Developmental Physiology of the Pulmonary Circulation

The Lung: Development, Aging and The Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 105-117

  Abman, Steven H ^a  

^a Children's Hospital Colorado   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750699441     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012324751-3/50041-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Burri PH Structural aspects of prenatal and postnatal development and growth of the lung. Lung Growth and Development 1997, 1-35. Marcel Dekker, New York. J.A. McDonald (Ed.).
2. Schachtner S., Taichman D., Baldwin HS Mechanisms of lung vascular development. Basic Mechanisms of Pediatric Respiratory Disease 2002, 49-67. BC Decker, Hamilton. G.G. Haddad, V. Chernick, S.H. Abman (Eds.).
3. Stevens T, Rosenberg R, Aird W, et al. NHLBI workshop report: endothelial cell phenotypes in heart, lung and blood diseases. Am. J. Physiol. 2001, 282:C1422-C1433.
4. Risau W Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 1997, 386:671-674.
5. Poole TJ, Finkelstein EB, Cox CM The role of FGF and VEGF in angioblast induction and migration during vascular development. Dev. Dyn. 2001, 220:1-17.
6. Morrell NW, Weiser MCM, Stenmark KR Development of the pulmonary vasculature. Lung Development 1999, 152-195. Oxford University Press, New York. C. Gaultier, J.R. Bourbon, M. Post (Eds.).
7. Gebb SA, Shannon JM Tissue interactions mediate early events in pulmonary vasculogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 2000, 217:159-169.
8. Ferrara N, Carver-Moore K, Chen H, et al. Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 1996, 380:439-442.
9. Shalaby F, Rossant J, Yamaguchi TP, et al. Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis inflkl deficient mice. Nature 1995, 376:62-66.
10. Carmeliet P, Ferreira V, Breier G, et al. Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 1996, 380:435-439.
11. Shannon JM, Deterding RR Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in lung development. Lung Growth and Development 1997, 81-118. Marcel-Dekker, New York. J.A. McDonald (Ed.).
12. Hanahan D Signaling vascular morphogenesis and maintenance. Science 1997, 277:48-50.
13. Acarregui M, Penisten ST, Goss KL, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in human fetal lung in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1999, 20:14-23.
14. Drake CJ, Little CD VEGF and vascular fusion: implications for normal and pathological vessels. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1999, 47:1351-1355.
15. Drake CJ, Little CD The de novo formation of blood vessels in the early embryo and in the developing lung. Fetal and Neonatal Pulmonary Circulation 1999, 19-30. Futura, New York. E.K. Weir, S.I. Archer, J.T. Reeves (Eds.).
16. Hood JD, Meininger CJ, Ziche M, Granger HJ VEGF upregulates ecNOS message, protein and NO production in human endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 1998, 274:H1054-H1058.
17. Grover TR, Parker TA, Zenge JP, et al. Intrauterine hypertension decreases lung VEGF expression and VEGF inhibition causes pulmonary hypertension in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2003, 284:L508-L517.
18. Le Cras TD, Markham NE, Tuder RM, et al. Treatment of newborn rats with a VEGF receptor inhibitor causes pulmonary hypertension and abnormal lung structure. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2002, 283:L555-L562.
19. Folkman J, D'Amore PA Blood vessel formation: what is its molecular basis. Cell 1996, 87:1153-1155.
20. Hall SM, Hislop AA, Pierce CM, et al. Prenatal origins of human intrapulmonary arteries: formation and smooth muscle maturation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2000, 23:194-203.
21. Suri C, Jones PF, Patan S, et al. Requisite role of angiopoietin-1 and ligand for the TIE2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis. Cell 1996, 87:1171-1180.
22. Frid MG, Moiseeva EP, Stenmark KR Multiple phenotypically distinct smooth muscle cell populations exist in the adult and developing bovine pulmonary arterial media in vivo. Circ. Res. 1994, 75:669-681.
