Chapter 4 Dynamics of emotional effects on spatial attention in the human visual cortex

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 156, Issue , 2006, Pages 67-91

  Pourtois, Gilles ^a,b   Vuilleumier, Patrik ^a,b  

^a PSI   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; DYNAMICS; EMOTION; EMOTIONALITY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEAR; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; MECHANICAL PROBE; MODULATION; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; OCCIPITAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TEMPORAL LOBE; THREAT; TIME; VISION TEST; VISUAL CORTEX; DEPTH PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY;

ATTENTION; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; SPACE PERCEPTION; VISUAL CORTEX;

EID: 33749257866     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56004-2     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Amaral D.G., Behniea H., and Kelly J.L. Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience 118 (2003) 1099-1120
2. Anderson A.K. Affective influences on the attentional dynamics supporting awareness. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 134 (2005) 258-281
3. Anderson A.K., and Phelps E.A. Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature 411 (2001) 305-309
4. Armony J.L., and Dolan R.J. Modulation of spatial attention by fear-conditioned stimuli: an event-related fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 817-826
5. Ashley V., Vuilleumier P., and Swick D. Time course and specificity of event-related potentials to emotional expressions. Neuroreport 15 (2004) 211-216
6. Bandettini P.A. The temporal resolution of functional MRI. In: Moonen C.T.W., and Bandettini P.A. (Eds). Functional MRI (1999), Springer, Berlin 205-220
7. Batty M., and Taylor M.J. Early processing of the six basic facial emotional expressions. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 17 (2003) 613-620
8. Bishop S., Duncan J., and Lawrence A.D. Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: controlling attention to threat-related stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 184-188
9. Bishop S., Duncan J., and Lawrence A.D. State anxiety modulation of the amygdala response to unattended threat-related stimuli. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 10364-10368
10. Bradley B.P., Mogg K., Millar N., Bonham Carter C., Fergusson E., Jenkins J., and Parr M. Attentional biases for emotional faces. Cogn. Emotion 11 (1997) 25-42
11. Bradley B.P., Mogg K., and Millar N.H. Covert and overt orienting of attention to emotional faces in anxiety. Cogn. Emotion 14 (2000) 789-808
12. Brandeis D., and Lehmann D. Event-related potentials of the brain and cognitive processes: approaches and applications. Neuropsychologia 24 (1986) 151-168
13. Breiter H.C., Etcoff N.L., Whalen P.J., Kennedy W.A., Rauch S.L., Buckner R.L., Strauss M.M., Hyman S.E., and Rosen B.R. Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17 (1996) 875-887
14. Bullier J. Integrated model of visual processing. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 36 (2001) 96-107
15. Bush G., Luu P., and Posner M.I. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4 (2000) 215-222
16. Cacioppo J.T., and Gardner W.L. Emotion. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 50 (1999) 191-214
17. Carrasco M., Penpeci-Talgar C., and Eckstein M. Spatial covert attention increases contrast sensitivity across the CSF: support for signal enhancement. Vision Res. 40 (2000) 1203-1215
18. Carrasco M., Williams P.E., and Yeshurun Y. Covert attention increases spatial resolution with or without masks: support for signal enhancement. J. Vis. 2 (2002) 467-479
19. Carter C.S., Botvinick M.M., and Cohen J.D. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition. Rev. Neurosci. 10 (1999) 49-57
20. Clark V.P., Fan S., and Hillyard S.A. Identification of early visual evoked potential generators by retinotopic and topographic analyses. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2 (1995) 170-187
