Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal factor subfertility: Immunogenetic aspects and serological screening

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 719-730

  den Hartog, J E ^a   Morre S A ^b   Land, J A ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Chlamydia trachomatis; Immunogenetics; Serological markers; Tubal factor subfertility

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION PROTEIN; NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIBODY DETECTION; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CHLAMYDIASIS; CLEARANCE; DISEASE COURSE; FEMALE SUBFERTILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; PERSISTENT INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCREENING TEST; SEROLOGY; UTERINE TUBE DISEASE;

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; FALLOPIAN TUBE DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; SEROLOGIC TESTS; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 33750223872     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dml030     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. AbdelRahman YM and Belland RJ (2005) The chlamydial developmental cycle. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29,949-959.
2. Akande VA, Hunt LP, Cahill DJ, Caul EO, Ford WCL and Jenkins JM (2003) Tubal damage in infertile women: Prediction using chlamydia serology. Hum Reprod 18,1841-1847.
3. Akira S and Takeda K (2004) Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 4,499-511.
4. Andersen B, Østergaard L, Puho E, Skriver MV and Schønheyder HC (2005) Ectopic pregnancies and reproductive capacity after Chlamydia trachomatis positive and negative test results: A historical follow-up study. Sex Transm Dis 32,377-381.
5. Anttila T, Saikku P, Koskela P, Bloigu A, Dillner J, Ikaheimo I, Jellum E, Lehtinen M, Lenner P, Hakulinen T et al. (2001) Serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and risk for development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA 285,47-51.
6. Arno JN, Yuan Y, Cleary RE and Morrison RP (1995) Serologic responses of infertile women to the 60-kd chlamydial heat shock protein (hsp60). Fertil Steril 64,730-735.
7. Bailey RL, Holland MJ, Whittle HC and Mabey DCW (1995) Subjects recovering from human ocular chlamydial infection have enhanced lymphoproliferative responses to chlamydial antigens compared to those of persistently diseased controls. Infect Immun 63,389-392.
8. Bailey RL, Fowler A, Peeling R, Mabey D, Whittle H and Jepson A (1998) Lymphoproliferative responses to C. trachomatis EBS in a Gambian twin population; Estimating the role of host genetic factors. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections, Napa, CA, USA, June 21-26, 1998, pp. 474-477.
9. Bragina EY, Gomberg MA and Dmitriev GA (2001) Electron microscopic evidence of persistent chlamydial infection following treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15,405-409.
10. Carlson JH, Hughes S, Hogan D, Cieplak G, Sturdevant DE, McClarty G, Caldwell HD and Belland RJ (2004) Polymorphisms in the Chlamydia trachomatis cytotoxin locus associated with ocular and genital isolates. Infect Immun 72,7063-7072.
11. Cates W and Wasserheit JN (1991) Genital chlamydial infections: epidemiology and reproductive sequelae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164,1771-1781.
12. Chaim W, Edelstein Z, Sarov B and Sarov I (1992) The long-term follow-up of asymptomatic women with Chlamydia trachomatis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 251,159-164.
13. Chapron C, Querleu D, Bruhart MA, Madelenat P, Fernandez H, Pierre F and Dubuisson JB (1998) Surgical complications of diagnostic and operative gynaecological laparoscopy: A series of 29 966 cases. Hum Reprod 13,867-872.
14. Claman P, Honey L, Peeling RW, Jessamine P and Toye B (1997) The presence of serum antibody to the chlamydial heat shock protein (CHSP60) as a diagnostic test for tubal factor infertility. Fertil Steril 67,501-504.
15. Collet M, Reniers J, Frost E, Gass R, Yvert F, Leclerc A, Roth-Meyer C, Ivanoff B and Meheus A (1988) Infertility in Central Africa: Infection is the cause. Int J Gynecol Obstet 26,423-428.
16. Collins JA and Van Steirteghem A (2004) Overall prognosis with current treatment of infertility. Hum Reprod Update 10,309-316.