23. Carey DJ Control of growth and differentiation of vascular cells by extracellular matrix. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1991, 53:161-177.
24. Roman J Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in development of the lung vasculature. Lung Growth and Development 1997, 365-400. Marcel Dekker, New York. J.A. McDonald (Ed.).
25. Rupp PA, Little CD Integrins in vascular development. Circ. Res. 2001, 89:566-572.
26. Stenmark KR, Mecham RP, Durmowicz AG, et al. Persistence of the fetal pattern of tropoelastin gene expression in severe neonatal pulmonary hypertension. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93:1234-1242.
27. Heymann MA, Soifer SJ Control of fetal and neonatal pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology 1989, 33-50. Marcel-Dekker, New York. E.K. Weir, J.T. Reeves (Eds.).
28. Rudolph AM Fetal and neonatal pulmonary circulation. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 1979, 41:383-395.
29. Rasanen J, Huhta JC, Weiner S, et al. Role of the pulmonary circulation in the distribution of human fetal cardiac output during the second half of pregnancy. Circulation 1996, 94:1068-1073.
30. Rasanen J, Wood DC, Debbs RH, et al. Reactivity of the human fetal pulmonary circulation to maternal hyperoxygenation increases during the second half of pregnancy: a randomized study. Circulation 1998, 97:257-262.
31. Abman SH, Chatfield BA, Hall SL, et al. Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor during transition of pulmonary circulation at birth. Am. J. Physiol. 1990, 259:H1921-H1927.
32. Cassin S Role of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes in the control of the pulmonary circulation in the fetus and newborn. Semin. Perinatol. 1987, 11:53-63.
33. Cornfield DN, Chatfield BA, McQueston JA, et al. Effects of birth-related stimuli on l-arginine-dependent pulmonary vasodilation in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 1992, 262:H1474-H1481.
34. Cornfield DN, Reeves HL, Tolarova S, et al. Oxygen causes fetal pulmonary vasodilation through activation of a calcium-dependent potassium channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1996, 93:8089-8094.
35. Leffler CW, Hessler JR, Green RS Mechanism of stimulation of pulmonary prostacyclin synthesis at birth. Prostaglandins 1984, 28:877-887.
36. Leffler CW, Tyler TL, Cassin S Effect of indomethacin on pulmonary vascular response to ventilation of fetal goats. Am. J. Physiol. 1978, 234:H346-H351.
37. Soifer SJ, Loitz RD, Roman C, et al. Leukotriene end organ antagonists increase pulmonary blood flow in fetal lambs. Am. J. Physiol. 1985, 249:570.
38. Storme L, Rairhig RL, Abman SH In vivo evidence for a myogenic response in the ovine fetal pulmonary circulation. Pediatr. Res. 1999, 45:425-431.
39. Velvis H, Moore P, Heymann MA Prostaglandin inhibition prevents the fall in pulmonary vascular resistance as the result of rhythmic distension of the lungs in fetal lambs. Pediatr. Res. 1991, 30:62-67.
40. Ivy DD, Kinsella JP, Abman SH Physiologic characterization of endothelin A and B receptor activity in the ovine fetal lung. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93:2141-2148.
41. Lewis AB, Heymann MA, Rudolph AM Gestational changes in pulmonary vascular responses in fetal lambs in utero. Circ. Res. 1976, 39:536-541.
42. Rudolph AM, Heymann MA, Lewis AB Physiology and pharmacology of the pulmonary circulation in the fetus and newborn. Development of the Lung 1977, 497-523. Marcel Dekker, New York. W. Hodson (Ed.).
43. Morin FC, Egan EA, Ferguson W, et al. Development of pulmonary vascular response to oxygen. Am. J. Physiol. 1988, 254:H542-H546.
44. Abman SH, Accurso FJ Acute effects of partial compression of the ductus arteriosus on the fetal pulmonary circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 1989, 257:H626-H634.
