Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness: Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 525-535

  Lane, Richard D ^a,d   Reiman, Eric M ^a,b   Axelrod, Beatrice ^a   Yun, Lang Sheng ^b   Holmes, Andrew ^c   Schwartz, Gary E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b Landstuhl Regional Medical Center   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN 15; WATER;

ADULT; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; BRAIN REGION; CINGULATE GYRUS; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IMAGING; NORMAL HUMAN; PERCEPTION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECALL;

EID: 0031870039     PISSN: 0898929X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/089892998562924     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Aggleton, J. P. (1992). The functional effects of amygdala lesions in humans: A comparison with findings from monkeys. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.). The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory and mental dysfunction (pp. 185-503). New York: Wiley-Liss.
2. Augustine, J. R. (1996). Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans. Brain Research Reviews, 22, 229-244.
3. Bard, P. (1928). A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. American Journal of Physiology, 84, 490-515.
4. Barrett, L. E., Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Schwartz, G. E. (submitted). Sex differences in emotional awareness.
5. Bench, C. J., Friston, K. J., Brown, R. G., Scott, L. C., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1993). The anatomy of melancholia - focal abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in major depression. Psychological Medicine, 22, 607-615.
6. Bench, C. J., Frith, C. D., Grasby, P. M., Friston, K. J., Paulesu, E., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1993). Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop test. Neuropsychologia, 31, 907-922.
7. Benkelfat, C., Bradwejn, J., Meyer, R., Ellenbogen, M., Milot, S., Gjedde, A., & Evans, A. (1995). Functional neuroanatomy of CCK4-induced anxiety in normal healthy volunteers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1180-1184,
8. Blatt, S. J., Wein, S. J., Chevron, E., & Quinlan, D. M. (1979). Parental representations and depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 388-397.
9. Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whaten, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S. E., & Rosen, B. R. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, 17, 875-887.
10. Cannon, W. B. (1929). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage (2nd Ed.). New York: Appleton.
11. Clore, G. C. (1994). Why emotions are felt. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion (pp. 103-111). New York: Oxford University Press.
12. Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Dobmeyer, S., Shulman, G. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape, color, and velocity in humans. Science, 248, 1556-1559.
13. Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Dobmeyer, S., Shulman, G. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1991). Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed: Functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 2382-2102.
14. Craig, A. D., Reiman, E. M., Evans, A., & Bushnell, M. C. (1996). Functional imaging of an illusion of pain. Nature, 384, 258-260.
15. Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' error. New York: G. P. Putnam.
16. Damasio, A. R. & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1983). Emotional disturbances associated with focal lesions of the limbic frontal lobe. In K. M. Heilman, & P. Satz (Eds.), Neuropsychology of human emotion. (pp. 85-110). New York: Guilford Press.
17. Devinsky, O., Morrell, M. J., & Vogt, B. A. (1995). Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behavior. Brain, 118, 279-306.
18. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). Age and sex effects for emotional intensity. Developmental Psychology, 21, 542-546.
19. Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1992). Amygdala-ventral striatal interactions and reward-related-processes. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory and mental dysfunction (pp. 401-429). New York: Wiley.
20. Friston, K. J., Ashburner, J., Poline, J.-B., Frith, C. D., Heather, J. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996). Spatial realignment and normalization of images. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 165-189.
21. Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J.-B., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995). Statistical parametric-maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach. Human Brain Mapping, 2, 189-210.
22. Frith, C. D., Friston, K., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991a). Willed action and the prefrontal cortex in man: A study with PET. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 241-246.
23. Frith, C., Friston, K., Liddle, P., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991b). A PET study of word finding. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1137-1148.
24. George, M. S., Ketter, T. A., Gill, D., Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Herscovitch, P., & Post, R. M. (1993). Brain regions involved in recognizing facial emotion or identity: An O-15 PET study. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 5, 384-394.
25. George, M. S., Ketter, T. A., Parekh, B. A., Horowitz, B., Herscovitch, P., & Post, R. M. (1995). Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 341-351.
26. Gybels J. M. & Sweet, W. H. (1989). Neurological treatment of persistent pain. Basel: Karger.
27. Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1994). Precis of beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 693-745.
28. Ketter, T. A., Andreason, P. J., George, M. S., Lee, C., Gill, D. S., Purekh, P. I., Willis, M. W., Herscovitch, P., & Post, R. M. (1996). Anterior paralimbic mediation of procaine-induced emotional and psychosensory experiences. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 59-69.
29. Lane, R. D., Kevley, L. S., DuBois, M. A., Shamasundara, P., & Schwartz, G. E. (1995). Levels of emotional awareness and the degree of right hemispheric dominance in the perception of facial emotion. Neuropsychologia, 33, 525-528.
30. Lane, R. D., Quinlan, D., Schwartz, G., Walker, P., & Zeitlin, S. (1990). The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 124-134.
31. Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Ahern, G. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, R. J. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness and disgust. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 926-933.
32. Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., Ahern, G. L., & Davidson, R. J. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion. Neuropsychologia, 35, 1437-1444.
33. Lane, R. D., & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 133-143.
34. Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., Axelrod, B., Weldon, V, & Schwartz, G. Age, sex and socioeconomic class norms for the levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (in preparation).
35. Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., Reidel, R. G., Weldon, V., Kaszniak, A. W., & Schwartz, G. E. (1996). Impaired verbal and non-verbal emotion recognition in alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 203-210.
36. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.
37. Levine, D., Marziali, E., & Hood, J. (1997). Emotion processing in borderline personality disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 240-246.
38. Loevinger, J., & Wessler, R. (1970). Measuring ego development. Vol. 1: Construction and use of a sentence completion test. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
39. Loevinger, J., Wessler, R., & Redmore, C. (1970). Measuring ego development. Vol. II: Scoring manual for women and girls. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
40. Maquet, P., Peters, J.-M., Aerts, J., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., & Franck, G. (1996). Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Nature, 383, 163-166.
41. Marks, D. F. (1989). Bibliography of research utilizing the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 707-718
42. Mayburg, H. S., Lewis, P. J., Regenold, W., & Wagner, H. N. (1994). Paralimbic hypoperfusion in unipolar depression. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 35, 929-934.
43. Mayburg, H. S., Liotti, M., Jerabek, P. A., Martin, C. C., & Fox, P. T. (1995). Induced sadness: a PET model of depression. Human Brain Mapping Supplement, 1, 396.
44. Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy-facial expressions. Nature, 383, 812-815.
45. Murtha, S., Chertkow, H., Beauregard, M., Dixon, R., & Evans, A. (1996). Anticipation causes increased blood flow to the anterior cingulate cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 4, 103-112.
46. Ohman, A., & Soares, J. J. F. (1993). Unconscious anxiety: Phobic responses to masked stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 231-240.
47. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113.
48. Papez, J. W. (1937). A proposed mechanism of emotion. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 38, 725-734.
49. Pardo, J. V., Pardo, P. J., Janer, K. W., & Raichle, M. E. (1990). The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 87, 256-259.
50. Pardo, J. V., Pardo, P. J., & Raichle, M. E. (1993). Neural correlates of self-induced dysphoria. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 713-719.
51. Paus, T., Petrides, M., Evans, A. C., & Meyer, E. (1993). Role of the human anterior cingulate cortex in the control of oculomotor, manual, and speech responses: A positron emission tomography study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 70, 453-469.
52. Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Positron emission tomographic studies of the conical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature, 331, 585-589.
53. Posner, M. I. (1994). Attention: The mechanisms of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 91, 7398-7403.
54. Posner, M. I., & Dehaene, S. (1994). Attentional networks. Trends in Neurosciences, 17, 75-79.
55. Price, C. J., & Friston, K. J. (1997). Cognitive conjunction: a new approach to brain activation experiments. Neuroimage, 5, 261-270.
56. Rainville, P., Duncan, G., H., Price, D. D., Carrier, B., Rushnell, M. C. (1997). Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate hut not somatosensory cortex. Science, 227, 968-971.
57. Rauch, S. L., van der Kolk, B. A., Fisler, R. E., Alpert, N. M., Orr, S. P., Savage, C. R., Fischman, A. J., Jenike, M. A., & Pitman, R. K. (1996). A symptom provocation study of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 380-390.
58. Reiman, E. M., Fusselman, M. J., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1989). Neuroanatomical correlates of anticipatory anxiety. Science, 243, 1071-1074.
59. Reiman, E. M., Lane, R. D., Ahern, G. L., Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J., Friston, K. J., Yun, L. S., & Chen, K. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 926-933.
60. Reiman, E. M., Mintun, M. A., Raichle, M. E., Robins, E., Price, J. L., Fusselman, M., Fox, P. T., & Hackman, K. (1989). Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 493-500.
61. Schneider, F., Gur, R. E., Mozley, L. H., Smith, R. J., Mozley, P. D., Censits, D. M., Alavi, A., & Gur, R. C. (1995). Mood effects on limbic blood flow correlate with emotional self-rating: A PET study of oxygen-15 labeled water. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 61, 265-283
62. Shields, S. A. (1991). Gender in the psychology of emotion: A selective research review. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (pp. 227-245). New York: Wiley.
63. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1994). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
64. Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme Medical Publishing.
65. Talbot, J. D., Marrett, S., Evans, A. C., Ernst, M., Bushnell, M. C., & Duncan, G. H. (1991). Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex. Science, 251, 1355-1358.
66. Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., & Henriques, J. B. (1990). Resting frontal brain asymmetry predicts affective responses to films. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 791-801.
67. Vogt, B. A., Finch, D. M., & Olson, C. R. (1992). Functional heterogeneity in cingulate cortex: The anterior executive and posterior evaluative regions. Cerebral Cortex, 2, 135-143.
68. Vogt, B. A. & Gabriel, M. (1993). Neurobiology of cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus. Boston: Birkhauser.
69. Wilson, D. H., & Chang, A. E. (1974). Bilateral anterior cingulectomy for the relief of intractable pain (report of 28 patients). Confinia Neurologica, 36, 61-68.
70. Worsley, K. J., Marrett, S., Neelin, P., Vandal, A. C., Friston, K. J., & Evans, A. C. (1995). A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Human Brain Mapping, 4, 58-73.