17. Collins JA, Burrows EA and Willan AR (1995) The prognosis for live birth among untreated infertile couples. Fertil Steril 64,22-28.
18. Creighton S, Tenant-Flowers M, Taylor CB, Miller R and Low N (2003) Co-infection with gonorrhoea and chlamydia: How much is there and what does it mean? Int J STD AIDS 14,109-113.
19. Dabekausen YA, Evers JLH, Land JA and Stals FS (1994) Chlamydia trachomatis antibody testing is more accurate than hysterosalpingography in predicting tubal factor infertility. Fertil Steril 61,833-837.
20. Darville T, O'Neill JM, Andrews CW, Nagarajan UM, Stahl L and Ojcius DM (2003) Toll-like receptor-2, but not toll-like receptor-4, is essential for development of oviduct pathology in chlamydial genital tract infection. J Immunol 171,6187-6197.
21. Dean D, Suchland RJ and Stamm WE (2000) Evidence for long-term cervical persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis by omp1 genotyping. J Infect Dis 182,909-916.
22. Derbigny WA, Kerr MS and Johnson RM (2005) Pattern recognition molecules activated by Chlamydia muridarum infection of cloned murine oviduct epithelial cell lines. J Immunol 175,6065-6075.
23. Eggert-Kruse W, Rohr G, Demirakca T, Rusu R, Näher H, Petzoldt D and Runnebaum B (1997) Chlamydial serology in 1303 asymptomatic subfertile couples. Hum Reprod 12,1464-1475.
24. Erridge C, Stewart J and Poxton IR (2003) Monocytes heterozygous for the Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile mutations in the toll-like receptor 4 gene show no deficit in lipopolysaccharide signalling. J Exp Med 197,1787-1791.
25. Falck G, Gnarpe J, Hansson LO, Svärdsudd K and Gnarpe H (2002) Comparison of individuals with and without specific IgA antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Respiratory morbidity and the metabolic syndrome. Chest 122,1587-1593.
26. Fazeli A, Bruce C and Anumba DO (2005) Characterization of Toll-like receptors in the female reproductive tract in humans. Hum Reprod 20,1372-1378.
27. Fiddelers AAA, Land JA, Voss G, Kessels AGH and Severens JL (2005) Cost-effectiveness of Chlamydia antibody tests in subfertile women. Hum Reprod 20,425-432.
28. Forsey J, Caul E, Paul ID and Hull MGR (1990) Chlamydia trachomatis, tubal disease and the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection following hysterosalpingography. Hum Reprod 5,444-447.
29. Franchimont D, Vermeire S, El Housni H, Pierik M, Van Steen K, Gustot T, Quertinmont E, Abramowicz M, Van Gossum A, Devière J et al. (2004) Deficient host-bacteria interactions in inflammatory bowel disease? The toll-like receptor (TLR) -4 Asp299gly polymorphism is associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Gut 53,987-992.
30. Freidank HM, Clad A, Herr AS, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M and Jung B (1995) Immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein in infertile female patients and influence of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14,1063-1069.
31. Frodsham AJ (2005) Host genetics and the outcome of hepatitis B viral infection. Transpl Immunol 14,183-186.
32. Gattone M, Iacoviello L, Colombo M, Di Castelnuovo A, Soffiantino F, Gramoni A, Picco D, Benedetta M and Giannuzzi P (2001) Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus seropositivity, inflammatory markers, and the risk of myocardial infarction at a young age. Am Heart J 142,633-640.
33. Geisler WM, Suchland RJ, Whittington WLH and Stamm WE (2003) The relationship of serovar to clinical manifestations of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Sex Transm Dis 30,160-165.
34. Gijsen AP, Land JA, Goossens VJ, Leffers P and Bruggeman CA (2001) Chlamydia pneumoniae and screening for tubal factor subfertility. Hum Reprod 16,487-491.
