The road less traveled: Nursing advocacy at the policy level

Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 180-194

  Spenceley, Shannon M ^a   Reutter, Linda ^a   Allen, Marion N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Nursing knowledge; Policy advocacy; Policy discourse

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; NURSING; PATIENT ADVOCACY; PUBLIC RELATIONS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; THEORETICAL MODEL; UNITED STATES;

HEALTH CARE COALITIONS; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; INTERPROFESSIONAL RELATIONS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; NURSING; PATIENT ADVOCACY; SOCIAL JUSTICE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33750574947     PISSN: 15271544     EISSN: 15527468     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1527154406293683     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J., Busse, R., Clarke, H., et al. (2001). Nurses' reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs, 20, 43-53.
2. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J., & Silber, J. H. (2002). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1987-1993.
3. Algase, D. L., Beel-Bates, C., & Ziemba, R. (2004). Lead, link and learn: A policy/research fellowship program in aging. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 5(2), 116-124.
4. Antrobus, S. (2004). Why does nursing need political leaders? Journal of Nursing Management, 12, 227-234.
5. Antrobus, S., & Kitson, A. (1999). Nursing leadership: Influencing and shaping health policy and nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(3), 746-753.
6. Baldwin, M. A. (2003). Patient advocacy: A concept analysis. Nursing Standard, 17(21), 33-39.
7. Ballou, K. A. (2000). A historical-philosophical analysis of the professional nurse obligation to participate in sociopolitical activities. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 1(3), 172-184.
8. Bernal, E. W. (1992). The nurse as patient advocate. Hastings Center Report, 22(4), 18-23.
9. Beyers, M. (2000). Organizational perspectives: The American Organization of Nurse Executives role in policy development. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 1(1), 60-62.
10. Bishop, A. H., & Scudder, J. R. (1990). The practical moral and personal sense of nursing: A phenomenological philosophy of practice. Albany: State University of New York Press.
11. Borthwick, C., & Galbally, R. (2001). Nursing leadership and health sector reform. Nursing Inquiry, 8(2), 75-81.
12. Boswell, C., Cannon, S., & Miller, J. (2005). Nurses' political involvement: Responsibility versus privilege. Journal of Professional Nursing, 21(1), 5-8.
13. Breeding, J., & Turner, D. (2002). Registered nurses' lived experience of advocacy within a critical care unit: A phenomenological study. Australian Critical Care, 15(3), 110-117.
14. Brown, S. G. (1996). Incorporating political socialization theory into baccalaureate nursing education. Nursing Outlook, 44(3), 120-123.
15. Browne, A. (2004). Response to critique of "the influence of liberal political ideology on nursing science." Nursing Inquiry, 11(2), 122-123.
16. Browne, A. J. (2001). The influence of liberal political ideology on nursing science. Nursing Inquiry, 8(2), 118-129.
17. Browne, G. (2003). Making the case for youth recreation, integrated service delivery: More efficient, less expensive. Ideas That Matter, 2(3), 3-8.
18. Browne, G. (2004). Early childhood education and health: Integration of children's services. In D. Raphael (Ed.), Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives (pp. 125-137). Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press.
19. Bryant, T. (2001). The social welfare policy change process: Civil society actors and the role of knowledge. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto.
20. Bryant, T. (2002). Role of knowledge in public health and health promotion policy change. Health Promotion International, 17(1), 89-98.
21. Bryant, T. (2004). How knowledge and political ideology affects rental housing policy in Ontario, Canada: Application of a knowledge paradigms framework of policy change. Housing Studies, 19(4), 635-651.
22. Canadian Nurses Association. (2000). Nursing is a political act-The bigger picture. Nursing Now, 8, 1-4.
23. Canadian Nurses Association. (2002). Code of ethics. Retrieved March 7, 2006, from http://cnaaiic.ca/CNA/practice/ethics/code/default_e.aspx
24. Carney, M. (2004). Perceptions of professional clinicians and non-clinicians on their involvement in strategic planning in healthcare management: Implications for interdisciplinary involvement. Nursing and Health Sciences, 6, 321-328.
