The role of genetic polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the progression of renal diseases. Hypertension. 1996;28:912-915.
111. Barnas U, Schmidt A, Illievich A, et al. Evaluation of risk factors for the development of nephropathy in patients with IDDM: insertion/deletion angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism, hypertension and metabolic control. Diabetologia. 1997;40:327-331.
112. Abdi B, Tran TB, Zee B, et al. Angiotensin gene polymorphism as a determinant of posttransplantation renal dysfunction and hypertension. Transplantation. 2001; 72:726-729.
113. Staessen JA, Kuznetsova T, Wang JG, et al. M235T angiotensinogen gene polymorphism and cardiovascular renal risk. J Hypertens. 1999;17:9-17.
114. Rogus JJ, Moczulski D, Freire MB, et al. Diabetic nephropathy is associated with AGT polymorphism T235: results of a family-based study. Hypertension. 1998;31:627-631.
115. Tomino Y, Makita Y, Shike T, et al. Relationship between Polymorphism in the Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme or Angiotensin II Receptor and Renal Progression in Japanese NIDDM Patients. Nephron. 1999;82:139-144.
116. Murphy TJ, Alexander RW, Griendling KK, et al. Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Nature. May 16 1991;351(6323):233-236.
117. Ito M, Oliverio MI, Mannon PJ, et al. Regulation of blood pressure by the type 1A angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Apr 11 1995;92:3521-3525.
118. Martin MM, Willardson BM, Burton GF, et al. Human angiotensin II type 1 receptor isoforms encoded by messenger RNA splice variants are functionally distinct. Mol Endocrinol. Feb 2001;15:281-293.
119. Morris BJ. Angiotensin receptor gene variant goes with the flow. J Hypertens. Apr 2005;23:707-709.
120. Amant C, Bauters C, Bodart JC, et al. D allele of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme is a major risk factor for restenosis after coronary stenting. Circulation. 1997;96:56-60.
121. Henrion D, Amant C, Benessiano J, et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with an increased vascular reactivity in the human mammary artery in vitro. J Vasc Res. 1998;35:356-362.
122. Wang WY, Zee RY, Morris BJ. Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism with essential hypertension. Clin Genet. Jan 1997;51:31-34.
123. Kobashi G, Hata A, Ohta K, et al. A1166C variant of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene is associated with severe hypertension in pregnancy independently of T235 variant of angiotensinogen gene. J Hum Genet. 2004;49:182-186.
124. Swaminathan M, Knauth K, Phillips-Bute B, et al. Acute perioperative renal injury is associated with chronic renal dysfunction after cardiac transplant surgery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:SCA23.
125. Swaminathan M, Albahrani M, Phillips-Bute B, et al. Postoperative Creatinine Rise: Does MIDCAB Surgery Make a Difference? Anesthesiology. 2001;95:A124.
126. Stafford-Smith M, Swaminathan M, McCreath BJ, et al. Morbidity-related serum creatinine patterns after coronary bypass surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:SCA123.