45. Abman SH, Accurso FJ Sustained fetal pulmonary vasodilation during prolonged infusion of atrial natriuretic factor and 8-bromo-guanosine monophosphate. Am. J. Physiol. 1991, 260:H183-H192.
46. Abman SH, Chatfield BA, Rodman DM, et al. Maturation-related changes in endothelium-dependent relaxation of ovine pulmonary arteries. Am. J. Physiol. 1991, 260:L280-L285.
47. Accurso FJ, Alpert B, Wilkening RB, et al. Time-dependent response of fetal pulmonary blood flow to an increase in fetal oxygen tension. Respir. Physiol. 1986, 63:43-52.
48. North AJ, Star RA, Brannon TS, et al. NO synthase type I and type III gene expression are developmentally regulated in rat lung. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 266:L635-L641.
49. Halbower AC, Tuder RM, Franklin WA, et al. Maturation-related changes in endothelial NO synthase immunolocalization in the developing ovine lung. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 267:L585-L591.
50. Parker TA, Le Cras TD, Kinsella JP, et al. Developmental changes in endothelial NO synthase expression in the ovine fetal lung. Am. J. Physiol. 2000, 278:L202-L208.
51. Kinsella JP, Ivy DD, Abman SH Ontogeny of NO activity and response to inhaled NO in the developing ovine pulmonary circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 267:H1955-H1961.
52. Abman SH, Kinsella JP, Schaffer MS, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide therapy in a premature newborn with severe respiratory distress and pulmonary hypertension. Pediatrics 1993, 92:606-609.
53. Kobzik L, Bredt DS, Lowenstein CJ, et al. NOS in human and rat lung: immunocytochemical and histochemical localization. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1993, 9:371-377.
54. Sherman TS, Chen Z, Yuhanna IS, et al. NO synthase isoform expression in the developing lung epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 276:L383-L390.
55. Rairhig R, Ivy DD, Kinsella JP Inducible NOS inhibitors increase pulmonary vascular resistance in the late-gestation fetus. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 101:15-21.
56. Bustamante SA, Pang Y, Romero S, et al. Inducible NOS and the regulation of central vessel caliber in the fetal rat. Circulation 1996, 94:1948-1953.
57. Rairigh RL, Storme L, Parker TA, et al. Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in regulation of vascular and ductus arteriosus tone in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2000, 278:L105-L110.
58. Rairigh RL, Storme L, Parker TA, et al. Inducible NO synthase inhibition attenuates shear stress-induced pulmonary vasodilation in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 276:L513-L521.
59. Rairigh RL, Parker TA, Ivy DD, et al. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the transition of the pulmonary circulation at birth. Circ. Res. 2001, 88:721-726.
60. Abman SH, Kinsella JP, Parker TA, et al. Physiologic roles of NO in the perinatal pulmonary circulation. Fetal and Neonatal Pulmonary Circulation 1999, 239-260. Futura, New York. E.K. Weir, S.L. Archer, J.T. Reeves (Eds.).
61. Parker TA, Kinsella JP, Galan HL, et al. Prolonged infusions of estradiol dilate the ovine fetal pulmonary circulation. Pediatr. Res. 2000, 47:89-96.
62. Parker TA, Afshar S, Kinsella JP, et al. Effects of chronic estrogen receptor blockade on the pulmonary circulation in the late gestation ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2001, 281:H1005-H1014.
63. MacRitchie AN, Jun SS, Chen Z, et al. Estrogen upregulates endothelial NO synthase gene expression in fetal pulmonary artery endothelium. Circ. Res. 1997, 81:355-362.
64. Shaul PW NO in the developing lung. Ad. Pediatr. 1995, 42:367-414.
65. Grover TR, Zenge JP, Parker TA, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor causes pulmonary vasodilation through activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-nitric oxide pathway in the late-gestation ovine fetus. Pediatr. Res. 2002, 52:907-912.
