메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1345-1362

On the formation of dense understory layers in forests worldwide: Consequences and implications for forest dynamics, biodiversity, and succession

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; UNDERPINNINGS;

EID: 33748549370     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/X06-025     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (502)

References (231)
  • 1
    • 0036669252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of Sasa and canopy gap formation on tree regeneration in an old beech forest
    • Abe, M., Izaki, J., Miguchi, H., Masaki, T., Makita, A., and Nakashizuka, T. 2002. The effects of Sasa and canopy gap formation on tree regeneration in an old beech forest. J. Veg. Sci. 13: 565-574.
    • (2002) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 565-574
    • Abe, M.1    Izaki, J.2    Miguchi, H.3    Masaki, T.4    Makita, A.5    Nakashizuka, T.6
  • 2
    • 0001101302 scopus 로고
    • Pire and the development of oak forests
    • Abrams, M.D. 1992. Pire and the development of oak forests. Bioscience, 42: 335-364.
    • (1992) Bioscience , vol.42 , pp. 335-364
    • Abrams, M.D.1
  • 3
    • 0021561083 scopus 로고
    • Effects of ungulates on structure and species composition in the Urewara forests as shown by exclosures
    • Allen, R.B., Payton, I.J., and Knowlton, J.E. 1984. Effects of ungulates on structure and species composition in the Urewara forests as shown by exclosures. N.Z. J. Ecol. 7: 119-130.
    • (1984) N.Z. J. Ecol. , vol.7 , pp. 119-130
    • Allen, R.B.1    Payton, I.J.2    Knowlton, J.E.3
  • 4
    • 1542770172 scopus 로고
    • Patch studies in the stability of non-diversity: Dennstaedtia, Solidago, Spiraea, Kalmia
    • Anderson, J.P., Jr., and Egler, R.E. 1988. Patch studies in the stability of non-diversity: Dennstaedtia, Solidago, Spiraea, Kalmia. Phytologia, 64: 349-364.
    • (1988) Phytologia , vol.64 , pp. 349-364
    • Anderson Jr., J.P.1    Egler, R.E.2
  • 5
    • 0034028405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age structure and growth of the tree seedling bank in subalpine spruce-fir forests of south-central British Columbia
    • Antos, J.A., Parish, R., and Conley, K. 2000. Age structure and growth of the tree seedling bank in subalpine spruce-fir forests of south-central British Columbia. Am. Midl. Nat. 143: 342-354.
    • (2000) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.143 , pp. 342-354
    • Antos, J.A.1    Parish, R.2    Conley, K.3
  • 6
    • 0028572834 scopus 로고
    • The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management
    • Attiwill, P.M. 1994. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management. For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 247-300.
    • (1994) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.63 , pp. 247-300
    • Attiwill, P.M.1
  • 7
    • 0027881256 scopus 로고
    • Tansley Review 50. Nutrient cycling in forests
    • Attiwill, P.M., and Adams, M.A. 1993. Tansley Review 50. Nutrient cycling in forests. New Phytol. 124: 561-582.
    • (1993) New Phytol. , vol.124 , pp. 561-582
    • Attiwill, P.M.1    Adams, M.A.2
  • 8
    • 0034097192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light extinction coefficients specific to the understory vegetation of the southern boreal forest, Quebec
    • Aubin, I., Beaudet, M., and Messier, C. 2000. Light extinction coefficients specific to the understory vegetation of the southern boreal forest, Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 168-177.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 168-177
    • Aubin, I.1    Beaudet, M.2    Messier, C.3
  • 9
    • 13844302039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boulders in the Allegheny National Forest: Evidence for boulders as refugia from deer and as a bioassay of overbrowsing
    • Banta, J.A., Royo, A.A., Kirschbaum, C., and Carson, W.P. 2005. Boulders in the Allegheny National Forest: evidence for boulders as refugia from deer and as a bioassay of overbrowsing. Nat. Areas J. 25: 10-18.
    • (2005) Nat. Areas J. , vol.25 , pp. 10-18
    • Banta, J.A.1    Royo, A.A.2    Kirschbaum, C.3    Carson, W.P.4
  • 10
    • 0001860902 scopus 로고
    • Forest succession following a spruce budworm outbreak in Minnesota
    • Batzer, H.O., and Popp, M.P. 1985. Forest succession following a spruce budworm outbreak in Minnesota. For. Chron. 61: 807-814.
    • (1985) For. Chron. , vol.61 , pp. 807-814
    • Batzer, H.O.1    Popp, M.P.2
  • 11
    • 0037099773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictions of understory light conditions in northern hardwood forests following parameterization, sensitivity analysis, and test of the SOR-TIE light model
    • Beaudet, M., Messier, C., and Canham, C. 2002. Predictions of understory light conditions in northern hardwood forests following parameterization, sensitivity analysis, and test of the SOR-TIE light model. For. Ecol. Manage. 165: 235-248.
    • (2002) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.165 , pp. 235-248
    • Beaudet, M.1    Messier, C.2    Canham, C.3
  • 12
    • 1842430144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understory light profiles in temperate deciduous forests: Recovery process following selection cutting
    • Beaudet, M., Messier, C., and Leduc, A. 2004. Understory light profiles in temperate deciduous forests: recovery process following selection cutting. J. Ecol. 92: 328-338.
    • (2004) J. Ecol. , vol.92 , pp. 328-338
    • Beaudet, M.1    Messier, C.2    Leduc, A.3
  • 13
    • 0037740828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedling survival and growth of three forest tree species: The role of spatial heterogeneity
    • Beckage, B., and Clark, J.S. 2003. Seedling survival and growth of three forest tree species: the role of spatial heterogeneity. Ecology, 84: 1849-1861.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1849-1861
    • Beckage, B.1    Clark, J.S.2
  • 14
    • 0033709957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term study of tree seedling recruitment in southern Appalachian forests: The effects of canopy gaps and shrub understories
    • Beckage, B., Clark, J.S., Clinton, B.D., and Haines, B.L. 2000. A long-term study of tree seedling recruitment in southern Appalachian forests: the effects of canopy gaps and shrub understories. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1617-1631.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 1617-1631
    • Beckage, B.1    Clark, J.S.2    Clinton, B.D.3    Haines, B.L.4
  • 15
    • 0033594205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deer browsing and slash removal affect field vegetation on south Swedish clearcuts
    • Bergquist, J., Örlander, G., and Nilsson, U. 1999. Deer browsing and slash removal affect field vegetation on south Swedish clearcuts. For. Ecol. Manage. 114: 171-182.