25. Carper, B. A. (1978). Fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 1(1), 13-23.
26. Cary, A. H. (1998). Ethical perspectives: advocacy and allocation. NursingConnections, 11(1), 35-40.
27. Chafey, K., Rhea, M., Shannon, A. M., & Spencer, S. (1998). Characterizations of advocacy by practicing nurses. Journal of Professional Nursing, 14, 43-52.
28. Chapman, S. (2001). Advocacy in public health: Roles and challenges. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 1226-1232.
29. Cody, W. K. (1999). Response to: Requirements for a metaparadigm. Nursing Science Quarterly, 9(3), 97-99.
30. Cody, W. K., & Mitchell, G. J. (2002). Nursing knowledge and human science revisited: Practical and political considerations. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(1), 4-13.
31. Community Health Nurses Association of Canada. (2003). Standards of practice. Retrieved October 11, 2005, from www.communityhealthnursescanada.org/ Standards.htm
32. Conger, C. O., & Johnson, P. (2000). Integrating political involvement and nursing education. Nurse Educator, 25(2), 99-103.
33. Copp, L. A. (1986). The nurse as advocate for vulnerable persons. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 11(3), 255-263.
34. Corcoran, S. (1988). Toward operationalizing an advocacy role. Journal of Professional Nursing, 4(4), 242-248.
35. Cramer, M. E. (2002). Factors influencing organized political participation in nursing. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 3(2), 97-107.
36. Cull-Wilby, B. L., & Pepin, J. I. (1987). Towards a coexistence of paradigms in nursing knowledge development. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 12, 515-521.
37. Cummings, G., & Estabrooks, C. (2003). The effects of hospital restructuring that included layoffs on individual nurses who remained employed: A systematic review of impact. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(8/9), 8-53.
38. Curtin, L. (2001). Ethics and politics are not oxymorons! Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 2(1), 6-8.
39. Curtin, L. L. (1979). The nurse as advocate: A philosophical foundation for nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 1, 1-10.
40. Dalyrymple, J. (2004). Developing the concept of professional advocacy: An examination of the role of child and youth advocates in England and Wales. Journal of Social Work, 4(2), 179-197.
41. Davenport-Ennis, N., Cover, M., Ades, T. B., & Stovall, E. (2002). An analysis of advocacy: A collaborative essay. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 18(4), 290-296.
42. Davies, C. (2004). Political leadership and the politics of nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(4), 235-241.
43. Davis, P., & Howden-Chapman, P. (1996). Translating research findings into health policy. Social Science and Medicine, 43(5), 865-872.
44. Des Jardin, K. E. (2001a). Political involvement in nursing - Education and empowerment. American Operating Room Nurses Journal, 74(4), 467-475, 476-479, 481-482.
45. Des Jardin, K. (2001b). Political involvement in nursing - Politics, ethics, and strategic action. American Operating Room Nurses Journal, 74(5), 614-630.
46. Dickinson, J. K. (1999). A critical social theory approach to nursing care of adolescents with diabetes. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 22, 143-152.
47. DiGaudio, K. M. (1993). Nurses' participation in policy making activities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo.
48. Dubler, N. N. (1992). Individual advocacy as a governing principle. Journal of Case Management, 13, 82-86.
49. Duncan, S. (2003). A critical theory approach to the analysis of home care policy in a regional context. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
50. Duncan, S., & Reutter, L. (2006). A critical policy analysis of an emerging agenda for home care in one Canadian province. Health and Social Care in the Community, 14(3), 242-253.
51. Eastwood, G. L. (1996). The American Gastroenterological Association legislative and public policy program: Advocating for the patient, the clinician, and the academician. Gastroenterology, 110(4), 1263-1265.
52. Ellenbecker, C. H. (2005). A nursing PhD specialty in health policy: University of Massachusetts Boston. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(3), 229-235.