66. Braner DA, Fineman JR, Chang R, et al. M and B 22948, a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is a pulmonary vasodilator in lambs. Am. J. Physiol. 1993, 264:H252-H282.
67. Beavo JA, Reifsnyder DH Primary sequence of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes and the design of selective inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1990, 11:150-155.
68. Hanson KA, Burns F, Rybalkin SD, et al. Developmental changes in lung cGMP phosphodiesterase-5 activity, protein and message. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 158:279-288.
69. Cohen AH, Hanson K, Morris K, et al. Inhibition of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase selectively vasodilates the pulmonary circulation in chronically hypoxic rats. J. Clin Invest. 1996, 97:172-179.
70. Thusu KG, Morin FC, Russell JA, et al. The cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast enhances the effect of NO. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 152:1605-1610.
71. Ziegler JW, Ivy DD, Fox JJ, et al. Dipyridamole, a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, causes pulmonary vasodilation in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 269:H473-H479.
72. McQueston JA, Cornfield DN, McMurtry IF, et al. Effects of oxygen and exogenous l-arginine on endothelium-derived relaxing factor activity in the fetal pulmonary circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 1993, 264:H865-H871.
73. Meininger GA, Davis MJ Cellular mechanisms involved in the vascular myogenic response. Am. J. Physiol. 1992, 263:H647-H659.
74. Kulik TJ, Evans JN, Gamble WJ Stretch-induced contraction in pulmonary arteries. Am. J. Physiol. 1988, 255:H1191-H1198.
75. Belik J, Stephens NL Developmental differences in vascular smooth muscle mechanics in pulmonary and systemic circulations. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993, 74:682-687.
76. Morbidelli L, Chang C-H, Douglas JG, et al. NO mediates mitogenic effect of VEGF on coronary venular endothelium. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 270:H411-H415.
77. Ziche M, Morbidelli L, Masini E, et al. NO mediates angio-genesis in vivo and endothelial cell growth and migration in vitro promoted by substance P. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 94:2036-2044.
78. Arnal J-F, Yamin J, Dockery S, et al. Regulation of endothelial NO synthase mRNA, protein, and activity during cell growth. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 267:C1381-C1388.
79. Garg UC, Hassid A NO-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cGMP inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1989, 83:17744-17747.
80. Thomae KR, Nakayama DK, Billiar TR, et al. Effect of NO on fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle growth. J. Surg. Res. 1996, 270:H411-H415.
81. Fineman JR, Wong J, Morin FC, et al. Chronic NO inhibition in utero produces persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborn lambs. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93:2675-2683.
82. Zenge JP, Rairigh RL, Grover TR, et al. NO and prostaglandins modulate the pulmonary vascular response to hemodynamic stress in the late gestation fetus. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2001, 281:L1157-L1163.
83. Campbell WB, Harder DR Prologue: EDHF what is it?. Am. J. Physiol. 2001, 280:H2413-H2416.
84. Storme L, Rairigh RL, Parker TP, et al. Potassium channel blockade attenuates shear stress-induced pulmonary vasodilation in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 276:L220-L228.
85. Cornfield DN, Reeves HL, Tolarova S, et al. Oxygen causes fetal pulmonary vasodilation through activation of a calcium-dependent potassium channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1996, 93:8089-8094.
86. Lin H, McGrath JJ Vasodilating effects of carbon monoxide. Life Sci. 1988, 43:1813.
87. Kharitonov VG Basis of guanylate cyclase activation of carbon monoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:2568.
88. Grover TR, Rairigh RL, Zenge JP, et al. Inhaled carbon monoxide does not alter pulmonary vascular tone in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2000, 278:L779-L784.
89. Soifer LT, Soifer SJ, Loitz RD, et al. Leukotriene end organ antagonists increase pulmonary blood flow in fetal lambs. Am. J. Physiol. 1985, 249:570.
90. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988, 332:411-415.
91. Boulanger C, Luscher TF Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta: inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. J. Clin. Invest. 1990, 85:587-590.
92. Ivy DD, Abman SH Role of endothelin in perinatal pulmonary vasoregulation. Fetal and Neonatal Pulmonary Circulation 1999, 279-302. Futura, New York. E.K. Weir, S.L. Archer, J.T. Reeves (Eds.).
93. Chatfield BA, McMurtry IF, Hall SL, et al. Hemodynamic effects of endothelin-1 on the ovine fetal pulmonary circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 1991, 261:R182-R187.
94. Ivy DD, Kinsella JP, Abman SH Physiologic characterization of endothelin A and B receptor activity in the ovine fetal lung. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, 93:2141-2148.
95. Ivy DD, Parker TA, Abman SH Prolonged endothelin B receptor blockade causes pulmonary hypertension in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 2000, 279:L758-L765.
96. Coceani F, Kelsey L, Seiditz F, et al. Carbon monoxide formation in the ductus arteriosus in the lamb: implications for the regulation of muscle tone. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 120:599-603.
97. Tristani-Firouzi M, Reeve HL, Tolarova S, et al. Oxygen-induced constriction of rabbit ductus arteriosus occurs via inhibition of 4-aminopyridine, voltage-sensitive potassium channels. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, 98:1959-1965.
98. Reeve HL, Weir EK Regulation of ion channels in the ductus arteriosus. Fetal and Neonatal Pulmonary Circulation 1999, 319-330. Futura, New York. E.K. Weir, S.L. Archer, J.T. Reeves (Eds.).
99. Archer SL, Huang JMC, Hampl V, et al. Nitric Oxide and cGMP cause vasorelaxation by activation of a charybdotoxin-sensitive K channel by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:7583-7587.
100. Rhodes MT, Porter VA, Saqueton CB, et al. Pulmonary vascular response to normoxia and Kca channel activity is developmentally regulated. Am. J. Physiol. 2001, 280:L1250-L1257.
101. Tristani-Firouzi M, Martin EB, Tolarova S, et al. Ventilation-induced pulmonary vasodilation at birth is modulated by potassium channel activity. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 271:H2353-H2359.
102. Konduri GG, Mital S, Gervasio CT, et al. Purine nucleotides contribute to pulmonary vasodilation caused by birth-related stimuli in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 272:H2377-H2384.
103. Fagan KA, Fouty BW, Tyler RC, et al. The pulmonary circulation of mice with either homozygous or heterozygous disruption of endothelial NO synthase is hyper-responsive to chronic hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 103:291-299.
104. Steudel W, Scherrer-Crosbie M, Bloch KD, et al. Sustained pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy after chronic hypoxia in mice with congenital deficiency of NOS III. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 101:2468-2477.
105. Kinsella JP, McQueston JA, Rosenberg AA, et al. Hemodynamic effects of exogenous nitric oxide in ovine transitional pulmonary circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 1992, 263:H875-H880.
106. Levin DL, Heymann MA, Kitterman JA, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J. Pediatr. 1976, 89:626-633.
107. Kinsella JP, Abman SH Recent developments in the pathophysiology and treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J. Pediatr. 1995, 126:853-864.
108. Geggel RL, Reid LM The structural basis of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Clin. Perinatol. 1984, 3:525-549.
109. Murphy JD, Rabinovitch M, Goldstein JD, et al. The structural basis for PPHN infant. J. Pediatr. 1981, 98:962-967.
110. Murphy JD, Vawter G, Reid LM Pulmonary vascular disease in fatal meconium aspiration. J. Pediatr. 1984, 104:758-762.
111. Van Marter LJ, Leviton A, Allred EN, et al. PPHN and smoking and aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug consumption during pregnancy. Pediatrics 1996, 97:658-663.