    • (1999) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.114 , pp. 171-182
    • Bergquist, J.1    Örlander, G.2    Nilsson, U.3
  • 16
    • 0028975315 scopus 로고
    • Competition vs. facilitation of tree seedling growth and survival in early successional communities
    • Berkowitz, A.R., Canham, C.D., and Kelly, V.R. 1995. Competition vs. facilitation of tree seedling growth and survival in early successional communities. Ecology, 76: 1156-1168.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1156-1168
    • Berkowitz, A.R.1    Canham, C.D.2    Kelly, V.R.3
  • 17
    • 1542475191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of vegetation control treatments for release of Engelmann spruce from a mixed-shrub community in southern British Columbia
    • Biring, B.S., Comeau, P.G., and Fielder, P.L. 2003. Long-term effects of vegetation control treatments for release of Engelmann spruce from a mixed-shrub community in southern British Columbia. Ann. For. Sci. 60: 681-690.
    • (2003) Ann. For. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 681-690
    • Biring, B.S.1    Comeau, P.G.2    Fielder, P.L.3
  • 18
    • 0002888358 scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetic adaptability of two fern species of a northern hardwood forest
    • Brach, A.R., McNaughton, S.J., and Raynal, D.J. 1993. Photosynthetic adaptability of two fern species of a northern hardwood forest. Am. Fern J. 83: 47-53.
    • (1993) Am. Fern J. , vol.83 , pp. 47-53
    • Brach, A.R.1    McNaughton, S.J.2    Raynal, D.J.3
  • 19
    • 0030778187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen acquisition and competitive ability of Kalmia angustifolia L., paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings grown on different humus forms
    • Bradley, R.L., Titus, B.D., and Fyles, J.W. 1997. Nitrogen acquisition and competitive ability of Kalmia angustifolia L., paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings grown on different humus forms. Plant Soil, 195: 209-220.
    • (1997) Plant Soil , vol.195 , pp. 209-220
    • Bradley, R.L.1    Titus, B.D.2    Fyles, J.W.3
  • 20
    • 0000810028 scopus 로고
    • Gap phase replacement in a maple-basswood forest
    • Bray, J.R. 1956. Gap phase replacement in a maple-basswood forest. Ecology, 37: 598-600.
    • (1956) Ecology , vol.37 , pp. 598-600
    • Bray, J.R.1
  • 21
    • 0025672436 scopus 로고
    • Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Brown, J.H., and Heske, E.J. 1990. Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild. Science (Washington, D.C.), 250: 1705-1707.
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 1705-1707
    • Brown, J.H.1    Heske, E.J.2
  • 22
    • 0001188122 scopus 로고
    • Groundlayer dominance and apparent inhibition of tree regeneration by Aechmea magdalenae (Bromeliaceae) in a tropical forest
    • Brokaw, N.V.L. 1983. Groundlayer dominance and apparent inhibition of tree regeneration by Aechmea magdalenae (Bromeliaceae) in a tropical forest. Trop. Ecol. 24: 194-200.
    • (1983) Trop. Ecol. , vol.24 , pp. 194-200
    • Brokaw, N.V.L.1
  • 23
    • 33748563388 scopus 로고
    • Effects of endrin in repellent seed coverings on caged rodents
    • Campbell, T.E. 1981. Effects of endrin in repellent seed coverings on caged rodents. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. SO-174.
    • (1981) USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. SO-174
    • Campbell, T.E.1
  • 24
    • 0025227326 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction of salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) under forest canopy
    • Bunnell, F.L. 1990. Reproduction of salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) under forest canopy. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 91-100.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 91-100
    • Bunnell, F.L.1
  • 25
    • 0000454744 scopus 로고
    • Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species
    • Canham, C.D. 1989. Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species. Ecology, 70: 548-550.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 548-550
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 26
    • 0028180423 scopus 로고
    • Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: Interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees
    • Canham, C.D., Finzi, A.C., Pacala, S.W., and Burbank, D.H. 1994. Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 37-349.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 37-349
    • Canham, C.D.1    Finzi, A.C.2    Pacala, S.W.3    Burbank, D.H.4
  • 27
    • 33645737254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general rule for predicting when insects will have strong top-down effects on plant communities: On the relationship between insect outbreaks and host concentration
    • insects and ecosystem function. Edited by W.W. Weisser and E. Siemann
    • Carson, W.P., Cronin, J.P., and Long, Z.T. 2004. A general rule for predicting when insects will have strong top-down effects on plant communities: on the relationship between insect outbreaks and host concentration. In insects and ecosystem function. Edited by W.W. Weisser and E. Siemann. Ecol. Stud. Ser. 413. pp. 193-211.
    • (2004) Ecol. Stud. Ser. 413 , pp. 193-211
    • Carson, W.P.1    Cronin, J.P.2    Long, Z.T.3
  • 29
    • 0033938892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of competition or microenvironment on boreal tree seedling establishment after fire
    • Cater, T.C., and Chapin III, F.S. 2000. Differential effects of competition or microenvironment on boreal tree seedling establishment after fire. Ecology, 81: 1086-1099
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 1086-1099
    • Cater, T.C.1    Chapin III, F.S.2
  • 30
    • 0033756935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15N in a Coastal British Columbia plantation forest: 6-year results
    • 15N in a Coastal British Columbia plantation forest: 6-year results. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1379-1388.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 1379-1388
    • Chang, S.X.1    Preston, C.M.2
  • 32
    • 0030430190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understory competition effect on tree growth and biomass allocation on a coastal old-growth forest cutover site in British Columbia
    • Chang, S.X., Weetman, G.F., and Preston, C.M. 1996b. Understory competition effect on tree growth and biomass allocation on a coastal old-growth forest cutover site in British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 83: 1-11.
    • (1996) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.83 , pp. 1-11
    • Chang, S.X.1    Weetman, G.F.2    Preston, C.M.3
  • 33
    • 0022912688 scopus 로고
    • Effect of root competition and shading on growth of suppressed western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
    • Christy, E.J. 1986. Effect of root competition and shading on growth of suppressed western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Vegetatio, 65: 21-28.
    • (1986) Vegetatio , vol.65 , pp. 21-28
    • Christy, E.J.1
  • 34
    • 0026283989 scopus 로고
    • The impact of physical damage on canopy tree regeneration in tropical rain forest
    • Clark, D.B, and Clark, D.A. 1991. The impact of physical damage on canopy tree regeneration in tropical rain forest. J. Ecol. 79: 447-457.
    • (1991) J. Ecol. , vol.79 , pp. 447-457
    • Clark, D.B.1    Clark, D.A.2
  • 35
    • 0030479848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Rhododendron maximum L. on Acer rubrum L. seedling establishment
    • Clinton, B.D., and Vose, J.M. 1996. Effects of Rhododendron maximum L. on Acer rubrum L. seedling establishment. Castanea, 6: 38-45.
    • (1996) Castanea , vol.6 , pp. 38-45
    • Clinton, B.D.1    Vose, J.M.2
  • 36
    • 0028188870 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the Southern Appalachians: Influences of topographic position and evergreen understory
    • Clinton, B.D., Boring, L.R., and Swank, W.T. 1994. Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the Southern Appalachians: influences of topographic position and evergreen understory. Am. Midl. Nat. 132: 308-319.