53. Estabrooks, C. A., Midodzi, W. K., Cummings, G. G., Ricker, K. L., & Giovannetti, P. (2005). The impact of hospital nursing characteristics on 30 day mortality. Nursing Research, 54(2), 74-84.
54. Evans, G. L. (1999). The ethical and legal implications surrounding the concept of advocacy. Assignment: Ongoing Work of Healthcare Students, 5(1), 3-10.
55. Evidence-Based Working Group. (1997). Creating a culture of evidence-based decision making in health. Ottawa, Canada: National Forum on Health.
56. Falk-Rafael, A. (2005). Speaking truth to power: Nursing's legacy and moral imperative. Advances in Nursing Science, 28(3), 212-223.
57. Falk-Rafael, A. R. (1999). The politics of health promotion: influences on public health promoting nursing practice in Ontario, Canada from Nightingale to the nineties. Advances in Nursing Science, 22(1), 23-39.
58. Faulk, D. R., & Ternus, M. P. (2004). Strategies for teaching public policy in nursing: a creative approach. Nurse Educator, 29(3), 99-102.
59. Fawcett, J. (1984). The metaparadigm of nursing. Current status and future refinements. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 16, 84-87.
60. Fawcett, J. (1996). On the requirements for a metaparadigm: An invitation to dialogue. Nursing Science Quarterly, 9(3), 94-97.
61. Fawcett, J., & Russell, G. (2001). A conceptual model of nursing and health policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 2(2), 108-116.
62. Feldman, P. H., Nadash, P., & Gursen, M. (2001). Improving communication between researchers and policy makers in long-term care: Or, researchers are from Mars; policy makers are from Venus. The Gerontologist, 41(2), 312-321.
63. Ficet, T. (2000). The little gidding. Retrieved March 6, 2006, from www.tristan.icom43.net/quartets/
64. Fischer, F. (1993). Citizen participation and the democratization of policy expertise: From theoretical inquiry to practical cases. Policy Sciences, 26, 165-187.
65. Fischer, F. (2003). Refraining public policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
66. Foley, B. J., Minick, M. P., & Kee, C. C. (2002). How nurses learn advocacy. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34(2), 181-186.
67. Fowler, D. M. (1989). Social advocacy: Ethical issues in critical care. Heart and Lung, 18(1), 97-99.
68. Gadow, S. (1980). Existential advocacy: Philosophical foundation of nursing. In S. F. Spicker & S. S. Gadow (Eds.), Nursing: Images and ideals (pp. 79-101). New York: Springer.
69. Gebbie, K. M., Wakefield, M., & Kerfoot, K. (2000). Nursing and health policy. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32(3), 307-315.
70. Giddings, L. S. (2005a). Health disparities, social injustice and the culture of nursing. Nursing Research, 54(5), 304-312.
71. Giddings, L. S. (2005b). A theoretical model of social consciousness. Advances in Nursing Science, 28(3), 224-239.
72. Glass, H. (2000). Discourse. Primary healthcare: Then and now. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 32(1), 9-16.
73. Glass, H., & Hicks, S. (2000). Healthy public policy in health system reform. In M. J. Stewart (Ed.), Community nursing: Promoting Canadian's health (2nd ed., pp. 156-170). Toronto, Canada: W.B. Saunders.
74. Government of Alberta. (2006). Health policy framework. Retrieved March 6, 2006, from Alberta Health & Wellness Web site: www.health.gov.ab.ca
75. Grace, P. J. (1998). A philosophical analysis of the concept "advocacy": Implications for professional-patient relationships. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
76. Grace, P. J. (2001). Advocacy: Widening the scope of accountability. Nursing Philosophy, 2, 151-162.
77. Gray, B. H., & Phillips, S. R. (1995). Medical sociology and health policy: Where are the connections? Journal of Health and Social Behavior [Special issue: Forty years of medical sociology: The state of the art and directions for the future], 35, 170-181.