21. Clark V.P., and Hillyard S.A. Spatial selective attention affects early extrastriate but not striate components of the visual evoked potential. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 8 (1996) 387-402
22. Corbetta M., Kincade J.M., Ollinger J.M., McAvoy M.P., and Shulman G.L. Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 292-297
23. Corbetta M., and Shulman G.L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002) 201-215
24. Di Russo F., Martinez A., and Hillyard S.A. Source analysis of event-related cortical activity during visuo-spatial attention. Cereb. Cortex 13 (2003) 486-499
25. Di Russo F., Martinez A., Sereno M.I., Pitzalis S., and Hillyard S.A. Cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potential. Hum. Brain Mapp. 15 (2002) 95-111
26. Dolan R.J., and Vuilleumier P. Amygdala automaticity in emotional processing. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 985 (2003) 348-355
27. Downar J., Crawley A.P., Mikulis D.J., and Davis K.D. A multimodal cortical network for the detection of changes in the sensory environment. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 277-283
28. Driver J., and Vuilleumier P. Perceptual awareness and its loss in unilateral neglect and extinction. Cognition 79 (2001) 39-88
29. Eastwood J.D., Smilek D., and Merikle P.M. Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion. Percept. Psychophys. 63 (2001) 1004-1013
30. Egeth H.E., and Yantis S. Visual attention: control, representation, and time course. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 48 (1997) 269-297
31. Eimer M., and Holmes A. An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 427-431
32. Ekman P., and Friesen W.V. Pictures of Facial Affect (1976), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo-Alto
33. Etkin A., Klemenhagen K.C., Dudman J.T., Rogan M.T., Hen R., Kandel E.R., and Hirsch J. Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces. Neuron 44 (2004) 1043-1055
34. Eysenck M.W. Anxiety: The Cognitive Perspective (1992), Erlbaum Ltd, Hove, UK
35. Fenske M.J., and Eastwood J.D. Modulation of focused attention by faces expressing emotion: evidence from flanker tasks. Emotion 3 (2003) 327-343
36. Fischer H., Wright C.I., Whalen P.J., McInerney S.C., Shin L.M., and Rauch S.L. Brain habituation during repeated exposure to fearful and neutral faces: a functional MRI study. Brain Res. Bull. 59 (2003) 387-392
37. Fox E. Allocation of Visual-Attention and Anxiety. Cogn. Emotion 7 (1993) 207-215
38. Fox E. Processing emotional facial expressions: the role of anxiety and awareness. Cogn. Affect Behav. Neurosci. 2 (2002) 52-63
39. Fox E., Lester V., Russo R., Bowles R.J., Pichler A., and Dutton K. Facial expressions of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently?. Cogn. Emotion 14 (2000) 61-92
40. Fox E., Russo R., Bowles R., and Dutton K. Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 130 (2001) 681-700
41. Foxe J.J., and Simpson G.V. Flow of activation from V1 to frontal cortex in humans. A framework for defining "early" visual processing. Exp. Brain Res. 142 (2002) 139-150
42. Fredrikson M., Wik G., Fischer H., and Andersson J. Affective and attentive neural networks in humans: a PET study of Pavlovian conditioning. Neuroreport 7 (1995) 97-101
43. Frijda N.H. The Emotions (1986), Cambridge University Press, New-York
44. Gitelman D.R., Nobre A.C., Parrish T.B., LaBar K.S., Kim Y.H., Meyer J.R., and Mesulam M. A large-scale distributed network for covert spatial attention: further anatomical delineation based on stringent behavioural and cognitive controls. Brain 122 Pt 6 (1999) 1093-1106
45. Grave de Peralta Menendez R., Murray M.M., Michel C.M., Martuzzi R., and S.L. G.A. Electrical neuroimaging based on biophysical constraints. Neuroimage 21 (2004) 527-539
46. Green D., and Swets J. Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics (1966), Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington, NY
47. Grill-Spector K., Kourtzi Z., and Kanwisher N. The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition. Vision Res. 41 (2001) 1409-1422