    • (1994) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.132 , pp. 308-319
    • Clinton, B.D.1    Boring, L.R.2    Swank, W.T.3
  • 37
    • 0000147648 scopus 로고
    • The biology of Canadian weeds. Part 26: Dennstaedtia punctilobula
    • Cody, W.J., Hall, I.V., and Crompton. C.W. 1977. The biology of Canadian weeds. Part 26: Dennstaedtia punctilobula. Can. J. Plant Sci. 57: 1159-1168.
    • (1977) Can. J. Plant Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 1159-1168
    • Cody, W.J.1    Hall, I.V.2    Crompton, C.W.3
  • 38
    • 13844268390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fire and oak hypothesis: Incorporating the effects of deer browsing and canopy gaps
    • Proceedings of the 13th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, Urbana-Champaign, Ill., 1-3 April 2002. Edited by J.W. Van Sambeek, J.O Dawson, F. Ponder, Jr., E.F. Loewenstein, and J.S. Fralish
    • Collins, R.J., and Carson, W.P. 2003. The fire and oak hypothesis: incorporating the effects of deer browsing and canopy gaps. In Proceedings of the 13th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, Urbana-Champaign, Ill., 1-3 April 2002. Edited by J.W. Van Sambeek, J.O Dawson, F. Ponder, Jr., E.F. Loewenstein, and J.S. Fralish. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-234. pp. 44-63.
    • (2003) USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-234 , pp. 44-63
    • Collins, R.J.1    Carson, W.P.2
  • 39
    • 0002840473 scopus 로고
    • Apparent vs. "real" competition in plants
    • Edited by J.B. Grace and D. Tilman. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
    • Connell, J.H. 1990. Apparent vs. "real" competition in plants. In Perspectives on plant competition. Edited by J.B. Grace and D. Tilman. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. pp. 9-25.
    • (1990) Perspectives on Plant Competition , pp. 9-25
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 40
    • 0021029661 scopus 로고
    • On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence
    • Connell, J.H., and Sousa, W.P. 1983. On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. Am. Nat. 121: 789-824.
    • (1983) Am. Nat. , vol.121 , pp. 789-824
    • Connell, J.H.1    Sousa, W.P.2
  • 41
    • 0033810818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: A theoretical framework and review of experiments
    • Coomes, D.A., and Grubb, P.J. 2000. Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: a theoretical framework and review of experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 70: 171-207.
    • (2000) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.70 , pp. 171-207
    • Coomes, D.A.1    Grubb, P.J.2
  • 42
    • 0041739267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer
    • Coomes, D.A., Allen, R.B., Forsyth, D.M., and Lee. W.G. 2003. Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer. Conserv. Biol. 17: 450-459.
    • (2003) Conserv. Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 450-459
    • Coomes, D.A.1    Allen, R.B.2    Forsyth, D.M.3    Lee, W.G.4
  • 43
    • 0343449031 scopus 로고
    • A century of change in the forests of the Ruahine Range, North Island, New Zealand: 1870-1970
    • Cunningham, A. 1979. A century of change in the forests of the Ruahine Range, North Island, New Zealand: 1870-1970. N.Z. J. Ecol. 2: 11-21.
    • (1979) N.Z. J. Ecol. , vol.2 , pp. 11-21
    • Cunningham, A.1
  • 44
    • 0022175327 scopus 로고
    • The importance of weed control and the use of tree shelters for establishing broadleaved trees on grass-dominated sites in England
    • Davies, R.J. 1985. The importance of weed control and the use of tree shelters for establishing broadleaved trees on grass-dominated sites in England. Forestry, 58: 167-180.
    • (1985) Forestry , vol.58 , pp. 167-180
    • Davies, R.J.1
  • 45
    • 0000183669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment and control of hay-scented fern: A native invasive species
    • de la Cretaz, A.L., and Kelty, M.J. 1999. Establishment and control of hay-scented fern: a native invasive species. Biol. Invasions. 1: 223-236.
    • (1999) Biol. Invasions , vol.1 , pp. 223-236
    • De La Cretaz, A.L.1    Kelty, M.J.2
  • 46
    • 0036087317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of tree regeneration in fern-dominated forest understories after reduction of deer browsing
    • de la Cretaz, A.L., and Kelty, M.J. 2002. Development of tree regeneration in fern-dominated forest understories after reduction of deer browsing. Restor. Ecol. 10: 416-426.
    • (2002) Restor. Ecol. , vol.10 , pp. 416-426
    • De La Cretaz, A.L.1    Kelty, M.J.2
  • 48
    • 0023467656 scopus 로고
    • Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity
    • Denslow, J.S. 1987. Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 431-452.
    • (1987) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.18 , pp. 431-452
    • Denslow, J.S.1
  • 49
    • 0026351058 scopus 로고
    • The effect of understory palms and cyclanths on the growth and survival of inga seedlings
    • Denslow, S.J., Newell, E., and Ellison, A.M. 1991. The effect of understory palms and cyclanths on the growth and survival of inga seedlings. Biotropica, 23: 225-234.
    • (1991) Biotropica , vol.23 , pp. 225-234
    • Denslow, S.J.1    Newell, E.2    Ellison, A.M.3
  • 50
    • 0027876688 scopus 로고
    • Effects of vine competition on availability of light, water, and nitrogen to a tree host (Liquidambar styraciflua)
    • Dillenburg, L.R., Whigham, D.F., Teramura, A.H., and Forseth, I.N. 1993. Effects of vine competition on availability of light, water, and nitrogen to a tree host (Liquidambar styraciflua). Am. J. Bot. 80: 244-252.
    • (1993) Am. J. Bot. , vol.80 , pp. 244-252
    • Dillenburg, L.R.1    Whigham, D.F.2    Teramura, A.H.3    Forseth, I.N.4
  • 51
    • 0030588353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interference of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedling establishment
    • Dolling, A. 1996. Interference of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedling establishment. For. Ecol. Manage. 88: 227-235.
    • (1996) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.88 , pp. 227-235
    • Dolling, A.1
  • 52
    • 0033530805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vegetative spread of Pteridium aquilinum in a hemiboreal forest: Invasion or revegetation?
    • Dolling, A. 1999. The vegetative spread of Pteridium aquilinum in a hemiboreal forest: invasion or revegetation? For. Ecol. Manage. 124: 177-184.
    • (1999) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.124 , pp. 177-184
    • Dolling, A.1
  • 53
    • 0028192872 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation in the phytotoxicity of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn)
    • Dolling, A., Zackrisson, O., and Nilsson, M.C. 1994. Seasonal variation in the phytotoxicity of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn). J. Chem. Ecol. 20: 3163-3172.