78. Griepp, M. E. (2002). Forces driving healthcare policy decisions. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 3(1), 35-42.
79. Hall, J. M. (1999). Marginalization revisited: Critical, postmodern and liberation perspectives. Advances in Nursing Science, 22(2), 88-102.
80. Halpern, I. M. (2002). Reflections of a health policy advocate: The natural extension of nursing activities. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29(9), 1261-1263.
81. Hanney S. R., Gonzalez-Block, M. A., Buxton, M. J., & Kogan, M. (2002). The utilisation of health research in policy-making: Concepts, examples and methods of assessment (HERG Research Report No. 28). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
82. Harrington, C., Crider, M. C., Benner, P. E., & Malone, R. (2005). Advanced nursing training in health policy: Designing and implementing a new program. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 6(2), 99-108.
83. Harris, E. (2004). The importance of MNA-PAC: Getting MNA's message across. Michigan Nurse, 76(10), 16-18.
84. Harrison, E., & Falco, S. M. (2005). Health disparity and the nurse advocate. Advances in Nursing Science, 28(3), 252-264.
85. Hart, S. (2000). In the health policy spotlight: An interview with Virginia Trotter Betts. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 1(2), 124-127.
86. Haylock, P. J. (2000). Health policy and legislation: Impact on cancer nursing and care. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 16(1), 76-84.
87. Heath, H. (1998). Reflection and patterns of knowing in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27, 1054-1059.
88. Hellwig, S. D., Yam, M., & DiGiulio, M. (2003). Nurse case managers perceptions of advocacy: A phenomenological inquiry. Lippincott's Case Management, 8(2), 53-65.
89. Hess, D. J. (2002). Complementary or alternative? Stronger vs. weaker integration policies. American Journal of Public Health, 92(10), 1579-1581.
90. Hewitt, J. (2002). A critical review of the arguments debating the role of the nurse advocate. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(5), 439-445.
91. Hutchinson, S. A. (1990). Responsible subversion: A study of rule-bending among nurses. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 4(1), 3-17.
92. Idelson, C., & Bloice, C. (1997). A public voice for nursing and patient care. California Nurse, 94(2), 15.
93. Innvaer, S., Vist, G., Trommald, M., & Oxman, A. (2002). Health policy makers/perceptions of their use of evidence: A systematic review. Health Services Research and Policy, 7(4), 239-244.
94. Jennings, B. M., & Loan, L. A. (2001). Misconceptions among nurses about evidence-based practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(2), 121-127.
95. Jennings, C. P. (2002). Nurse health policy specialists taking the lead in public policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 3(1), 3.
96. Jezewski, M. A. (1993). Culture brokering as a model for advocacy. Nursing and Healthcare, 14(2), 78-85.
97. Johnson, M. (1999). Observations on positivism and pseudoscience in qualitative nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30(1), 67-73.
98. Jones, J. M. (2005). Nurses remain atop ethics and honesty list. Retrieved March 17, 2006, from the Gallup Poll Web site: http://poll.gallup.com/ content/default.aspx?ci=20254
99. Keepnews, D., & Marullo, G. (1996). Policy imperatives for nursing in an era of healthcare restructuring. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 20(3), 19-31.
100. Keepnews, D. M. (2005). Policy perspectives of major nursing organizations. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(2), 109-126.
101. Kieffer, V. R. (2000). How hospital-employed nurses experience and carry out the role of patient advocate in practice. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo.
102. Kohnke, M. F. (1982). Advocacy, risk and reality. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby.
103. Konkle-Parker, D. J. (2000). Political activity: a nursing intervention. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 11(3), 93-4.
104. Kopec, J., & Schultz, S. (2003). Impact of chronic conditions. Health Reports, 14(4:), 41-56.
105. Krauss, J. B. (1996). Advocating advocacy [Editorial]. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(6), 327.
