Genomic instability in the offspring of irradiated parents: Facts and interpretations

Russian Journal of Genetics

Volumn 42, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 1116-1126

  Dubrova, Yu E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33749641367     PISSN: 10227954     EISSN: 16083369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1134/S1022795406100048     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Altukhov, Yu.P., Geneticheskie protsessy v populyatsiyakh (Genetic Processes in the Populations), Moscow: Akademkniga, 2003.
2. UNSCEAR. Hereditary Effects of Radiation, New York: United Nations, 2001.
3. Morgan, W.F., Non-Targeted and Delayed Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: I. Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Bystander Effects in vitro, Radiat. Res., 2003, vol. 159, pp. 567-580.
4. Morgan, W.F., Non-Targeted and Delayed Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: II. Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Bystander Effects in vivo, Clastogenic Factors and Transgenerational Effects, Radiat. Res., 2003, vol. 159, pp. 581-596.
5. Lorimore, S.A., Coates, P.J., and Wright, E.G., Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Bystander Effects: Inter-Related Nontargeted Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, Oncogene, 2003, vol. 22, pp. 7058-69.
6. Little, J.B., Radiation Carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 2000, vol. 21, pp. 397-404.
7. Goldberg, Z., Clinical Implications of Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability, Oncogene, 2003, vol. 22, pp. 7011-7017.
8. Huang, L., Snyder, A.R., and Morgan, W.F., Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Its Implications for Radiation Carcinogenesis, Oncogene, 2003, vol. 22, pp. 5848-5854.
9. Loeb, L.A., Loeb, K.R., and Anderson, J.P., Multiple Mutations and Cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, vol. 100, pp. 776-781.
10. Finette, B.A., Homans, A.C., and Albertini, R.J., Emergence of Genetic Instability in Children Treated for Leukemia, Science, 2000, vol. 288, pp. 514-517.
11. Nakanishi, M., Tanaka, K., Takahashi, T., et al., Microsatellite Instability in Acute Myelocytic Leukaemia Developed from A-Bomb Survivors, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 2001, vol. 77, pp. 687-694.
12. Tawn, E.J., Whitehouse, C.A., and Martin, F.A., Sequential Chromosome Aberration Analysis Following Radiotherapy - No Evidence for Enhanced Genomic Instability, Mutat. Res., 2000, vol. 465, pp. 45-51.
13. Dubrova, Y.E. and Plumb, M.A., Ionising Radiation and Mutation Induction at Mouse Minisatellite Loci. The Story of the Two Generations, Mutat. Res., 2002, vol. 499, pp. 143-150.
14. Dubrova, Y.E., Radiation-Induced Transgenerational Instability, Oncogene, 2003, vol. 22, pp. 7087-7093.
15. Nomura, T., Transgenerational Carcinogenesis: Induction and Transmission of Genetic Alterations and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, Mutat. Res., 2003, vol. 544, pp. 425-432.
16. Bouffler, S.D., Bridges, B.A., Cooper, D.N., et al., Assessing Radiation-Associated Mutational Risk to the Germline: Repetitive DNA Sequences as Mutational Targets and Biomarkers, Radiat. Res., 2006, vol. 165, pp. 249-268.
17. Barber, R.C. and Dubrova, Y.E., The Offspring of Irradiated Parents, Are They Stable? Mutat. Res., 2006, vol. 598, pp. 50-60.
18. Auroux, M.R., Dulioust, E.J., Nawar, N.N., et al., Antimitotic Drugs in the Male Rat. Behavioral Abnormalities in the Second Generation, J. Androl, 1988, vol. 9, pp. 153-159.
19. Auroux, M., Dulioust, E., Selva, J., and Rince, P., Cyclophosphamide in the F0 Male Rat: Physical Behavioral Changes in Three Successive Adult Generations, Mutat. Res., 1990, vol. 229, pp. 189-200.
20. 137Cs Gamma-Rays, Mutat. Res., 1997, vol. 381, pp. 59-66.
21. Nomura, T., Parental Exposure to X-Rays and Chemicals Induces Heritable Tumours and Anomalies in Mice, Nature, 1982, vol. 296, pp. 575-577.
22. Gardner, M.J., Snee, M.P., Hall, A.J., et al., Results of Case-Control Study of Leukemia and Lymphoma Among Young People Near Sellafield Nuclear Plant in West Cumbria, Br. Med. J., 1990, vol. 300, pp. 423-429.