    • (1994) J. Chem. Ecol. , vol.20 , pp. 3163-3172
    • Dolling, A.1    Zackrisson, O.2    Nilsson, M.C.3
  • 54
    • 68949210979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understory response to disturbance: An investigation of prescribed burning and understory removal treatments
    • Proceedings: Upland Oak Ecology Symposium: History, Current Conditions, and Sustainability, Fayetteville, Ark., 7-10 October 2002. Edited by M. Spetich
    • Donlan, B.J., and Parker, G.R. 2004. Understory response to disturbance: an investigation of prescribed burning and understory removal treatments. In Proceedings: Upland Oak Ecology Symposium: History, Current Conditions, and Sustainability, Fayetteville, Ark., 7-10 October 2002. Edited by M. Spetich. USDA For Serv. Gen. Tech Rep. SRS-73. pp. 285-291.
    • (2004) USDA for Serv. Gen. Tech Rep. SRS-73 , pp. 285-291
    • Donlan, B.J.1    Parker, G.R.2
  • 55
    • 0024192525 scopus 로고
    • Interference of black cherry by ground flora of the Allegheny uplands
    • Drew, A.P. 1988. Interference of black cherry by ground flora of the Allegheny uplands. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 652-656.
    • (1988) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 652-656
    • Drew, A.P.1
  • 56
    • 0002079013 scopus 로고
    • Understory response to canopy gaps of varying size in a mature oak forest
    • Ehrenfeld, J.G. 1980. Understory response to canopy gaps of varying size in a mature oak forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 107: 29-41.
    • (1980) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.107 , pp. 29-41
    • Ehrenfeld, J.G.1
  • 58
    • 0026268827 scopus 로고
    • Plant litter: Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure
    • Facelli, J.M., and Pickett, S.T.A. 1991. Plant litter: its dynamics and effects on plant community structure. Bot. Rev. 57: 1-32.
    • (1991) Bot. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 1-32
    • Facelli, J.M.1    Pickett, S.T.A.2
  • 59
    • 1842491971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of a common palm, Oenocarpus mapora, on seedling establishment in a tropical moist forest in Panama
    • Farris-Lopez, K., Denslow, J.S., Moser, B., and Passmore, H. 2004. Influence of a common palm, Oenocarpus mapora, on seedling establishment in a tropical moist forest in Panama. J. Trop. Ecol. 20: 429-438.
    • (2004) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.20 , pp. 429-438
    • Farris-Lopez, K.1    Denslow, J.S.2    Moser, B.3    Passmore, H.4
  • 60
    • 0028183547 scopus 로고
    • Effects of pocket gophers, bracken fern, and western coneflower on survival and growth of planted conifers
    • Ferguson, D.E., and Adams, D.L. 1994. Effects of pocket gophers, bracken fern, and western coneflower on survival and growth of planted conifers. Northwest Sci. 68: 241-249.
    • (1994) Northwest Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 241-249
    • Ferguson, D.E.1    Adams, D.L.2
  • 61
    • 0029669097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern and process in neotropical secondary rain forests: The first 100 years of succession
    • Finegan, B. 1996. Pattern and process in neotropical secondary rain forests: the first 100 years of succession. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 119-124.
    • (1996) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.11 , pp. 119-124
    • Finegan, B.1
  • 62
    • 0034213866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen availability in a southern New England forest
    • Finzi, A.C., and Canham, C.D. 2000. Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen availability in a southern New England forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 131: 153-165.
    • (2000) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.131 , pp. 153-165
    • Finzi, A.C.1    Canham, C.D.2
  • 63
    • 0036225027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of altitude on the distribution of subterranean organs and humus components in Vaccinium myrtillus carpets
    • Frak, E., and Ponge, J.F. 2002. The influence of altitude on the distribution of subterranean organs and humus components in Vaccinium myrtillus carpets. J. Veg. Sci. 13: 17-26.
    • (2002) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 17-26
    • Frak, E.1    Ponge, J.F.2
  • 64
    • 0002777764 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vegetation in adjacent alder, conifer, and mixed alder-conifer communities
    • 14-15 April 1967, Pullman, Wash. Edited by J. Trappe, J. Franklin, R.F. Tarrant, and G.M. Hansen. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Ore.
    • Franklin, J.F., and Pechanec, A.A. 1967. Comparison of vegetation in adjacent alder, conifer, and mixed alder-conifer communities. In Biology of Alder: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Northwest Scientific Association 40th Annual Meeting, 14-15 April 1967, Pullman, Wash. Edited by J. Trappe, J. Franklin, R.F. Tarrant, and G.M. Hansen. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Ore. pp. 37-43.
    • (1967) Biology of Alder: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Northwest Scientific Association 40th Annual Meeting , pp. 37-43
    • Franklin, J.F.1    Pechanec, A.A.2
  • 66
    • 0022219621 scopus 로고
    • Current and predicted longterm effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA
    • Frelich, L.E., and Lorimer, C.G. 1985. Current and predicted longterm effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA. Biol. Conserv. 34: 99-120.
    • (1985) Biol. Conserv. , vol.34 , pp. 99-120
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 67
    • 33748527333 scopus 로고
    • Separating the competitive and allelopathic components of interference: Theoretical principles
    • Fuerst, E.P., and Putnam, A.R. 1983. Separating the competitive and allelopathic components of interference: theoretical principles. J. Chem. Ecol. 20: 1355-1380.
    • (1983) J. Chem. Ecol. , vol.20 , pp. 1355-1380
    • Fuerst, E.P.1    Putnam, A.R.2
  • 68
    • 0032941606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fern understory as an ecological filter: Emergence and establishment of canopy-tree seedlings
    • George, L.O., and Bazzaz, F.A. 1999a. The fern understory as an ecological filter: emergence and establishment of canopy-tree seedlings. Ecology, 80: 833-845.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 833-845
    • George, L.O.1    Bazzaz, F.A.2
  • 69
    • 0032949224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fern understory as an ecological filter: Growth and survival of canopy-tree seedlings
    • George, L.O., and Bazzaz, F.A. 1999b. The fern understory as an ecological filter: growth and survival of canopy-tree seedlings. Ecology, 80: 846-856.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 846-856
    • George, L.O.1    Bazzaz, F.A.2
  • 70
    • 0035679096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing liana cutting and controlled burning as silvicultural treatments for a logged forest in the eastern Amazon
    • Gerwing, J.J. 2001. Testing liana cutting and controlled burning as silvicultural treatments for a logged forest in the eastern Amazon. J. Appl. Ecol. 38: 1264-1276.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.38 , pp. 1264-1276
    • Gerwing, J.J.1
  • 71
    • 0000445398 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of trends in forest succession during the first decade following budworm devastation
    • Ghent, A.W., Fraser, D.A., and Thomas, J.B. 1957. Evidence of trends in forest succession during the first decade following budworm devastation. For. Sci. 2: 184-208.