48. Halgren E., Baudena P., Heit G., Clarke J.M., Marinkovic K., and Clarke M. Spatio-temporal stages in face and word processing. I. Depth-recorded potentials in the human occipital, temporal and parietal lobes [corrected]. J. Physiol. Paris 88 (1994) 1-50
49. Halgren E., Raij T., Marinkovic K., Jousmaki V., and Hari R. Cognitive response profile of the human fusiform face area as determined by MEG. Cereb. Cortex 10 (2000) 69-81
50. Hansen C.H., and Hansen R.D. Finding the face in the crowd -- an anger superiority effect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54 (1988) 917-924
51. Hartikainen K.M., Ogawa K.H., and Knight R.T. Transient interference of right hemispheric function due to automatic emotional processing. Neuropsychologia 38 (2000) 1576-1580
52. Heinze H.J., Luck S.J., Mangun G.R., and Hillyard S.A. Visual event-related potentials index focused attention within bilateral stimulus arrays.1. Evidence for early selection. Electroen. Clin. Neuro. 75 (1990) 511-527
53. Hillyard S.A., and Anllo-Vento L. Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 781-787
54. Hillyard S.A., Vogel E.K., and Luck S.J. Sensory gain control (amplification) as a mechanism of selective attention: electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 353 (1998) 1257-1270
55. Holland P.C., and Gallagher M. Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 3 (1999) 65-73
56. Hopfinger J.B., Buonocore M.H., and Mangun G.R. The neural mechanisms of top-down attentional control. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 284-291
57. Hopfinger J.B., and Mangun G.R. Reflexive attention modulates processing of visual stimuli in human extrastriate cortex. Psychol. Sci. 9 (1998) 441-447
58. Jeffreys D.A., and Axford J.G. Source locations of pattern-specific components of human visual evoked-potentials 1. Component of striate cortical origin. Exp. Brain Res. 16 (1972) 1-21
59. Juth P., Lundqvist D., Karlsson A., and Ohman A. Looking for foes and friends: Perceptual and emotional factors when finding a face in the crowd. Emotion 5 (2005) 379-395
60. Kanwisher N. Neural events and perceptual awareness. Cognition 79 (2001) 89-113
61. Kastner S., Pinsk M.A., De Weerd P., Desimone R., and Ungerleider L.G. Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation. Neuron 22 (1999) 751-761
62. Kastner S., and Ungerleider L.G. Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23 (2000) 315-341
63. Kawasaki H., Kaufman O., Damasio H., Damasio A.R., Granner M., Bakken H., Hori T., Howard M.A., and III and Adolphs R. Single-neuron responses to emotional visual stimuli recorded in human ventral prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 4 (2001) 15-16
64. Keil A., Moratti S., Sabatinelli D., Bradley M.M., and Lang P.J. Additive effects of emotional content and spatial selective attention on electrocortical facilitation. Cereb. Cortex 15 (2005) 1187-1197
65. Kerkhoff G. Spatial hemineglect in humans. Prog. Neurobiol. 63 (2001) 1-27
66. Kincade J.M., Abrams R.A., Astafiev S.V., Shulman G.L., and Corbetta M. An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of voluntary and stimulus-driven orienting of attention. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 4593-4604
67. Koster E.H.W., Crombez G., Van Damme S., Verschuere B., and De Houwer J. Does imminent threat capture and hold attention?. Emotion 4 (2004) 312-317
68. Koster E.H.W., Crombez G., Van Damme S., Verschuere B., and De Houwer J. Signals for threat modulate attentional capture and holding: fear-conditioning and extinction during the exogenous cueing task. Cogn. Emotion 19 (2005) 771-780
69. Koster E.H.W., Crombez G., Verschuere B., and De Houwer J. Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: differentiation vigilance from difficulty to disengage. Behav. Res. Ther. 42 (2004) 1083-1092
70. Kourtzi Z., and Kanwisher N. Representation of perceived object shape by the human lateral occipital complex. Science 293 (2001) 1506-1509