35. Gijsen AP, Land JA, Goossens VJ, Slobbe MEP and Bruggeman CA (2002) Chlamydia antibody testing in screening for tubal factor subfertility: the significance of IgG antibody decline over time. Hum Reprod 17,669-703.
36. Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Viala J, Chamaillard M, Labigne A, Thomas G, Philpott DJ and Sansonetti PJ (2003) Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 278,8869-8872.
37. Golden MR, Schillinger JA, Markowitz L and St Louis ME (2000) Duration of untreated genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis: A review of the literature. Sex Transm Dis 27,329-337.
38. Hampe J, Frenzel H, Mirza MM, Croucher PJP, Cuthbert A, Mascheretti S, Huse K, Platzer M, Bridger S, Meyer B et al. (2002) Evidence for a NOD2-independent susceptibility locus for inflammatory bowel disease on chromosome 16p. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99,321-326.
39. Harindra V, Tobin JM and Underhill G (2002) Opportunistic chlamydia screening; should positive patients be screened for co-infections? Int J STD AIDS 13,822-825.
40. den Hartog JE, Land JA, Stassen FRM, Kessels AGH and Bruggeman CA (2005) Serological markers of persistent C. trachomatis infections in women with tubal factor subfertility. Hum Reprod 20,986-990.
41. den Hartog JE, Ouburg S, Land JA, Lyons JM, Ito JI, Peña AS and Morré SA Do host genetic traits in the bacterial sensing system play a role in the development of C. trachomatis-associated tubal pathology in subfertile women? (submitted for publication).
42. Hawkins RA, Rank RG and Kelly KA (2002) A Chlamydia trachomatis-specific Th2 clone does not provide protection against a genital infection and displays reduced trafficking to the infected genital mucosa. Infect Immun 70,5132-5139.
43. Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Kaisho T, Sato S, Sanjo H, Matsumoto M, Hoshino K, Wagner H, Takeda K et al. (2000) A toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408,740-745.
44. Henry-Suchet J, Askienazy-Elbhar M, Thibon M, Revol C and Akue BA (1994) The post-therapeutic course of serum antibody titres in women with acute salpingitis and tubal infertility. Fertil Steril 62,296-304.
45. Holland MJ, Bailey RL, Conway DJ, Culley F, Miranpuri G, Byrne GI, Whittle HC and Mabey DCW (1996) T helper type-1 (Th1) /Th2 profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); response to antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis in subjects with severe trachomatous scarring. Clin Exp Immunol 105,429-435.
46. Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cézard JP, Belaiche J, Almer S, Tysk C, O'Morrain CA, Gassull M et al. (2001) Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 411,599-603.
47. Inohara N and Nuñez G (2003) NODs: Intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Nat Rev Immunol 3,371-382.
48. Inohara N, Ogura Y, Chen FF, Muto A and Nuñez G (2001) Human Nod1 confers responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J Biol Chem 276,2551-2554.
49. Ito JI, Lyons JM and Airo-Brown LP (1990) Variation in virulence among oculogenital serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis in experimental genital tract infection. Infect Immun 58,2021-2023.
50. Jeremias J, Giraldo P, Durrant S, Ribeiro-Filho A and Witkin SS (1999) Relationship between Ureoplasma urealyticum vaginal colonization and polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. J Infect Dis 180,912-914.
51. Johnston SC, Messina LM, Browner WS, Lawton MT, Morris C and Dean D (2001) C-reactive protein levels and viable Chlamydia pneumoniae in carotid artery atherosclerosis. Stroke 32,2748-2752.
52. Jones RB, Mammel JB, Shepard MK and Fisher RR (1986) Recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the endomtrium of women at risk for chlamydial infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155,35-39.
53. Joyner JL, Douglas JM, Foster M and Judson FN (2002) Persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection detected by polymerase chain reaction in untreated patients. Sex Transm Dis 29,196-200.
54. Kaufmann SHE (1990) Heat shock proteins and the immune response. Immunol Today 11,129-136.
55. Land JA, Evers JLH and Goossens VJ (1998) How to use Chlamydia antibody testing in subfertility patients. Hum Reprod 13,1094-1098.