112. Levin DL, Hyman AI, Heymann MA, et al. Fetal hypertension and the development of increased pulmonary vascular smooth muscle: a possible mechanism for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn infant. J. Pediatr. 1978, 92:265-269.
113. Abman SH, Shanley PF, Accurso FJ Failure of postnatal adaptation of the pulmonary circulation after chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension in fetal lambs. J. Clin. Invest. 1989, 83:1849-1858.
114. Morin FC Ligating the ductus arteriosus before birth causes persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn lamb. Pediatr. Res. 1989, 25:245-250.
115. Williams MC, Wyble LE, O'Brien WF, et al. PPHN and asymmetric growth restriction. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 91:336-341.
116. Castillo L, DeRojas-Walker T, Yu YM, et al. Whole body arginine metabolism and NO synthesis in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr. Res. 1995, 38:17-24.
117. Dollberg S, Warner BW, Myatt L Urinary nitrite and nitrate concentrations in patients with idiopathic PPHN and effect of ECMO. Pediatr. Res. 1994, 37:31-34.
118. Pearson DL, Dawling S, Walsh WF, et al. Neonatal pulmonary hypertension: urea cycle intermediates, NO production and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase function. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344:1932-1938.
119. Newman JH, Wheeler L, Lane KB, et al. Mutation in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor II as a cause of primary pulmonary hypertension in a large kindred. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345:367-371.
120. Haworth SG, Reid LM Persistent fetal circulation: newly recognized structural features. J. Pediatr. 1976, 88:614-620.
121. Stenmark KR, Abman SH, Accurso FJ Etiologic mechanisms of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pulmonary Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology 1989, 335. Marcel Dekker, New York. E.K. Weir, J.T. Reeves (Eds.).
122. Goldberg SJ, Levy RA, Siassi B Effects of maternal hypoxia and hyperoxia upon the neonatal pulmonary vasculature. Pediatrics 1971, 48:528.
123. Murphy JD, Aronovitz MJ, Reid LM Effects of chronic in utero hypoxia on the pulmonary vasculature of the newborn guinea pig. Pediatr. Res. 1986, 20:292-295.
124. McQueston JA, Kinsella JP, Ivy DD Chronic pulmonary hypertension in utero impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 268:H288-H294.
125. Storme L, Rairigh RL, Parker TA, et al. Acute intrauterine pulmonary hypertension impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the ovine fetus. Pediatr. Res. 1999, 45:575-581.
126. Storme L, Parker TA, Kinsella JP, et al. Chronic hypertension impairs flow-induced vasodilation and augments the myogenic response in fetal lung. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2002, 282:L56-L66.
127. Villamor E, Le Cras TD, Horan M, et al. Chronic hypertension impairs endothelial NO synthase in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 16:L1013-L1020.
128. Shaul PW, Yuhanna IS, German Z, et al. Pulmonary endothelial NO synthase gene expression is decreased in fetal lambs with pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 272:L1005-L1012.
129. Hanson KA, Beavo JA, Abman SH, et al. Chronic pulmonary hypertension increases fetal lung cGMP activity. Am. J. Physiol. 1998, 275:L931-L941.
130. Steinhorn RH, Russell JA, Morin FC Disruption of cGMP production in pulmonary arteries isolated from fetal lambs with pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 268:H1483-H1489.
131. Rosenberg AA, Kennaugh J, Koppenhafer SL, et al. Increased immunoreactive endothelin-1 levels in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J. Pediatr. 1993, 123:109-114.
132. Ivy DD, LeCras TD, Horan MP, et al. Increased lung preproendothelin-1 and decreased endothelin B receptor gene expression after chronic pulmonary hypertension in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 1998, 274:L535-L541.
133. Ivy DD, Parker TA, Ziegler JW, et al. Prolonged endothelin A receptor blockade attenuates chronic pulmonary hypertension in the ovine fetus. J. Clin. Invest. 1997, 99:1179-1186.