    • (1957) For. Sci. , vol.2 , pp. 184-208
    • Ghent, A.W.1    Fraser, D.A.2    Thomas, J.B.3
  • 72
    • 0242575818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of forest tree seedlings to simulated litterfall damage
    • Gillman, L.N., Wright, S.D., and Ogden, J. 2003. Response of forest tree seedlings to simulated litterfall damage. Plant Ecol. 169: 53-60.
    • (2003) Plant Ecol. , vol.169 , pp. 53-60
    • Gillman, L.N.1    Wright, S.D.2    Ogden, J.3
  • 73
    • 0036401512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the adaptive significance of evergreen vs. deciduous leaves: Solving the triple paradox
    • Givnish, T.J. 2002. On the adaptive significance of evergreen vs. deciduous leaves: solving the triple paradox. Silva Fenn. 36: 703-743.
    • (2002) Silva Fenn. , vol.36 , pp. 703-743
    • Givnish, T.J.1
  • 74
    • 0009382612 scopus 로고
    • The establishment of bracken following fire in tropical habitats
    • Gliessman, S.R. 1978. The establishment of bracken following fire in tropical habitats. Am. Fern J. 68: 41-44.
    • (1978) Am. Fern J. , vol.68 , pp. 41-44
    • Gliessman, S.R.1
  • 75
    • 0001424284 scopus 로고
    • The phytotoxic potential of bracken, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
    • Gliessman, S.R., and Muller, C.H. 1972. The phytotoxic potential of bracken, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Madrono, 21: 299-304.
    • (1972) Madrono , vol.21 , pp. 299-304
    • Gliessman, S.R.1    Muller, C.H.2
  • 76
    • 0007443847 scopus 로고
    • The allelopathic mechanisms of dominance in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) in southern California
    • Gliessman, S.R., and Muller, C.H. 1978. The allelopathic mechanisms of dominance in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) in southern California. J. Chem. Ecol. 4: 337-362.
    • (1978) J. Chem. Ecol. , vol.4 , pp. 337-362
    • Gliessman, S.R.1    Muller, C.H.2
  • 77
    • 0004658384 scopus 로고
    • Breeding systems in New Zealand Pseudowintera colorata (Winteraceae)
    • Godley, E.J., and Smith, D.H. 1981. Breeding systems in New Zealand Pseudowintera colorata (Winteraceae). N.Z. J. Bot. 19: 151-156.
    • (1981) N.Z. J. Bot. , vol.19 , pp. 151-156
    • Godley, E.J.1    Smith, D.H.2
  • 78
    • 0036397770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree regeneration responses in a lowland Nothofagus-dominated forest after bamboo dieback in south-central Chile
    • Gonzalez, M.E., Veblen, T.T., Donoso, C., and Valeria, L. 2002. Tree regeneration responses in a lowland Nothofagus-dominated forest after bamboo dieback in south-central Chile. Plant Ecol. 161: 59-73.
    • (2002) Plant Ecol. , vol.161 , pp. 59-73
    • Gonzalez, M.E.1    Veblen, T.T.2    Donoso, C.3    Valeria, L.4
  • 79
    • 0033305953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the bamboo Yushania microphylla on the regeneration of Abies densa in central Bhutan
    • Gratzer, G., Raj, P.B., and Glatzel, G. 1999. The influence of the bamboo Yushania microphylla on the regeneration of Abies densa in central Bhutan. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1518-1527.
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.29 , pp. 1518-1527
    • Gratzer, G.1    Raj, P.B.2    Glatzel, G.3
  • 80
    • 1542321112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of lianas on growth and regeneration of Prioria copaifera in Darien, Panama
    • Grauel, W.T., and Putz, F.E. 2004. Effects of lianas on growth and regeneration of Prioria copaifera in Darien, Panama. For. Ecol. Manage. 190: 99-108.
    • (2004) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.190 , pp. 99-108
    • Grauel, W.T.1    Putz, F.E.2
  • 82
    • 0037416105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bamboo control of forest succession: Guadua sarcocarpa in Southeastern Peru
    • Griscom, B.W., and Ashton, P.M.S. 2003. Bamboo control of forest succession: Guadua sarcocarpa in Southeastern Peru. For. Ecol. Manage. 175: 445-454.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.175 , pp. 445-454
    • Griscom, B.W.1    Ashton, P.M.S.2
  • 83
    • 0025600640 scopus 로고
    • Landslide disturbance and forest regeneration in the Upper Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico
    • Guariguata, M.R. 1990. Landslide disturbance and forest regeneration in the Upper Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. J. Ecol. 78: 814-832.
    • (1990) J. Ecol. , vol.78 , pp. 814-832
    • Guariguata, M.R.1
  • 84
    • 0032559858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of forest tree saplings to experimental damage in lowland Panama
    • Guariguata, M.R. 1998. Response of forest tree saplings to experimental damage in lowland Panama. For. Ecol. Manage. 102: 103-111.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.102 , pp. 103-111
    • Guariguata, M.R.1
  • 85
    • 0001419263 scopus 로고
    • The biology of Canadian weeds. 1. Kalmia angustifolia L
    • Hall, I.V., Jackson, L.P., and Everett, C.F. 1973. The biology of Canadian weeds. 1. Kalmia angustifolia L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53: 865-873.
    • (1973) Can. J. Plant Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 865-873
    • Hall, I.V.1    Jackson, L.P.2    Everett, C.F.3
  • 86
    • 0002169410 scopus 로고
    • Tree falls and tropical forest dynamics
    • Edited by P.B. Tomlinson and M.H. Zimmermann. Cambridge University Press. London
    • Hartshorn, G.S. 1978. Tree falls and tropical forest dynamics. In tropical trees as living systems. Edited by P.B. Tomlinson and M.H. Zimmermann. Cambridge University Press. London. pp. 617-638.
    • (1978) Tropical Trees As Living Systems , pp. 617-638
    • Hartshorn, G.S.1
  • 87
    • 0348108183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of fertilization, weed control, and pine litter on loblolly pine growth and productivity and understory plant development through twelve growing seasons
    • Haywood, J.D., Goelz, J.C., Sword-Sayer, M.A., and Tiarks, A.E. 2003. Influence of fertilization, weed control, and pine litter on loblolly pine growth and productivity and understory plant development through twelve growing seasons. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 1974-1982.
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 1974-1982
    • Haywood, J.D.1    Goelz, J.C.2    Sword-Sayer, M.A.3    Tiarks, A.E.4
  • 89
    • 0013343645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and dynamics of two ferns: Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Dennstaedtiaceae) and Thelypteris noveboracensis (Thelypteridaceae) in a Northeast mixed hardwoods-hemlock forest
    • Hill, J.D., and Silander, J.A., Jr. 2001. Distribution and dynamics of two ferns: Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Dennstaedtiaceae) and Thelypteris noveboracensis (Thelypteridaceae) in a Northeast mixed hardwoods-hemlock forest. Am. J. Bot. 88: 894-902.