106. Kubsch, S. M., Sternard, M. J., Hovarter, R., & Matzke, V. (2004). A holistic model of advocacy: factors that influence its use. Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery, 10(1), 37-45.
107. Laraway, A. S., & Jennings, C. P. (2002). Health insurance flexibility and accountability demonstration initiative (HIFA): A policy analysis using Kingdon's policy streams model. Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 3(4), 358-366.
108. Lasseter, F. (1999). A nursing legacy - Political activities at the turn of the century. American Operating Room Nurses Journal, 70(5), 902-907.
109. Lavis, J. N., Robertson, D., Woodside, J. M., McLeod, C. B., Abelson, J., & Knowledge Transfer Study Group. (2003). How can research organizations more effectively transfer research knowledge to decision-makers? Milbank Quarterly, 81(2), 221-248.
110. Lomas, J. (1990). Finding audiences, changing beliefs: the structure of research use in Canadian health policy. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 15(3), 525-542.
111. MacDonald, M. B., & Schoenfeld, B. M. (2003). Expanding roles for public health nursing. Canadian Nurse, 99(7), 19-22.
112. Mallik, M. (1997). Advocacy in nursing-a review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 130-138.
113. Mallik, M., & McHaIe, J. (1995). Support for advocacy. Nursing Outlook, 91(4), 28-30.
114. Malone, R. (2005). Assessing the policy environment. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(2), 135-143.
115. Maynard, C. A. (1999). Political influence: a model for advanced nursing education. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 13(4), 191-195.
116. McAllister, M. M. (1997). Policy implementation as advocacy: Nurse administrator's experiences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University, Boston.
117. Mechanic, D., & Reinhard, S. C. (2002). Contributions of nurses to health policy: challenges and opportunities. Nursing and Health Policy Review, 1(1), 7-15.
118. Meerabeau, L. (1996). Managing policy research in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(3), 633-639.
119. Miller, A., & Russel, K. (1992). Public policy analysis for registered nurses in a baccalaureate curriculum. NursingConnections, 5(4), 17-24.
120. Minicucci, D. S., Schmitt, M. H., Dombeck, M. T., & Williams, G. C. (2003). Actualizing Gadow's moral framework for nursing through research. Nursing Philosophy, 4, 92-103.
121. Mitchell, G., & Bournes, D. A. (2000). Nurse as patient advocate? In search of straight thinking. Nursing Science Quarterly, 13(3), 204-209.
122. Mitchell, G. J., & Cody, W. K. (1992). Nursing knowledge and human science: Ontological and epistemological considerations. Nursing Science Quarterly, 5(2), 54-61.
123. Monti, E. J., & Tingen, M. S. (1999). Multiple paradigms in nursing science. Advances in Nursing Science, 21(4), 64-80.
124. Murphy, N., Canales, M. K., Norton, S. A., & DeFilippis, J. (2005). Striving for congruence: The interconnection between values, practice and political action. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(1), 20-29.
125. Myrick, F., Phelan, A., Barlow, C., Sawa, R., Rogers, G., & Hurlock, D. (2006). Conflict in the preceptorship or field experience: A rippling tide of silence. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 3(1), 1-16.
126. Nahigian, E. (2003). Factors associated with the advocacy decisions of registered professional nurses employed as staff nurses in inpatient adult care hospitals. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo.
127. Nelson, S., & Gordon, S. (2004). The rhetoric of rupture: Nursing as a practice with a history? Nursing Outlook, 52(5), 255-261.
128. O'Connor, J. S., Orloff, A. S., & Shaver, S. (1999). States, markets, families: Gender, liberalism and social policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
129. Odom-Forren, J. (2006). Mandatory reporting of healthcare associated infections: Kingdon's multiple streams approach. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 7(1), 64-72.
130. Ortner, P. M. (2004). The nurse as change agent: An approach to environmental health advocacy training. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 5(2), 125-130.
131. O'Sullivan, J., & Lussier-Duynstee, P. (2006). Adolescent homelessness, nursing and public health policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 7(1), 73-77.
