The histopathology of varicose vein disease

Angiology

Volumn 57, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 546-555

  Somers, Pamela ^a   Knaapen, Michiel ^a  

^a MIDDELHEIM HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; HORMONE; METALLOPROTEINASE; METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR;

CELL FUNCTION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HEMOSTASIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; INTIMA; MENOPAUSE; MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; VARICOSIS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VEIN TONE;

ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR; VARICOSE VEINS;

EID: 33749827162     PISSN: 00033197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0003319706293115     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Arnoldi CC: The aetiology of primary varicose veins. Dan Med Bull 4:102-107, 1957.
2. Brand FN, Dannenberg AL, Abbott RD, et al: The epidemiology of varicose veins. Am J Prev Med 4:96-101, 1998.
3. Evans CJ, Fowkes FGR, Ruckley CV, et al: Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population. J Epidemiol Community Health 53:149-153, 1999.
4. Laurikka JO, Sisto T, Tarkka MR, et al: Risk indicators for varicose veins in forty- to sixty-year-olds in the Tampere Varicose Vein Study. World J Surg 26:648-651, 2002.
5. Liu SQ, Fung YC: Changes in the organization of the smooth muscle cells in rabbit vein grafts. Ann Biomed Eng 26:86-95, 1998.
6. Zhang WD, Bai HZ, Sawa Y, et al: Association of smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation with extracellular matrix alterations during neointima formation of rabbit vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 30:169-183, 1999
7. Svejcar J, Prerovsky I, Linhart J, et al: Content of collagen, elastin, and hexosamine in primary varicose veins. Clin Sci 24:325-330, 1963.
8. Jurukova Z, Milenkov C: Ultrastructural evidence for collagen degradation in the walls of varicose veins. Exp Mol Pathol 37:37-47, 1982.
9. Psaila JV, Melhuish J: Viscoelastic properties and collagen content of the long saphenous vein in normal and varicose veins. Br J Surg 76:37-40, 1989.
10. Rose SS, Ahmed A: Some thoughts on the aetiology of varicose veins. J Cardiovasc Surg 27:534-543, 1986.
11. Maurel E, Azema C, Deloly J, et al: Collagen of the normal and the varicose human saphenous vein: A biochemical study. Clin Chim Acta 193:27-37, 1990.
12. Gandhi RH, Irizarry A, Nackman GB, et al: Analysis of the connective tissue matrix and proteolytic activity of primary varicose veins. J Vasc Surg 18:814-820, 1993.
13. Porto LC, da Silveira PR, de Carvalho JJ, et al: Connective tissue accumulation in the muscle layer in normal and varicose saphenous veins. Angiology 46:243-249, 1995.
14. Travers JP, Brookes CE, Evans J, et al: Assessment of wall structure and composition of varicose veins with reference to collagen, elastin and smooth muscle content. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 11:230-237, 1996.
15. Venturi M, Bonavina L, Annoni F, et al: Biochemical assay of collagen and elastin in the normal and varicose vein wall. J Surg Res 60:245-248, 1996.
16. Burkitt DP, Townsend AJ, Patel K, et al: Varicose veins in developing countries. Lancet 24:202-203, 1976.
17. Lee AJ, Evans CJ, Allan PL, et al: Lifestyle factors and the risk of varicose veins: Edinburgh Vein Study. J Clin Epidemiol 56:171-179, 2003.
18. Bujan J, Gimeno MJ, Jimenez JA, et al: Expression of elastic components in healthy and varicose veins. World J Surg 27:901-905, 2003.
19. Golledge J, Quigley FG: Pathogenesis of varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 25:319-324, 2003.
20. Milroy CM, Scott DJA, Beard DJ, et al: Histological appearances of the long saphenous vein. J Pathol 159:311-316, 1989.
21. Miranda C, Meyer P, Fabre M, et al: Tentative de mise au pont d'une classification anatomo-clinique de references des varices des members inférieurs. Arteres et Veines 12:365-374, 1993.
22. Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H: Endothelial function: A critical determinant in atherosclerosis? Circulation 109(suppl II):II27-II33, 2004.
23. Saharay M, Shields DA, Georgiannos SN, et al: Endothelial activation in patients with chronic venous disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 15:342-349, 1998.