    • (2001) Am. J. Bot. , vol.88 , pp. 894-902
    • Hill, J.D.1    Silander Jr., J.A.2
  • 90
    • 0038133172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dispersal, shrubs, and density-dependent mortality on seed and seedling distributions in temperate forests
    • Hille Ris Lambers, J., and Clark, J.S. 2003. Effects of dispersal, shrubs, and density-dependent mortality on seed and seedling distributions in temperate forests. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 783-795.
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 783-795
    • Hille Ris Lambers, J.1    Clark, J.S.2
  • 91
    • 0343050855 scopus 로고
    • Development of regeneration following gypsy moth defoliation of Appalachian Plateau and Ridge and Valley hardwood stands
    • Proceedings, 8th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, University Park, Pa., 4-6 March 1991. Edited by L.H. McCormick and K.W. Gottschalk
    • Hix, D.M., Fosbroke, D.E., Hicks, R.R., Jr., and Gottschalk, K.W. 1991. Development of regeneration following gypsy moth defoliation of Appalachian Plateau and Ridge and Valley hardwood stands. In Proceedings, 8th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, University Park, Pa., 4-6 March 1991. Edited by L.H. McCormick and K.W. Gottschalk. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-148. pp. 347-359.
    • (1991) USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-148 , pp. 347-359
    • Hix, D.M.1    Fosbroke, D.E.2    Hicks Jr., R.R.3    Gottschalk, K.W.4
  • 92
    • 0026018396 scopus 로고
    • The impact of Calamagrostis canadensis on soil thermal regimes after logging in northern Alberta
    • Hogg, E.H., and Lieffers, V.J. 1991. The impact of Calamagrostis canadensis on soil thermal regimes after logging in northern Alberta. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 387-394.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 387-394
    • Hogg, E.H.1    Lieffers, V.J.2
  • 93
    • 0017544146 scopus 로고
    • Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities
    • Holt, R.D. 1977. Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theor. Popul. Biol. 12: 197-229.
    • (1977) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 197-229
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 94
    • 33748570925 scopus 로고
    • Spatial heterogeneity, indirect interactions, and the coexistence of prey species
    • Holt, R. D. 1984. Spatial heterogeneity, indirect interactions, and the coexistence of prey species. Am. Nat. 142: 623-645.
    • (1984) Am. Nat. , vol.142 , pp. 623-645
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 95
    • 0038042888 scopus 로고
    • Allelopathic inhibition of black cherry. II. Inhibition by woodland grass, ferns, and club moss
    • Horsley, S.B. 1977. Allelopathic inhibition of black cherry. II. Inhibition by woodland grass, ferns, and club moss. Can. J. For. Res.. 7: 515-519.
    • (1977) Can. J. For. Res.. , vol.7 , pp. 515-519
    • Horsley, S.B.1
  • 96
    • 0344732027 scopus 로고
    • Reforestation or orchard stands and savannahs on Pennsylvania's Allegheny Plateau
    • Horsley, S.B. 1985. Reforestation or orchard stands and savannahs on Pennsylvania's Allegheny Plateau. North. J. Appl. For. 2: 22-26.
    • (1985) North. J. Appl. For. , vol.2 , pp. 22-26
    • Horsley, S.B.1
  • 97
    • 0027832831 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of interference between hayscented fern and black cherry
    • Horsley, S.B. 1993a. Mechanisms of interference between hayscented fern and black cherry. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2059-2069.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 2059-2069
    • Horsley, S.B.1
  • 98
    • 0027144404 scopus 로고
    • Role of allelopathy in hay-scented fern interference with black cherry regeneration
    • Horsley, S.B. 1993b. Role of allelopathy in hay-scented fern interference with black cherry regeneration. J. Chem. Ecol. 19: 2737-2755.
    • (1993) J. Chem. Ecol. , vol.19 , pp. 2737-2755
    • Horsley, S.B.1
  • 99
    • 0002726567 scopus 로고
    • Interference by weeds and deer with Allegheny Pennsylvania U.S.A. hardwood reproduction
    • Horsley, S.B., and Marquis, D.A. 1983. Interference by weeds and deer with Allegheny Pennsylvania U.S.A. hardwood reproduction. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 61-69.
    • (1983) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.13 , pp. 61-69
    • Horsley, S.B.1    Marquis, D.A.2
  • 100
    • 0038458305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest
    • Horsley, S.B., Stout, S.L., and DeCalesta, D.S. 2003. White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. Ecol. Appl. 13: 98-113.
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl. , vol.13 , pp. 98-113
    • Horsley, S.B.1    Stout, S.L.2    DeCalesta, D.S.3
  • 101
    • 0025956538 scopus 로고
    • Regenerative traits of tree species in a deciduous forest of northeastern North America
    • Houle, G. 1990. Regenerative traits of tree species in a deciduous forest of northeastern North America. Holarct. Ecol. 14: 142-151.
    • (1990) Holarct. Ecol. , vol.14 , pp. 142-151
    • Houle, G.1
  • 102
    • 0034864588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ghost of granivory past
    • Howe, H.F., and Brown, J.S. 2001. The ghost of granivory past. Ecol. Let. 4: 371-378.
    • (2001) Ecol. Let. , vol.4 , pp. 371-378
    • Howe, H.F.1    Brown, J.S.2
  • 103
    • 0020892027 scopus 로고
    • Understory response to gaps caused by the death of Ulmus americana in central New York
    • Huenneke, L.F. 1983. Understory response to gaps caused by the death of Ulmus americana in central New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 110: 170-175.
    • (1983) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.110 , pp. 170-175
    • Huenneke, L.F.1
  • 104
    • 0013294635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term influences of introduced deer on the composition and structure of New Zealand Nothofagus forests
    • Husheer, S.W., Coomes, D.A., and Robertson, A.W. 2003. Long-term influences of introduced deer on the composition and structure of New Zealand Nothofagus forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 181: 99-117.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.181 , pp. 99-117
    • Husheer, S.W.1    Coomes, D.A.2    Robertson, A.W.3
  • 105
    • 6344243165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect negative influence of dwarf bamboo on survival of Quercus acorn by hoarding behavior of wood mice
    • Iida, S. 2004. Indirect negative influence of dwarf bamboo on survival of Quercus acorn by hoarding behavior of wood mice. For. Ecol. Manage. 202: 257-263.
    • (2004) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.202 , pp. 257-263
    • Iida, S.1
  • 106
    • 0345448065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental designs for the study of allelopathy
    • Inderjit and Callaway, R.M. 2003. Experimental designs for the study of allelopathy. Plant Soil, 256: 1-11.