132. Pace, J. C. (1985). An advocacy model for healthcare professionals. Family and Community Health, 7(4), 77-87.
133. Parse, R. R. (1995). The human becoming practice methodology. In R. R. Parse (Ed.), Illuminations: The human becoming theory in practice and research (pp. 81-85). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
134. Pullen, F. (1995). Advocacy: A specialist practitioner role. British Journal of Nursing, 4(5), 275-278.
135. Rafael, A. R. F. (1995). Advocacy and empowerment: Dichotomous or synchronous concepts? Advances in Nursing Science, 18, 25-32.
136. Rains-Warner, J. (2000). The effect of health policy education on self-perceived political competence of graduate nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 39(1), 37-40.
137. Rains-Warner, J., & Barton-Kriese, P. (2001). Developing political competence: A comparative study across disciplines. Public Health Nursing, 18(4), 219-224.
138. Raphael, D. (2000). Health inequalities in Canada: Current discourses and implications for public health action. Critical Public Health, 10(2), 193-216.
139. Raphael, D. (2004). Introduction to the social determinants of health. In D. Raphael (Ed.), Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives (pp. 1-18). Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press.
140. Raphael, D., Anstice, S., Raine, K., McGannon, K. R., Rizvi, S. K., & Yu, V. (2003). The social determinants of the incidence and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Are we prepared to rethink our questions and redirect our research activities? International Journal of Healthcare Quality Assurance, 16(3), 10-20.
141. Raphael, D., & Bryant, T. (2002). The limitations of population health as a model for a new public health. Health Promotion International, 17(2), 189-199.
142. Reutter, L., & Duncan, S. (2002). Preparing nurses to promote health-enhancing public policies. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 3(4), 294-305.
143. Reutter, L., & Williamson, D. L. (2000). Advocating healthy public policy: implications for baccalaureate nursing education. Journal of Nursing Education, 39 (1), 21-26.
144. Rice, J. J., & Prince, M. J. (2000). Changing politics of Canadian social policy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
145. Rose, P. (1995). Best interests: A concept analysis and its implications for ethical decision-making in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 2(2), 149-160.
146. Ross, S., Lavis, J., Rodriguez, C., Woodside, J., & Denis, J. L. (2003). Partnership experiences: Involving decision makers in the research process. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 8(Suppl 4), 26-34.
147. Royal College of Nursing of Australia. (2003). Position statement on social policy and health. Retrieved March 6, 2006, from www.rcna.org.au/pages/ position.php
148. Russell, G. E., & Fawcett, J. (2005). The conceptual model for nursing and health policy revisited. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(4), 319-326.
149. Sabatier, P. (1987). Knowledge, policy-oriented learning and policy change: An advocacy coalition framework. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 8, 649-692.
150. Sabatier, P. (1999). Theories of the policy process. Boulder, CO: Westview.
151. Sabatier, P. A., & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. (1993). Policy change and learning: An advocacy coalition approach. Boulder, CO: Westview.
152. Sanchez-Sweatman, L. R. (1997). The nurse and the patient: Is it a fiduciary-advocacy relationship? Journal of Nursing Law, 4(1), 35-51.
153. Sarikonda-Woitas, C., & Robinson, J. H. (2002). Ethical healthcare policy: Nursing's voice in allocation. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 26(4), 72-80.
154. Schön, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner. New York: Basic Books.
155. Schön, D., & Rein, M. (1994). Frame reflection: Toward the resolution of intractable policy controversies. New York: Basic Books.
156. Schorn, M. N. (2005). Emergency contraception for sexual assault victims: An advocacy coalition framework. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(4), 343-353.
157. Schwartz, L. (2002). Is there an advocate in the house? The role of healthcare professionals in patient advocacy. Journal of Medical Ethics, 37(4), 1-6.
158. Scott, C., & West, E. (2001). Nursing in the public sphere: Health policy research in a changing world. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(3), 387-395.