56. Land JA, Gijsen AP, Kessels AGH, Slobbe MEP and Bruggeman CA (2003) Performance of five serological chlamydia antibody tests in subfertile women. Hum Reprod 18,2621-2627.
57. LaVerda D, Kalayoglu MV and Byrne GI (1999) Chlamydial heat shock proteins and disease pathology: New paradigms for old problems? Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 7,64-71.
58. Logan S, Gazvani R, McKenzie H, Templeton A and Bhattacharya S (2003) Can history, ultrasound, or ELISA chlamydial antibodies, alone or in combination, predict tubal factor infertility in subfertile women? Hum Reprod 18,2350-2356.
59. Lorenz E, Mira JP, Cornish KL, Arbour NC and Schwartz DA (2000) A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 68,6398-6401.
60. McGovern DPB, Hysi P, Ahmad T, Van Heel DA, Moffat MF, Carey A, Cookson WOL and Jewell DP (2005) Association between a complex insertion/ deletion polymorphism in NOD1 (CARD4) and susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease. Hum Mol Genet 14,1245-1250.
61. Molano M, Meijer CJLM, Weiderpass E, Arslan A, Posso H, Franceschi S, Ronderos M, Muñoz N and Van den Brule AJC (2005) The natural course of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic Colombian women: A 5-year follow-up study. J Infect Dis 191,907-916.
62. Morré SA, Rozendaal L, Van Valkengoed IGM, Boeke AJP, Van Voorst Vader PC, Schirm J, De Blok S, Van den Hoek JAR, Van Doornum GJJ, Meijer CJLM et al. (2000) Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in men and women with a symptomatic or asymptomatic infection: An association with clinical manifestations? J Clin Microbiol 38,2292-2296.
63. Morré SA, Van den Brule AJC, Rozendaal L, Boeke AJP, Voorhorst FJ, De Blok S and Meijer CJLM (2002) The natural course of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections: 45% clearance and no development of clinical PID after one-year follow-up. Int J STD AIDS 13,12-18.
64. Morré SA, Murillo LS, Bruggeman CA and Peña AS (2003) The role that the functional Asp299Gly polymorphism in the toll-like receptor-4 gene plays in the susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal infertility. J Infect Dis 187,341-342.
65. Morrison RP, Lyng K and Caldwell HD (1989) Chlamydial disease pathogenesis. Ocular hypersensitivity elicited by a genus-specific 57-kD protein. J Exp Med 169,663-675.
66. Mouton JW, Peeters MF, Van Rijssort-Vos JH and Verkooyen RP (2002) Tubal factor pathology caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: The role of serology. Int J STD AIDS 13(Suppl 2),26-29.
67. Mpiga P and Ravaoarinoro M (2006) Chlamydia trachomatis persistence: An update. Microbiol Res 161,9-19.
68. Murillo L, Crusius JBA, Van Bodegraven AA, Alizadeh BZ and Peña AS (2002) CARD15 gene and the classification of Crohn's disease. Immunogenetics 54,59-61.
69. Netea MG, Ferwerda G, De Jong DJ, Werts C, Boneca IG, Jéhanno M, Van der Meer JWM, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Sansonetti PJ, Philpott DJ et al. (2005) The frameshift mutation in Nod2 results in unresponsiveness not only to Nod2- but also Nod1-activating peptidoglycan agonists. J Biol Chem 280,35859-35867.
70. Nsuami M, Cammarata CL, Brooks BN, Taylor SN and Martin DH (2004) Chlamydia and gonorrhea co-occurrence in a high-school population. Sex Transm Dis 31,424-427.
71. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolaes DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, Britton H, Moran T, Karaliuskas R, Duerr RH et al. (2001) A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 411,603-606.
72. Ohashi K, Burkart V, Flohé S and Kolb H (2000) Cutting edge: Heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the toll-like receptor-4 complex. J Immunol 164,558-561.