    • (2003) Plant Soil , vol.256 , pp. 1-11
    • Inderjit1    Callaway, R.M.2
  • 107
    • 0030301226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of interference potential of Kalmia angustifolia
    • Inderjit and Mallik, A.U. 1996. The nature of interference potential of Kalmia angustifolia. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1899-1904.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1899-1904
    • Inderjit1    Mallik, A.U.2
  • 108
    • 0031448413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interference of Vaccinium myrtillus on establishment, growth, and nutrition of Picea abies seedlings in a northern boreal site
    • Jäderlund, A., Zackrisson, O., Dahlberg, A., and Nilsson, M.C. 1997. Interference of Vaccinium myrtillus on establishment, growth, and nutrition of Picea abies seedlings in a northern boreal site. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 2017-2025.
    • (1997) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.27 , pp. 2017-2025
    • Jäderlund, A.1    Zackrisson, O.2    Dahlberg, A.3    Nilsson, M.C.4
  • 109
    • 0344074551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of bilberry vegetation by steam treatment - Effects on seeded Scots pine and associated mycorrhizal fungi
    • Jäderlund, A., Norberg, G, Zackrisson, O., Dahlberg, A., Teketay, D., Dolling, A., and Nilsson, M.C. 1998. Control of bilberry vegetation by steam treatment - effects on seeded Scots pine and associated mycorrhizal fungi. For. Ecol. Manage. 108: 275-285.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.108 , pp. 275-285
    • Jäderlund, A.1    Norberg, G.2    Zackrisson, O.3    Dahlberg, A.4    Teketay, D.5    Dolling, A.6    Nilsson, M.C.7
  • 110
    • 0000357928 scopus 로고
    • Observations on two animal exclosures in Haurangi Forest over a period of 20 years (1951-1971)
    • Jane, G.T., and Pracy, L.T. 1974. Observations on two animal exclosures in Haurangi Forest over a period of 20 years (1951-1971). N.Z. J. For. 19: 102-113.
    • (1974) N.Z. J. For. , vol.19 , pp. 102-113
    • Jane, G.T.1    Pracy, L.T.2
  • 111
    • 84986870519 scopus 로고
    • Resource heterogeneity in oldfields
    • Kelly, V.R., and Canham, C.D. 1992. Resource heterogeneity in oldfields. J. Veg. Sci. 3: 545-552.
    • (1992) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.3 , pp. 545-552
    • Kelly, V.R.1    Canham, C.D.2
  • 112
    • 0030299415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of soil and role of ecosystem disturbance for sustained productivity of cool temperate and boreal forests
    • Kimmins, J.P. 1996. Importance of soil and role of ecosystem disturbance for sustained productivity of cool temperate and boreal forests. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60: 1643-1654.
    • (1996) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.60 , pp. 1643-1654
    • Kimmins, J.P.1
  • 113
    • 0028974612 scopus 로고
    • Juvenile tree survivorship as a component of shade tolerance
    • Kobe, R., Pacala, S.W., Silander, J.A., Jr., and Canham, C.D. 1995. Juvenile tree survivorship as a component of shade tolerance. Ecol. Appl. 5: 517-522.
    • (1995) Ecol. Appl. , vol.5 , pp. 517-522
    • Kobe, R.1    Pacala, S.W.2    Silander Jr., J.A.3    Canham, C.D.4
  • 114
    • 0004263799 scopus 로고
    • Natural plant succession after farming in Kepong
    • Kochummen, K.M., and Ng, F.S.P. 1977. Natural plant succession after farming in Kepong. Malays. For. 40: 61-78.
    • (1977) Malays. For. , vol.40 , pp. 61-78
    • Kochummen, K.M.1    Ng, F.S.P.2
  • 115
    • 0023480254 scopus 로고
    • Forest dynamics and regeneration mosaic shifts in unexploited beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands at Fontainebleau (France)
    • Koop, H., and Hilgen, P. 1987. Forest dynamics and regeneration mosaic shifts in unexploited beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands at Fontainebleau (France). For. Ecol. Manage. 20: 135-150.
    • (1987) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.20 , pp. 135-150
    • Koop, H.1    Hilgen, P.2
  • 116
    • 0002060706 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient cycling in boreal forest ecosystems of North America
    • Fort Collins, Colo., August 1978. Edited by C.T. Youngbert. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.
    • Krause, H.H., Weetman, G.F., and Arp, P.A. 1978. Nutrient cycling in boreal forest ecosystems of North America. In Proceedings of the 5th North American Forest Soils Conference, Fort Collins, Colo., August 1978. Edited by C.T. Youngbert. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. pp. 287-319.
    • (1978) Proceedings of the 5th North American Forest Soils Conference , pp. 287-319
    • Krause, H.H.1    Weetman, G.F.2    Arp, P.A.3
  • 117
    • 0024937132 scopus 로고
    • Population density and height distribution of Corylus cornuta in undisturbed forests of Minnesota: 1965-1984
    • Kurmis, V., and Sucoff, E. 1989. Population density and height distribution of Corylus cornuta in undisturbed forests of Minnesota: 1965-1984. Can. J. Bot. 67: 2409-2413.
    • (1989) Can. J. Bot. , vol.67 , pp. 2409-2413
    • Kurmis, V.1    Sucoff, E.2
  • 118
    • 0242578401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shrubland longevity and rare plant species in the northeastern United States
    • Latham, R.E. 2003. Shrubland longevity and rare plant species in the northeastern United States. For. Ecol. Manage. 185: 21-39.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.185 , pp. 21-39
    • Latham, R.E.1
  • 119
    • 0036844751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Rhododendron maximum thickets on tree seed dispersal, seedling morphology, and survivorship
    • Lei, T.T., Semones, S.W., Walker, J.F., Clinton, B.D., and Nilsen, E.T. 2002. Effects of Rhododendron maximum thickets on tree seed dispersal, seedling morphology, and survivorship. Int. J. Plant Sci. 163: 991-1000.
    • (2002) Int. J. Plant Sci. , vol.163 , pp. 991-1000
    • Lei, T.T.1    Semones, S.W.2    Walker, J.F.3    Clinton, B.D.4    Nilsen, E.T.5
  • 121
    • 0027877123 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of and control strategies for Calamagrostis canadensis in boreal forest sites
    • Lieffers, V.J., Macdonald, S.E., and Hogg, E.H. 1993. Ecology of and control strategies for Calamagrostis canadensis in boreal forest sites. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2070-2077.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 2070-2077
    • Lieffers, V.J.1    Macdonald, S.E.2    Hogg, E.H.3
  • 122
    • 0025591587 scopus 로고
    • Environmental and physiological factors influencing the natural distribution of evergreen and deciduous ericaceous shrubs on northeast and southwest slopes of the southern Appalachian mountains. I. Irradiance tolerance
    • Lipscomb, M.V., and Nilsen, E.T. 1990. Environmental and physiological factors influencing the natural distribution of evergreen and deciduous ericaceous shrubs on northeast and southwest slopes of the southern Appalachian mountains. I. Irradiance tolerance. Am. J. Bot. 77: 108-115.