23. Perinatal and Multigenerational Carcinogenesis, Napalkov, N.P., Rice, J.M., Tomatis, L., and Yamasaki, H., Eds., Lyon: IARC, 1989.
24. Daher, A., Varin, M., Lamontagne, Y., and Oth, D., Effect of Pre-Conception External or Internal Irradiation of N5 Male Mice and the Risk of Leukemia in their Offspring, Carcinogenesis, 1998, vol. 19, pp. 1553-1558.
25. Cattanach, B.M., Patrick, G., Papworth, D., et al., Investigation of Lung Tumour Induction in BALB/CJ Mice Following Paternal X-Irradiation, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 1995, vol. 67, pp. 607-615.
26. Cattanach, B.M., Papworth, D., Patrick, G., et al., Investigation of Lung Tumour Induction in C3H/HeH Mice, with and Without Tumour Promotion with Urethane, Following Paternal X-Irradiation, Mutat. Res., 1998, vol. 403, pp. 1-12.
27. Turusov, V.S., Nikonova, T.V., and Parfenov, Y.D., Increased Multiplicity of Lung Adenomas in Five Generations of Mice Treated with Benz(a)pyrene When Pregnant, Cancer Lett., 1990, vol. 55, pp. 227-231.
28. Nomura, T., X-Ray-Induced Germ-Line Mutation Leading to Tumors. Its Manifestation in Mice Given Urethane Post-Natally, Mutat. Res., 1983, vol. 121, pp. 59-65.
29. Vorobtsova, I.E., Aliyakparova, L.M., and Anisimov, V.N., Promotion of Skin Tumors by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate in Two Generations of Descendants of Male Mice Exposed to X-Ray Irradiation, Mutat. Res., 1993, vol. 287, pp. 207-216.
30. Lord, B.I., Woolford, L.B., Wang, L., et al., Tumour Induction by Methyl-Nitroso-Urea Following Preconceptional Paternal Contamination with Plutonium-239, Br. J. Cancer, 1998, vol. 78, pp. 301-311.
31. Lord, B.I., Woolford, L.B., Wang, L., et al., Induction of Lympho-Haemopoietic Malignancy: Impact of Preconception Paternal Irradiation, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 1998, vol. 74, pp. 721-728.
32. 55Fe, Radiat. Res., 2001, vol. 156, pp. 488-494.
33. Dasenbrock, C., Tillman, T., Ernst, H., et al., Maternal Effects and Cancer Risk in the Progeny of Mice Exposed To X-Rays Before Conception, Exptl. Toxicol. Pathol., 2005, vol. 56, pp. 351-360.
34. Vorobtsova, I.E., Irradiation of Male Rats Increases the Chromosomal Sensitivity of Progeny to Genotoxic Agents, Mutagenesis, 2000, vol. 15, pp. 33-38.
35. Kropacova, K., Slovinska, L., and Misurova, E., Cytogenetic Changes in the Liver of Progeny of Irradiated Male Rats, J. Radiat. Res., 2002, vol. 43, pp. 125-133.
36. Slovinska, L., Elbertova, A., and Misurova, E., Transmission of Genome Damage from Irradiated Male Rats to Their Progeny, Mutat. Res., 2004, vol. 559, pp. 29-37.
37. Sanova, S., Balentova, S., Slovinska, L., and Misurova, E., Effects of Preconception Gamma Irradiation on the Development of Rat Brain, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 2005, vol. 27, pp. 145-151.
38. Fomenko, L.A., Vasil'eva, G.V., and Bezlepkin, V.G., Elevated Micronucleus Frequency in Bone Marrow Erythrocytes in the Progeny of Male Mice Exposed to Chronic Low-Dose Gamma Irradiation, Biol. Bull., 2001, vol. 28, pp. 350-353.
39. Fenech, M., Holland, N., Chang, W.P., et al., The Human Micronucleus Project - an International Collaborative Study on the Use of the Micronucleus Technique for Measuring DNA Damage in Humans, Mutat. Res., 1999, vol. 428, pp. 271-283.
40. Luke, G.A., Riches, A.C., and Bryant, P.E., Genomic Instability in Haematopoietic Cells of F1 Generation Mice of Irradiated Male Parents, Mutagenesis, 1997, vol. 12, pp. 147-152.
41. Carls, N. and Schiestl, R.H., Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Transgenerational Appearance of Pun Reversions in Mice, Carcinogenesis, 1999, vol. 20, pp. 2351-2354.