159. Scott-Findlay, S., Estabrooks, C. A., Cohn, D., & Pollock, C. (2002). Nursing human resource planning in Alberta: What went wrong? Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 3(4), 348-357.
160. Segesten, K. (1993). Patient advocacy: An important part of the daily work of the expert nurse. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 7, 129-135.
161. Sellin, S. C. (1991). Patient advocacy among institutionally employed registered nurses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Francisco.
162. Sherraden, M. S., Slosar, B., & Sherraden, M. (2002). Innovation in social policy: Collaborative policy advocacy. Social Work, 47(3), 209-221.
163. Shore, M. F. (1998). Beyond self-interest. American Psychologist, 53(4), 474-479.
164. Snowball, J. (1996). Asking nurses about advocating for patients: "reactive" and "proactive" accounts. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24, 67-75.
165. Sochalski, J., Estabrooks, C. A., & Humphrey, C. K. (1999). Nurse staffing and patient outcomes: Evolution of an international study. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 31(3), 69-88.
166. Spenceley, S. (2004a). Nursing and evidence-based health policy: A critical look. Nursing and Health Policy Review, 3(1), 19-33.
167. Spenceley, S. (2004b). Out of fertile muck: The evolving narrative of nursing. Nursing Philosophy, 5, 201-207.
168. Stairs, D. (2000, Spring). Liberalism and the triumph of efficiency in Canada-US relations. ISUMA, 11-16.
169. Stajduhar, K. I., Balneaves, L., & Thorne, S. E. (2001). A case for the "middle ground": Exploring the tensions of postmodern thought in nursing. Nursing Philosophy, 2(1), 72-82.
170. Stone, D. (2002). Policy paradox: The art of political decision-making. New York: Norton.
171. Thorne, S., McCormick, J., & Carty, E. (1997). Deconstructing the gender neutrality of chronic illness and disability. Healthcare for Women International, 18(1), 1-16.
172. Thorne, S. E. (2001). Dialogue people and their parts: Deconstructing the debates in theorizing nursing's clients. Nursing Philosophy, 2(3), 259-262.
173. Trust in nurses remains high. (2005, June). Alberta RN, p. 15.
174. Vaartio, H., & Kilpi, H. (2005). Nursing advocacy - A review of the empirical research 1990-2003. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 42(6), 705-714.
175. Wakefield, J. (2001). Environmental Florence Nightingales: Nursing's new front line. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(3), A118-123.
176. Warner, J. R. (2003). A phenomenological approach to political competence: Stories of nurse activists. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 4(2), 135-143.
177. Weible, C., Sabatier, P. A., & Lubell, M. (2004). A comparison of a collaborative and top-down approach to the use of science in policy: Establishing marine protected areas in California. Policy Studies Journal, 32(2), 187-207.
178. West, E., & Scott, C. (2000). Nursing in the public sphere: Breaching the boundary between research and policy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 817-824.
179. White, J. (1995). Patterns of knowing: Review, critique and update. Advances in Nursing Science, 17(4), 73-86.
180. Williams, L. M. (2004). Researcher-advocate collaborations to end violence against women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(11), 1350-1357.
181. Williamson, D. (2001). The role of the health sector in addressing poverty. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 178-183.
182. Wilson, D. (2002). Testing a theory of political development by comparing the political action of nurses and non-nurses. Nursing Outlook, 50, 30-34.
183. Wlody, R. K. (1993). Models of patient advocacy as perceived by critical care and non-critical care nurses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA.
184. World Health Organization. (1986). Ottawa charter for health promotion. Retrieved from www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa_charter_hp.pdf
185. World Health Organization. (2005). Observatory on healthcare for chronic conditions. Retrieved April 10, 2005, from www.who.int/chronic_conditions/why/ en/index.html
186. Zafonte, M., & Sabatier, P. (2004). Short-term versus long-term coalitions in the policy process: Automotive pollution control, 1963-1989. Policy Studies Journal, 32(1), 75-107.