73. Opitz B, Förster S, Hocke AC, Maass M, Schmeck B, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N and Krüll M (2005) Nod1-mediated endothelial cell activation by Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Circ Res 96,319-326.
74. Ouburg S, Spaargaren J, den Hartog JE, Land JA, Fennema JSA, Pleijster J, Peña AS and Morré SA (2005) The CD14 functional gene polymorphism -260 C>T is not involved in either the susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis infection or the development of tubal pathology. BMC Infect Dis 5,114.
75. Paavonen J, Kiviat N, Brunham RC, Stevens CE, Kuo CC, Stamm WE, Miettinen A, Soules M, Eschenbach DA and Holmes KK (1985a) Prevalence and manifestations of endometritis among women with cervicitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152,280-286.
76. Paavonen J, Aine R, Teisala K, Heinonen PK, Punnonen R, Lehtinen M, Miettinen A and Grönroos P (1985b) Chlamydial endometritis. J Clin Pathol 38,726-732.
77. Paukku M, Närvänen A, Puolakkainen M, Dreesbach K, Tiitinen A, Hao W, Anttila TI and Paavonen J (1998) Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies by 2 novel tests: RELISA and peptide EIA. Int J STD AIDS 9,604-607.
78. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL et al. (2003) Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Application to clinical and public health practice. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107,499-511.
79. Peeters H, Vander Cruyssen B, Laukens D, Coucke P, Marichal D, Van Den Berghe M, Cuvelier C, Remaut E, Mielants H, De Keyser F et al. (2004) Radiological sacroiliitis, a hallmark of spondylitis, is linked with CARD15 gene polymorphisms in patients with Crohn's disease. Ann Rheum Dis 63,1131-1134.
80. Persson K and Osser S (1993) Lack of evidence of a relationship between genital symptoms, cervicitis and salpingitis and different serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 12,195-199.
81. Persson K, Osser S, Birkelund S, Christiansen G and Brade H (1999) Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock proteins in women with tubal factor infertility are associated with prior infection by C. trachomatis but not by C. pneumoniae. Hum Reprod 14,1969-1973.
82. Pioli PA, Amiel E, Schaefer TM, Connolly JE, Wira CR and Guyre PM (2004) Differential expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in tissues of the human female reproductive tract. Infect Immun 72,5799-5806.
83. Piura B, Sarov B and Sarov I (1993) Persistence of antichlamydial antibodies after treatment of acute salpingitis with doxycycline. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 48,117-121.
84. Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Van Huffel C, Du X, Birdwell D, Alejos E, Silva M, Galanos C et al. (1998) Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282,2085-2088.
85. Punnonen R, Terho P, Nikkanen V and Meurman O (1979) Chlamydial serology in infertile women by immunofluorescence. Fertil Steril 31,656-659.
86. Puolakkainen M, Vesterinen E, Purola E, Saikku P and Paavonen J (1986) Persistence of chlamydial antibodies after pelvic inflammatory disease. J Clin Microbiol 23,924-928.
87. Quayle AJ (2002) The innate and early immune response to pathogen challenge in the female genital tract and the pivotal role of epithelial cells. J Reprod Immunol 57,61-79.
88. Rahm VA, Gnarpe H and Odlind V (1988) Chlamydia trachomatis among sexually active teenage girls. Lack of correlation between chlamydial infection, history of the patient and clinical signs of infection. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95,916-919.
89. Rasmussen SJ, Eckmann L, Quayle AJ, Shen L, Zhang YX, Anderson DJ, Fierer J, Stephens RS and Kagnoff MF (1997) Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to Chlamydia infection suggests a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 99,77-87.
90. Read TD, Brunham RC, Shen C, Gill SR, Heidelberg JF, White O, Hickey EK, Peterson J, Utterback T, Berry K et al. (2000) Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39. Nucleic Acids Res 28,1397-1406.