42. Shiraishi, K., Shimura, T., Taga, M., et al., Persistent Induction of Somatic Reversions of the Pink-Eyed Unstable Mutation in F1 Mice Born to Fathers Irradiated at the Spermatozoa Stage, Radiat. Res., 2002, vol. 157, pp. 661-667.
43. Gondo, Y., Gardner, J.M., Nakatsu, Y., et al., High-Frequency Genetic Reversion Mediated by a DNA Duplication: the Mouse Pink-Eyed Unstable Mutation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, vol. 90, pp. 297-301.
44. Shimada, A. and Shima, A., High Incidence of Mosaic Mutations Induced by Irradiating Paternal Germ Cells of the Medaka Fish, Oryzias latipes, Mutat. Res., 2001, vol. 495, pp. 33-42.
45. Shimada, A. and Shima, A., Transgenerational genomic instability as revealed by a somatic mutation assay using the Medaka fish. Mutat. Res., 2004, vol. 552, pp. 119-124.
46. Shimada, A., Eguchi, H., Yoshinaga, S., and Shima, A., Dose-Rate Effect on Transgenerational Mutation Frequencies in Spermatogonial Stem Cells of the Medaka Fish, Radiat. Res., 2005, vol. 163, pp. 112-114.
47. Barber, R.C., Hichebotham, P., Hatch, T., et al., Radiation-Induced Transgenerational Alterations in Genome Stability and DNA Damage, Oncogene, 2006.
48. 239Pu Salt Injections in Male Mice, Mutat. Res., 1976, vol. 34, pp. 539-542.
49. Marchetti, F. and Wyrobek, A.J., Mechanisms and Consequence of Paternally-Transmitted Chromosomal Abnormalities, Birth Defects Res., 2005, vol. 75, pp. 112-129.
50. Hales, B.F., Crosman, K., and Robaire, B., Increased Postimplantation Loss and Malformations Among the F2 Progeny of Male Rats Chronically Treated with Cyclophosphamide, Teratology, 1992, vol. 45, pp. 671-678.
51. Lyon, M.F. and Renshaw, R., Induction of Congenital Malformation in Mice by Paternal Irradiation: Transmission to Later Generations, Mutat. Res., 1988, vol. 198, pp. 277-283.
52. Lyon, M.F. and Renshaw, R., Induction of Congenital Malformations in the Offspring of Mutagen Treated Mice, Genetic Toxicology of Environmental Chemicals. Part B: Genetic Effects and Applied Mutagenesis, Ramel, C., Lambert, B., and Magnusson, J., Eds., New York: Alan R. Liss, 1986, pp. 449-458.
53. Pils, S., Muller, W.-U., and Streffer, C., Lethal and Teratogenic Effects in Two Successive Generations of the HLG Mouse Strain After Radiation Exposure of Zygotes - Association with Genomic Instability?, Mutat. Res., 1999, vol. 429, pp. 85-92.
54. Wiley, L.M., Baulch, J.E., Raabe, O.G., and Straume, T., Impaired Cell Proliferation in Mice That Persists across at least Two Generations after Paternal Irradiation, Radiat. Res., 1997, vol. 148, pp. 145-151.
55. Searle, A.G., Mutation Induction in Mice, Adv. Radiat. Biol., 1974, vol. 4, pp. 131-207.
56. Dubrova, Y.E., Nesterov, V.N., Krouchinsky, N.G., et al., Human Minisatellite Mutation Rate After the Chernobyl Accident, Nature, 1996, vol. 380, pp. 683-686.
57. Dubrova, Y.E., Nesterov, V.N., Krouchinsky, N.G., et al., Further Evidence for Elevated Human Minisatellite Mutation Rate in Belarus Eight Years After the Chernobyl Accident, Mutat. Res., 1997, vol. 381, pp. 267-278.
58. Dubrova, Y.E., Grant, G., Chumak, A.A., et al., Elevated Minisatellite Mutation Rate in the Post-Chernobyl Families from Ukraine, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2002, vol. 71, pp. 801-809.
59. Dubrova, Y.E., Bersimbaev, R.I., Djansugurova, L.B., et al., Nuclear Weapons Tests and Human Germline Mutation Rate, Science, 2002, vol. 295, p. 1037.
60. Dubrova, Y.E., Jeffreys, A.J., and Malashenko, A.M., Mouse Minisatellite Mutations Induced by Ionizing Radiation, Nat. Genet., 1993, vol. 5, pp. 92-94.