24. Wali MA, Eid RA: Intimal changes in varicose veins: An ultrastructural study. J Smooth Muscle Res 38:63-74, 2002.
25. Michiels C, Bouaziz N, Remacle J: Role of the endothelium and blood stasis in the appearance of varicose veins. Int Angiol 21:1-8, 2002.
26. Steiner DRS, Gonzalez NC, Wood JG: Leukotriene B4 promotes reactive oxidant generation and leukocyte adherence during acute hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 91:1160-1167, 2001.
27. Thomas PR, Nash GB, Dormandy JA: Increased white cell trapping in the dependent legs of patients with chronic venous insufficiency. J Mal Vasc 16:35-37, 1991.
28. Ciuffetti G, Mannarino E, Paltriccia R, et al: Leucocyte activity in chronic venous insufficiency. Int Angiol 13:312-316, 1994.
29. Michiels C, Arnould T, Remacle J: Endothelial cell responses to hypoxia: Initiation of a cascade of cellular interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1497:1-10, 2000.
30. Thulesius O, Said S, Shuhaiber H, et al: Endothelial mediated enhancement of noradrenaline induced vasoconstriction in normal and varicose veins. Clin Physiol 11:153-159, 1991.
31. Crotty TP: The roles of turbulence and vasa vasorum in the aetiology of varicose veins. Med Hypotheses 34:41-48, 1991.
32. Schuller-Petrovic S, Siedler S, Kern T, et al: Imbalance between the endothelial cell-derived contracting factors prostacyclin and angiotensin II and nitric oxide/cyclic GMP in human primary varicosis. Br J Pharmacol 122:772-778, 1997.
33. Agu O, Hamilton G, Baker DM, et al: Endothelin receptors in the aetiology and pathophysiology of varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23:165-171, 2002.
34. Mangiafico RA, Malatino LS, Santonocito M, et al: Plasma endothelin-1 release in normal and varicose saphenous veins. Angiology 48:769-774, 1997.
35. Badier-Commander C, Verbeure T, Lebard C, et al: Increased TIMP/MMP ratio in varicose veins: A possible explanation for extracellular matrix accumulation. J Pathol 192:105-112, 2000.
36. Badier-Commander C, Coulevard A, Henin D, et al: Smooth muscle cell modulation and cytokine overproduction in varicose veins. An in situ study. J Pathol 193:398-407, 2001.
37. Parry DA: The molecular and fibrillar structure of collagen and its relationship to the mechanical properties of connective tissue. Biophys Chem 29:195-209, 1988.
38. Fleischmajer R, Perlish JS, Burgeson RE, et al: Type I and type III collagen interactions during fibrillogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 580:161-175, 1990.
39. Notbohm H, Mosler S, Muller PK, et al: In vitro formation and aggregation of heterotypic collagen I and II fibrils. Int J Biol Macromol 15:299-304, 1993.
40. Sansilvestri-Morel P, Rupin A, Badier-Commander C, et al: Imbalance in the synthesis of collagen type I and collagen type III in smooth muscle cells derived from human varicose veins. J Vasc Res 38:560-568, 2001.
41. Waksman Y, Mashiah A, Hod I, et al: Collagen subtype pattern in normal and varicose saphenous veins in humans. Isr J Med Sci 33:81-86, 1997.
42. Sansilvestri-Morel P, Nonotte I, Fournet-Bourguignon MP, et al: Abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix proteins by cultured smooth muscle cells from human varicose veins. J Vasc Res 35:115-123, 1998.
43. Wali MA, Eid RA: Changes of elastic and collagen fibers in varicose veins. Int Angiol 21:337-343, 2002.
44. Davis EC: Smooth muscle cell to elastic lamina connections in developing mouse aorta. Role in aortic medial organization. Lab Invest 68:89-99, 1993.
45. Kirsch D, Schreiber J, Dienes HP, et al: Alterations of the extracellular matrix of venous walls in varicose veins. Vasa 28:95-99, 1999.
46. Kirsch D, Dienes HP, Kuchle R, et al: Changes in the extracellular matrix of the vein wall: The cause in primary varicosis. Vasa 29:173-177, 2000.
47. Mignatti P: Extracellular matrix remodelling by metalloproteinases and plasminogen activators. Kidney Int 47:S12-S14, 1995.
48. Katsuda S, Kaji T: Atherosclerosis and extracellular matrix. J Atheroscler Thromb 10:267-274, 2003.
49. Murphy G, Atkinson S, Ward R, et al: The role of plasminogen activators in the regulation of connective tissue metalloproteinases. Ann NY Acad Sci 667:1-12, 1992.