71. Krolak-Salmon P., Fischer C., Vighetto A., and Mauguiere F. Processing of facial emotional expression: spatio-temporal data as assessed by scalp event-related potentials. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13 (2001) 987-994
72. Krolak-Salmon P., Henaff M.A., Vighetto A., Bertrand O., and Mauguiere F. Early amygdala reaction to fear spreading in occipital, temporal, and frontal cortex: a depth electrode ERP study in human. Neuron 42 (2004) 665-676
73. Lane R.D., Reiman E.M., Axelrod B., Yun L.S., Holmes A., and Schwartz G.E. Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness: evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 10 (1998) 525-535
74. Lang P.J. A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology 16 (1979) 495-512
75. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Fitzsimmons J.R., Cuthbert B.N., Scott J.D., Moulder B., and Nangia V. Emotional arousal and activation of the visual cortex: An fMRI analysis. Psychophysiology 35 (1998) 199-210
76. LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (1996), Simon & Schuster, New York
77. Lehmann D., and Skrandies W. Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 48 (1980) 609-621
78. Liu T., Pestilli F., and Carrasco M. Transient attention enhances perceptual performance and FMRI response in human visual cortex. Neuron 45 (2005) 469-477
79. Luck S.J. Multiple mechanisms of visual-spatial attention: recent evidence from human electrophysiology. Behav. Brain Res. 71 (1995) 113-123
80. Luck S.J., Heinze H.J., Mangun G.R., and Hillyard S.A. Visual event-related potentials index focused attention within bilateral stimulus arrays. 2. Functional dissociation of P1 and N1 components. Electroen. Clin. Neuro. 75 (1990) 528-542
81. MacDonald A.W., Cohen J.D., Stenger V.A., and Carter C.S. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science 288 (2000) 1835-1838
82. MacLeod C., Mathews A., and Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 95 (1986) 15-20
83. Marois R., and Ivanoff J. Capacity limits of information processing in the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9 (2005) 296-305
84. Martinez A., Anllo-Vento L., Sereno M.I., Frank L.R., Buxton R.B., Dubowitz D.J., Wong E.C., Hinrichs H., Heinze H.J., and Hillyard S.A. Involvement of striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas in spatial attention. Nat. Neurosci. 2 (1999) 364-369
85. Mathews A., Yiend J., and Lawrence A.D. Individual differences in the modulation of fear-related brain activation by attentional control. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16 (2004) 1683-1694
86. Mesulam M.M. From sensation to cognition. Brain 121 Pt 6 (1998) 1013-1052
87. Michel C.M., Seeck M., and Landis T. Spatiotemporal dynamics of human cognition. News Physiol. Sci. 14 (1999) 206-214
88. Mogg K., and Bradley B.P. A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 36 (1998) 809-848
89. Mogg K., and Bradley B.P. Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cogn. Emotion 13 (1999) 713-740
90. Mogg K., and Bradley B.P. Some methodological issues in assessing attentional biases for threatening faces in anxiety: a replication study using a modified version of the probe detection task. Behav. Res. Ther. 37 (1999) 595-604
91. Mogg K., Bradley B.P., and Hallowell N. Attentional bias to threat -- roles of trait anxiety, stressful events, and awareness. Q. J. Exp. Psychol.-A 47 (1994) 841-864
92. Mogg K., Bradley B.P., and Williams R. Attentional bias in anxiety and depression -- the role of awareness. Brit. J. Clin. Psychol. 34 (1995) 17-36
93. Mogg K., McNamara J., Powys M., Rawlinson H., Seiffer A., and Bradley B.P. Selective attention to threat: A test of two cognitive models of anxiety. Cogn. Emotion 14 (2000) 375-399
94. Morris J.S., Friston K.J., Buchel C., Frith C.D., Young A.W., Calder A.J., and Dolan R.J. A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain 121 Pt 1 (1998) 47-57
95. Navon D., and Margalit B. Allocation of attention according to informativeness in visual recognition. Q. J. Exp. Psychol.-A 35 (1983) 497-512