61. Dubrova, Y.E., Plumb, M., Brown, J., et al., Stage Specificity, Dose Response, and Doubling Dose for Mouse Minisatellite Germ-Line Mutation Induced by Acute Radiation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, vol. 95, pp. 6251-6255.
62. Dubrova, Y.E., Plumb, M., Brown, J., et al., Induction of Minisatellite Mutations in the Mouse Germline by Low-Dose Chronic Exposure to Radiation and Fission Neutrons, Mutat. Res., 2000, vol. 453, pp. 17-24.
63. Barber, R., Plumb, M.A., Smith, A.G., et al., No Correlation Between Germline Mutation at Repeat DNA and Meiotic Crossover in Male Mice Exposed To X-Rays or Cisplatin, Mutat. Res., 2000, vol. 457, pp. 79-91.
64. Vilarino-Guell, C., Smith, A.G., and Dubrova, Y.E., Germline Mutation Induction at Mouse Repeat DNA Loci by Chemical Mutagens, Mutat. Res., 2003, vol. 526, pp. 63-73.
65. Dubrova, Y.E., Radiation-Induced Mutation at Tandem Repeat DNA Loci in the Mouse Germline: Spectra and Doubling Doses, Radiat. Res., 2005, vol. 163, pp. 200-207.
66. Kelly, R., Bulfield, G., Collick, A., et al., Characterization of a Highly Unstable Mouse Minisatellite Locus: Evidence for Somatic Mutation During Early Development, Genomics, 1989, vol. 5, pp. 844-856.
67. Gibbs, M., Collick, A., Kelly, R., and Jeffreys, A.J., A Tetranucleotide Repeat Mouse Minisatellite Displaying Substantial Somatic Instability During Early Preimplatation Development, Genomics, 1993, vol. 17, pp. 121-128.
68. Bois, P., Williamson, J., Brown, J., et al., A Novel Unstable Mouse VNTR Family Expanded from SINE B1 Element, Genomics, 1998, vol. 49, pp. 122-128.
69. Dubrova, Y.E., Plumb, M., Gutierrez, B., et al., Transgenerational Mutation by Radiation, Nature, 2000, vol. 405, p. 37.
70. Barber, R., Plumb, M.A., Boulton, E., et al., Elevated Mutation Rates in the Germline of First- and Second-Generation Offspring of Irradiated Male Mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, vol. 99, pp. 6877-6882.
71. Goodhead, D.T., Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Energy, Health Phys., 1988, vol. 55, pp. 231-240.
72. Roderick, T.H., The Response of Twenty-Seven Inbred Strains of Mice to Daily Doses of Whole Body X-Irradiation, Radiat. Res., 1963, vol. 20, pp. 631-639.
73. Ponnaiya, B., Cornforth, N.M., and Ullrich, R.L., Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Instability in BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice: the Difference Is as Clear as Black and White, Radiat. Res., 1997, vol. 147, pp. 121-125.
74. Yu, Y., Okayasu, R., Weil, M.M., et al., Elevated Breast Cancer Risk in Irradiated BALB/c Mice Associates with Unique Functional Polymorphism of the Prkdc (DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit) Gene, Cancer Res., 2001, vol. 61, pp. 1820-1824.
75. Watson, G.E., Lorimore, S.A., Clutton, S.M., et al., Genetic Factors Influencing Alpha-Particle-Induced Chromosomal Instability, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 1997, vol. 71, pp. 497-503.
76. Mothersill, C.E., O'Malley, K.J., Murphy, D.M., et al., Identification and Characterization of Three Subtypes of Radiation Response in Normal Human Urothelial Cultures Exposed to Ionizing Radiation, Carcinogenesis, 1999, vol. 20, pp. 2273-2278.
77. Coates, P.J., Lorimore, S.A., Lindsay, K.J., and Wright, E.G., Tissue-Specific p53 Responses to Ionizing Radiation and Their Genetic Modification: the Key to Tissue-Specific Tumor Susceptibility?, J. Pathol., 2003, vol. 201, pp. 377-388.
78. Mohrenweiser, H.W., Wilson, D.M., and Jones, I.M., Challenges and Complexities in Estimating Both the Functional Impact and the Disease Risk Associated with the Extensive Genetic Variation in Human DNA Repair Genes, Mutat. Res., 2003, vol. 526, pp. 93-125.