91. Read TD, Myers GSA, Brunham RC, Nelson WC, Paulsen IT, Heidelberg J, Holtzapple E, Khouri H, Federova NB, Carty HA et al. (2003) Genome sequence of Chlamydophila caviae (Chlamydia psittaci GPIC): Examining the role of niche-specific genes in the evolution of the Chlamydiaceae. Nucleic Acids Res 31,2134-2147.
92. Roivainen M, Viik-Kajander M, Palosuo T, Toivanen P, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Tenkanen L, Manninen V, Hovi T and Mänttäri M (2000) Infections, inflammation, and the risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101,252-257.
93. Saikku P (1999) Epidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 138,S500-S503.
94. Samoff E, Koumans EH, Markowitz LE, Sternberg M, Sawyer MK, Swan D, Papp JR, Black CM and Unger ER (2005) Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with persistence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus in a cohort of female adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 162,668-675.
95. Schaefer TM, Desouza K, Fahey JV, Beagley KW and Wira CR (2004) Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and TLR-mediated cytokine/chemokine production by human uterine epithelial cells. Immunology 112,428-436.
96. Schwandner R, Dziarski R, Wesche H, Rothe M and Kirschning CJ (1999) Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Biol Chem 274,17406-17409.
97. Smirnova I, Mann N, Dols A, Derkx HH, Hibberd ML, Levin M and Beutler B (2003) Assay of locus-specific genetic load implicates rare Toll-like receptor 4 mutations in meningococcal susceptibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100,6075-6080.
98. Stephens RS (2003) The cellular paradigm of chlamydial pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 11,44-51.
99. Sutherland AM, Walley KR and Russell JA (2005) Polymorphisms in CD14, mannose-binding lectin, and Toll-like receptor 2 are associated with increased prevalence of infection in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 33,638-644.
100. Swart P, Mol BWJ, Van der Veen F, Van Beurden M, Redekop WK and Bossuyt PMM (1995) The accuracy of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology: A meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 64,486-491.
101. Tiitinen A, Surcel HM, Halttunen M, Birkelund S, Bloigu A, Christiansen G, Koskela P, Morrison SG, Morrison RP and Paavonen J (2006) Chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydial heat shock protein 60-specific antibody and cell-mediated responses predict tubal factor infertility. Hum Reprod 21,1533-1538.
102. Toye B, Laferrière C, Claman P, Jessamine P and Peeling R (1993) Association between antibody to the chlamydial heat-shock protein and tubal infertility. J Infect Dis 168,1236-1240.
103. Veenemans LMW and Van der Linden PJQ (2002) The value of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody testing in predicting tubal factor infertility. Hum Reprod 17,695-698.
104. Welter-Stahl L, Ojcius DM, Viala J, Girardin S, Liu W, Delarbre C, Philpott D, Kelly KA and Darville T (2006) Stimulation of the cytosolic receptor for peptidoglycan, Nod1, by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydia muridarum. Cell Microbiol 8,1047-1057.
105. Weström L (1980) Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138,880-892.
106. Weström L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, Hagdu A and Thompson SE (1992) Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results. Sex Transm Dis 19,185-192.
107. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Amortegui AJ, Heine RP, Landers DV and Sweet RL (2002) Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 100,456-463.
108. Wong BYL, Gnarpe J, Teo KK, Ohman EM, Prosser C, Gibler WB, Langer A, Chang WC and Armstrong PW (2002) Does chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection increase the risk of myocardial injury? Insights from patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 144,987-994.
109. World Health Organization (2001) Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections. Available at http://www.who.int/docstore/hiv/GRSTI.
110. Yim JJ, Lee HW, Lee HS, Kim YW, Han SK, Shim YS and Holland SM (2006) The association between microsatellite polymorphisms in intron II of the human Toll-like receptor 2 gene and tuberculosis among Koreans. Genes Immun 7,150-155.
111. Yoshimura A, Lien E, Ingalls RR, Tuomanen E, Dziarski R and Golenbock D (1999) Cutting edge: Recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 163,1-5.