50. Gomez DE, Alonso DF, Yoshiji H, et al: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: Structure, regulation and biological function. Eur J Cell Biol 74:111-122, 1997.
51. Gillespie DL, Patel A, Fileta B, et al: Varicose veins possess greater quantities of MMP-1 than normal veins and demonstrate regional variation in MMP-1 and MMP-13. J Surg Res 106:233-238, 2002.
52. Woodside KJ, Hu M, Burke A, et al: Morphologic characteristics of varicose veins: Possible role of metalloproteinases. J Vasc Surg 38:162-169, 2003.
53. Bujan J, Jimenez-Cossio JA, Jurado F, et al: Evaluation of the smooth muscle cell component and apoptosis in the varicose vein wall. Histol Histopathol 15:745-752, 2000.
54. Kosugi I, Urayama H, Kasashima F, et al: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator in varicose veins. Ann Vasc Surg 17:234-238, 2003.
55. Jacob MP, Cazaubon M, Scemama A, et al: Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 as a marker of blood stasis in varicose veins. Circulation 106:535-538, 2002.
56. Borden P, Heller RA: Transcriptional control of matrix metalloproteinases and the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Euk Gen Exp 7:159-178, 1997.
57. Edwards DR, Beaudry PP, Laing TD, et al: The roles of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in tissue remodelling and cell growth. Int J Obes 20:S9-S15, 1996.
58. Kockx MM, Wuyts FL, Buyssens N, et al: Longitudinally oriented smooth muscle cells in rabbit arteries. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 422:293-299, 1993.
59. Liu SQ: Influence of tensile strain on smooth muscle cell orientation in rat blood vessels. J Biomech Eng 120:313-320, 1998.
60. Mashiah A, Rose SS, Hod I: The scanning electron microscope in the pathology of varicose veins. Isr J Med Sci 27:202-206, 1991.
61. Kenagy RD, Hart RE, Stetler-Stevenson WG, et al: Primate smooth muscle cell migration from aortic explants is mediated by endogenous platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast acting through matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Circulation 96:3555-3560, 1997.
62. Liu SQ, Tieche C, Tang D, et al: Pattern formation of vascular smooth muscle cells subject to non-uniform fluid shear stress: Role of PDGF-beta receptor and Src. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285:H1081-H1090, 2003.
63. Zhang SX, Gozal D, Sachleben LR, et al: Hypoxia induces an autocrine-paracrine survival pathway via platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B/PDGF-beta receptor/phosphaditylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling in RN46A neuronal cells. FASEB J 17:1709-1711, 2003.
64. Adam RM, Roth JA, Cheng HL, et al: Signaling through PI3K/Akt mediates stretch and PDGF-BB-dependent DNA synthesis in bladder smooth muscle cells. J Urol 169:2388-2393, 2003.
65. Vane JR, Botting RM: Impact of risk factors on the endothelium. Cardiovasc Risk Factors 4:108-121, 1994.
66. Knaapen M, Somers P, Bortier H, et al: Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy in varicose veins is associated with expression of estrogen receptor-b. J Vasc Res 42:8-12, 2005.
67. Kockx MM, Knaapen MWM, Bortier HE, et al: Vascular remodeling in varicose veins. Angiology 49:871-877, 1998.
68. Wali MA, Eid RA: Smooth muscle changes in varicose veins: An ultrastructural study. J Smooth Muscle Res 37:123-135, 2001.
69. Kockx MM, Muhring J, Knaapen MWM, et al: RNA synthesis and splicing interferes with DNA in situ end labeling techniques used to detect apoptosis. Am J Pathol 152:885-888, 1998.
70. Kockx MM, Knaapen MWM: The role of apoptosis in vascular disease. J Pathol 190:267-280, 2000.
71. Porto LC, Ferreira MA, Costa AM, et al: Immunolabeling of type IV collagen, laminin and alpha-smooth muscle actin cells in the intima of normal and varicose saphenous veins. Angiology 49:391-398, 1998.
72. Ascher E, Jacob T, Hingorani A, et al: Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and its role in the pathogenesis of lower extremity varicose veins. Ann Vasc Surg 14:24-30, 2000.
73. Ascher E, Jacob T, Hingorani A, et al: Expression of molecular mediators of apoptosis and their role in the pathogenesis of lower-extremity varicose veins. J Vasc Surg 33:1080-1086, 2001.