79. Niwa, O. and Kominami, R., Untargeted Mutation of the Maternally Derived Mouse Hypervariable Minisatellite Allele in F1 Mice Born to Irradiated Spermatozoa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, vol. 98, pp. 1705-1710.
80. Krawetz, S.A., Paternal Contribution: New Insights and Future Challenges, Nat. Rev. Genet., 2005, vol. 6, pp. 633-642.
81. Novina, C.D. and Sharp, P.A., The RNAi Revolution, Nature, 2004, vol. 480, pp. 161-164.
82. Kimmins, S. and Sassone-Corsi, P., Chromatin Remodelling and Epigenetic Features of Germ Cells, Nature, 2005, vol. 434, pp. 583-589.
83. Rakyan, V.K., Preis, J., Morgan, H.D., and Whitelaw, E., The Marks, Mechanisms and Memory of Epigenetic States in Mammals, Biochem. J., 2001, vol. 356, pp. 1-10.
84. Reik, W. and Walter, J., Genomic Imprinting: Parental Influence on the Genome, Nat. Rev. Genet., 2001, vol. 2, pp. 21-32.
85. Roemer, I., Reik, W., Dean, W., and Klose, J., Epigenetic Inheritance in the Mouse, Current Biol., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 277-280.
86. Constancia, M., Pickard, B., Kelsey, G., and Reik, W., Imprinting Mechanisms, Genome Res., 1998, vol. 8, pp. 881-900.
87. Holliday, R., The Inheritance of Epigenetic Defects, Science, 1987, vol. 238, pp. 163-170.
88. Baulch, J.E., Raabe, O.G., and Wiley, L.M., Heritable Effects of Paternal Irradiation in Mice on Signalling Protein Kinase Activities in F3 Offspring, Mutagenesis, 2001, vol. 16 p, pp. 17-23.
89. 3 Mouse with Paternal F0 Radiation History, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 2002, vol. 78, pp. 513-526.
90. Harrouk, W., Codrington, A., Vinson, R., et al., Paternal Exposure to Cyclophosphamide Induces DNA Damage and Alters the Expression of DNA Repair Genes in the Rat Preimplantation Embryo, Mutat. Res., 2000, vol. 461, pp. 229-241.
91. Nomura, T., Nakajima, H., Ryo, H., et al., Transgenerational Transmission of Radiation- and Chemically Induced Tumors and Congenital Anomalies in Mice: Studies of Their Possible Relationship to Induced Chromosomal and Molecular Changes, Cytogenet. Genome Res., 2004, vol. 104, pp. 252-260.
92. Olsen, A-K., Lindeman, B., Wiger, R., et al., How Do Male Germ Cells Handle DNA Damage?, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2005, vol. 207, pp. 521-531.
93. Shimura, T., Inoue, M., Taga, M., et al., p53-Dependent S-Phase Damage Checkpoint and Pronuclear Cross Talk in Mouse Zygotes with X-Irradiated Sperm, Mol. Cell. Biol., 2002, vol. 22, pp. 2220-2228.
94. Jones, P.A. and Baylin, S.B., The Fundamental Role of Epigenetic Events in Cancer, Nat. Rev. Genet., 2002, vol. 3, pp. 415-428.
95. Esteller, M., Corn, P.G., Baylin, S.B., and Herman, J.G., A Gene Hypermethylation Profile of Human Cancer, Cancer Res., 2001, vol. 61, pp. 3225-3229.
96. Herman, J.G., Umar, A., Polyak, K., et al., Incidence and Functional Consequences of HMLH1 Promoter Hypermethylation in Colorectal Carcinoma, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, vol. 95, pp. 6870-6875.
97. Wheeler, J.M.D., Beck, N.E., Kim, H.C., et al., Mechanisms of Inactivation of Mismatch Repair Genes in Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines: The Predominant Role of HMLH1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, vol. 96, pp. 10296-10301.
98. Kassie, F., Parzefall, W., and Knasmuller, S., Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay: A New Technique for Human Biomonitoring Studies, Mutat. Res., 2000, vol. 463, pp. 13-31.
99. Rothkamm, K. and Lobrich, M., Evidence for a Lack of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Human Cells Exposed to Very Low X-Ray Doses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, vol. 100, pp. 5057-5062.
100. Jackson, A.L. and Loeb, L.A., The Contribution of Endogenous Sources of DNA Damage to the Multiple Mutations in Cancer, Mutat. Res., 2001, vol. 477, pp. 7-21.