96. Nobre A.C., Coull J.T., Frith C.D., and Mesulam M.M. Orbitofrontal cortex is activated during breaches of expectation in tasks of visual attention. Nat. Neurosci. 2 (1999) 11-12
97. Noesselt T., Driver J., Heinze H.J., and Dolan R. Asymmetrical activation in the human brain during processing of fearful faces. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 424-429
98. Noesselt T., Hillyard S.A., Woldorff M.G., Schoenfeld A., Hagner T., Jancke L., Tempelmann C., Hinrichs H., and Heinze H.J. Delayed striate cortical activation during spatial attention. Neuron 35 (2002) 575-587
99. Ohman A., Lundqvist D., and Esteves F. The face in the crowd revisited: a threat advantage with schematic stimuli. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 80 (2001) 381-396
100. Ohman A., and Mineka S. Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychol. Rev. 108 (2001) 483-522
101. Oostenveld R., and Praamstra P. The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112 (2001) 713-719
102. Pascual-Marqui R.D., Michel C.M., and Lehmann D. Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: a new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 18 (1994) 49-65
103. Peelen M.V., Heslenfeld D.J., and Theeuwes J. Endogenous and exogenous attention shifts are mediated by the same large-scale neural network. Neuroimage 22 (2004) 822-830
104. Pessoa L., McKenna M., Gutierrez E., and Ungerleider L.G. Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 11458-11463
105. Phelps E.A., Ling S., and Carrasco M. Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefit of attention. Psychol. Sci. 17 (2006) 292-299
106. Phillips M.L., Medford N., Young A.W., Williams L., Williams S.C., Bullmore E.T., Gray J.A., and Brammer M.J. Time courses of left and right amygdalar responses to fearful facial expressions. Hum. Brain Mapp. 12 (2001) 193-202
107. Picton T.W., Bentin S., Berg P., Donchin E., Hillyard S.A., Johnson R., Miller G.A., Ritter W., Ruchkin D.S., Rugg M.D., and Taylor M.J. Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: recording standards and publication criteria. Psychophysiology 37 (2000) 127-152
108. Pizzagalli D., Regard M., and Lehmann D. Rapid emotional face processing in the human right and left brain hemispheres: an ERP study. Neuroreport 10 (1999) 2691-2698
109. Pizzagalli D.A., Lehmann D., Hendrick A.M., Regard M., Pascual-Marqui R.D., and Davidson R.J. Affective judgments of faces modulate early activity (approximately 160 ms) within the fusiform gyri. Neuroimage 16 (2002) 663-677
110. Posner M.I., Snyder C.R.R., and Davidson B.J. Attention and the detection of signals. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 109 (1980) 160-174
111. Pourtois G., Grandjean D., Sander D., and Vuilleumier P. Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces. Cereb. Cortex 14 (2004) 619-633
112. Pourtois G., Schwartz S., Seghier M.L., Lazeyras F., and Vuilleumier P. Neural systems for orienting attention to the location of threat signals: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 31 (2006) 920-933
113. Pourtois G., Thut G., Grave de Peralta R., Michel C., and Vuilleumier P. Two electrophysiological stages of spatial orienting towards fearful faces: early temporo-parietal activation preceding gain control in extrastriate visual cortex. Neuroimage 26 (2005) 149-163
114. Pratto F., and John O.P. Automatic vigilance - the attention-grabbing power of negative social information. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 61 (1991) 380-391
115. Sabatinelli D., Bradley M.M., Fitzsimmons J.R., and Lang P.J. Parallel amygdala and inferotemporal activation reflect emotional intensity and fear relevance. Neuroimage 24 (2005) 1265-1270
116. Sander D., Grandjean D., Pourtois G., Schwartz S., Seghier M.L., Scherer K.R., and Vuilleumier P. Emotion and attention interactions in social cognition: brain regions involved in processing anger prosody. Neuroimage 28 (2005) 848-898
117. Searcy J.H., and Bartlett J.C. Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. 22 (1996) 904-915