101. Collins, A.R. and Dusinska, M., Oxidation of Cellular DNA Measured with the Comet Assay, Methods Mol. Biol., 2002, vol. 186, pp. 147-159.
102. Schar, P., Spontaneous DNA Damage, Genome Instability, and Cancer - When DNA Replication Escapes Control, Cell, 2001, vol. 104, pp. 329-332.
103. Bartkova, J., Horejsi, Z., Koed, K., et al., DNA Damage Response as a Candidate Anti-Cancer Barrier in Early Human Tumorigenesis, Nature, 2005, vol. 434, pp. 864-870.
104. Gorgoulis, V.G., Vassiliou, L.V., Karakaidos, P., et al., Activation of the DNA Damage Checkpoint and Genomic Instability in Human Precancerous Lesions, Nature, 2005, vol. 434, pp. 907-913.
105. Breger, K.S., Smith, L., Turker, M.S., and Thayer, M.J., Ionizing Radiation Induces Frequent Translocations with Delayed Replication and Condensation, Cancer Res., 2004, vol. 64, pp. 8231-8238.
106. Yauk, C.L., Dubrova, Y.E., Grant, G.R., and Jeffreys, A.J., A Novel Single Molecule Analysis of Spontaneous and Radiation-Induced Mutation at a Mouse Tandem Repeat Locus, Mutat. Res., 2002, vol. 500, pp. 147-156.
107. Barber, R.C., Miccoli, L., van Buul, P.P.W., et al., Germline Mutation Rates at Tandem Repeat Loci in DNA-Repair Deficient Mice, Mutat. Res., 2004, vol. 554, pp. 287-295.
108. Dickinson, H.O. and Parker, L., Leukaemia and Non-Hodgkin'S Lymphoma in Children of Male Sellafield Radiation Workers, Int. J. Cancer, 2002, vol. 99, pp. 437-444.
109. Pearce, M.S., Dickinson, H.O., Aitkin, M., and Parker, L., Still-Birth among the Offspring of Male Radiation Workers at the Sellafield Nuclear Reprocessing Plant: Detailed Results and Statistical Aspects, J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 2002, vol. 165, pp. 523-548.
110. Li, Y-F. and Langholz, B., Maternal and Grandmaternal Smoking Patterns Are Associated with Early Childhood Asthma, Chest, 2005, vol. 127, pp. 1232-1241.
111. Pembrey, M.E., Byrgen, L.O., Kaati, G., et al., Sex-Specific, Male-Line Transgenerational Responses in Humans, Eur. J. Hum. Genet., 2006, vol. 14, pp. 159-166.
112. Suskov, I.I. and Kuz'mina, N.S., The Problem of Induced Genomic Instability in Children Exposed to Chronic Low-Dose Irradiation, Radiat. Biol. Radioekol., 2001, vol. 41, pp. 606-614.
113. Pilinskaya, M.A., Dibskii, S.S., Dibskaya, O.B, and Pedan, L.R., Chromosome Instability among the Offspring of Male Workers Irradiated during Chernobyl's Accident, Tsitol. Genet., 2004, no. 4, pp. 32-40.
114. Curwen, G.B., Winther, J.F., Tawn, E.J., et al., G2 Chromosomal Radiosensitivity in Danish Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer and Their Offspring, Br. J. Cancer, 2005, vol. 93, pp. 1038-1045.
115. Tawn, E.J., Whitehouse, C.A., Winther, J.F., et al., Chromosome Analysis in Childhood Cancer Survivors and Their Offspring - No Evidence for Radiotherapy-Induced Persistent Genomic Instability, Mutat. Res., 2005, vol. 583, pp. 198-206.
116. Butte, A., The Use and Analysis of Microarray Data, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2002, vol. 1, pp. 951-960.
117. UNSCEAR. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, vol. 1, New York: United Nations, 2000.
118. Li, C-Y., Little, J.B., Hu, K., et al., Persistent Genetic Instability in Cancer Cells Induced by Non-DNA-Damaging Stress Exposures, Cancer Res., 2001, vol. 61, pp. 428-432.
119. Bardelli, A., Cahill, D.P., Lederer, G., et al., Carcinogen-Specific Induction of Genetic Instability, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, vol. 98, pp. 5770-2775.
120. Anway, M.D., Cupp, A.S., Uzumcu, M., and Skinner, M.K., Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors and Male Fertility, Science, 2005, vol. 308, pp. 1466-1469.