118. Shulman G.L., d'Avossa G., Tansy A.P., and Corbetta M. Two attentional processes in the parietal lobe. Cereb. Cortex 12 (2002) 1124-1131
119. Spielberger C.D. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (1983), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA
120. Stormark K.M., Nordby H., and Hugdahl K. Attentional shifts to emotionally charged cues - Behavioral and Erp data. Cogn. Emotion 9 (1995) 507-523
121. Super H., van der Togt C., Spekreijse H., and Lamme V.A. Internal state of monkey primary visual cortex (V1) predicts figure-ground perception. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 3407-3414
122. Surguladze S.A., Brammer M.J., Young A.W., Andrew C., Travis M.J., Williams S.C., and Phillips M.L. A preferential increase in the extrastriate response to signals of danger. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 1317-1328
123. Tallon-Baudry C., Bertrand O., Henaff M.A., Isnard J., and Fischer C. Attention modulates gamma-band oscillations differently in the human lateral occipital cortex and fusiform gyrus. Cerebral Cortex 15 (2005) 654-662
124. Thiel C.M., Zilles K., and Fink G.R. Cerebral correlates of alerting, orienting and reorienting of visuospatial attention: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 21 (2004) 318-328
125. Tranel D., Damasio A.R., and Damasio H. Intact recognition of facial expression, gender and age in patients with impaired recognition of face identity. Neurology 38 (1988) 690-696
126. van der Lubbe R.H., and Woestenburg J.C. Modulation of early ERP components with peripheral precues: a trend analysis. Biol. Psychol. 45 (1997) 143-158
127. Van der Lubbe R.H., and Woestenburg J.C. Location selection in the visual domain. Psychophysiology 37 (2000) 662-676
128. Vogel E.K., and Luck S.J. The visual N1 component as an index of a discrimination process. Psychophysiology 37 (2000) 190-203
129. Vuilleumier P. Facial expression and selective attention. Curr. Opin. Psychiatr. 15 (2002) 291-300
130. Vuilleumier P. How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9 (2005) 585-594
131. Vuilleumier P., Armony J.L., Clarke K., Husain M., Driver J., and Dolan R.J. Neural response to emotional faces with and without awareness: event-related fMRI in a parietal patient with visual extinction and spatial neglect. Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 2156-2166
132. Vuilleumier P., Armony J.L., and Dolan R.J. Reciprocal links between emotion and attention. In: Frackowiak R.J.S., and Mazziotta J. (Eds). Human Brain Function (2004), Elsevier, London 419-444
133. Vuilleumier P., Armony J.L., Driver J., and Dolan R.J. Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 30 (2001) 829-841
134. Vuilleumier, P. and Pourtois, G. (in press) Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia.
135. Vuilleumier P., Richardson M.P., Armony J.L., Driver J., and Dolan R.J. Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 1271-1278
136. Vuilleumier P., and Schwartz S. Beware and be aware: Capture of spatial attention by fear-related stimuli in neglect. Neuroreport 12 (2001) 1119-1122
137. Vuilleumier P., and Schwartz S. Emotional facial expressions capture attention. Neurology 56 (2001) 153-158
138. Walter W.G., Cooper R., Aldridge V.J., McCallum W.C., and Winter A.L. Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature 203 (1964) 380-384
139. Williams J.M.G., Mathews A., and MacLeod C. The emotional stroop task and psychopathology. Psychol. Bull. 120 (1996) 3-24
140. Williams M.A., Moss S.A., Bradshaw J.L., and Mattingley J.B. Look at me, I'm smiling: visual search for threatening and nonthreatening facial expressions. Vis. Cogn. 12 (2005) 29-50
141. Woldorff M.G., Hazlett C.J., Fichtenholtz H.M., Weissman D.H., Dale A.M., and Song A.W. Functional parcellation of attentional control regions of the brain. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16 (2004) 149-165
142. Zajonc R.B. Feeling and thinking - preferences need no inferences. Am. Psychol. 35 (1980) 151-175
143. Zald D.H. The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 41 (2003) 88-123