    • (1990) Am. J. Bot. , vol.77 , pp. 108-115
    • Lipscomb, M.V.1    Nilsen, E.T.2
  • 123
    • 0033831913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment and growth in seedlings of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur: Influence of interference from herbaceous vegetation
    • Löf, M. 2000. Establishment and growth in seedlings of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur: influence of interference from herbaceous vegetation. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 855-864.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 855-864
    • Löf, M.1
  • 124
    • 33746620320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When is a gap not a gap? Light levels and leaf area index in bamboo-filled gaps in a Chilean rain forest
    • Lusk, C.H. 2001. When is a gap not a gap? Light levels and leaf area index in bamboo-filled gaps in a Chilean rain forest. Gayana Bot. 58: 25-30.
    • (2001) Gayana Bot. , vol.58 , pp. 25-30
    • Lusk, C.H.1
  • 125
    • 0002619167 scopus 로고
    • The vegetation of Heart's Content: A virgin forest in northwestern Pennsylvania
    • Lutz, H.J. 1930. The vegetation of Heart's Content: a virgin forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. Ecology, 11: 1-29.
    • (1930) Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 1-29
    • Lutz, H.J.1
  • 126
    • 0024226297 scopus 로고
    • Litter decomposition in a lowland rain forest and a deforested area in Sri Lanka
    • Maheswaran, J., and Guatilleke, I.A.U.N. 1988. Litter decomposition in a lowland rain forest and a deforested area in Sri Lanka. Biotropica, 20: 90-99.
    • (1988) Biotropica , vol.20 , pp. 90-99
    • Maheswaran, J.1    Guatilleke, I.A.U.N.2
  • 127
    • 0028991895 scopus 로고
    • Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants
    • Mallik, A.U. 1995. Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants. Environ. Manage. 19: 675-684.
    • (1995) Environ. Manage. , vol.19 , pp. 675-684
    • Mallik, A.U.1
  • 128
    • 0038354931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conifer regeneration problems in boreal and temperate forests with ericaceous understory: Role of disturbance, seedbed limitation, and keystone species change
    • Mallik, A.U. 2003. Conifer regeneration problems in boreal and temperate forests with ericaceous understory: role of disturbance, seedbed limitation, and keystone species change. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22: 341-366.
    • (2003) Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 341-366
    • Mallik, A.U.1
  • 129
    • 0037789129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kalmia angustifolia: Ecology and management
    • Mallik, A.U., and Inderjit. 2002. Kalmia angustifolia: ecology and management. Weed Technol. 15: 858-866.
    • (2002) Weed Technol. , vol.15 , pp. 858-866
    • Mallik, A.U.1    Inderjit2
  • 130
    • 0002961106 scopus 로고
    • The physiology of phytochrome action
    • Edited by R.E. Kendrik and G.H.M. Kronenberg. Kluwer Acacemic Press, Dordrecht, Netherlands
    • Mancinelli, A.L. 1994. The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants. 2nd ed. Edited by R.E. Kendrik and G.H.M. Kronenberg. Kluwer Acacemic Press, Dordrecht, Netherlands. pp. 211-269.
    • (1994) Photomorphogenesis in Plants. 2nd Ed. , pp. 211-269
    • Mancinelli, A.L.1
  • 131
    • 0032446920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case study of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) as a forest seedling bank species
    • Marks, P.L., and Gardescu, S. 1998. A case study of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) as a forest seedling bank species. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125: 287-296.
    • (1998) J. Torrey Bot. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 287-296
    • Marks, P.L.1    Gardescu, S.2
  • 133
    • 0032465317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of bracken and restoration of heathland. VIII. The regeneration of the heathland community after 18 years of continued bracken control or 6 years of control followed by recovery
    • Marrs, R.H., Johnson, S.W., and Le Duc, M.G. 1998. Control of bracken and restoration of heathland. VIII. The regeneration of the heathland community after 18 years of continued bracken control or 6 years of control followed by recovery. J. Appl. Ecol. 35: 857-870.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.35 , pp. 857-870
    • Marrs, R.H.1    Johnson, S.W.2    Le Duc, M.G.3
  • 134
    • 0028981662 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of Vaccinium myrtillus patches in mountain spruce forest
    • Maubon, M., Ponge, J.F., and Andre, J. 1995. Dynamics of Vaccinium myrtillus patches in mountain spruce forest. J. Veg. Sci. 6: 343-348.
    • (1995) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.6 , pp. 343-348
    • Maubon, M.1    Ponge, J.F.2    Andre, J.3
  • 135
    • 33748540559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respuesta de la vegetacion en un calimetal de Dicranopteris pectinata despues de un fuego, en la parte oriental de la Cordillera Central, Republica Dominicana
    • May, T. 2000. Respuesta de la vegetacion en un calimetal de Dicranopteris pectinata despues de un fuego, en la parte oriental de la Cordillera Central, Republica Dominicana. Moscosoa, 11: 113-132.
    • (2000) Moscosoa , vol.11 , pp. 113-132
    • May, T.1
  • 136
    • 0034744175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics of forest trees: A review with particular attention to boreal forests
    • McCarthy, J. 2001. Gap dynamics of forest trees: a review with particular attention to boreal forests. Environ. Rev. 9: 1-59.
    • (2001) Environ. Rev. , vol.9 , pp. 1-59
    • McCarthy, J.1
  • 137
    • 0034993889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The separation of above-and belowground competition in plants: A review and critique of methodology
    • McPhee, C., and Aarssen, L. 2001. The separation of above-and belowground competition in plants: a review and critique of methodology. Plant Ecol. 152: 119-136.
    • (2001) Plant Ecol. , vol.152 , pp. 119-136
    • McPhee, C.1    Aarssen, L.2
  • 140
    • 0020922851 scopus 로고
    • Heathlands
    • Edited by G.R. South. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands
    • Meades, W.J. 1983. Heathlands. In Biogeography and ecology of the island of Newfoundland. Edited by G.R. South. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands. pp. 267-318.
    • (1983) Biogeography and Ecology of the Island of Newfoundland , pp. 267-318
    • Meades, W.J.1
  • 141
    • 0027046846 scopus 로고
    • Effects of neutral shade and growing media on growth, biomass allocation, and competitive ability of Gaultheria shallon
    • Messier, C. 1992. Effects of neutral shade and growing media on growth, biomass allocation, and competitive ability of Gaultheria shallon. Can. J. Bot. 70: 2271-2276.
    • (1992) Can. J. Bot. , vol.70 , pp. 2271-2276
    • Messier, C.1
  • 142
    • 0027836354 scopus 로고
    • Factors limiting early growth of western red cedar, western hemlock and Sitka spruce seedlings on ericaceous-dominated clearcut sites in coastal British Columbia
    • Messier, C. 1993. Factors limiting early growth of western red cedar, western hemlock and Sitka spruce seedlings on ericaceous-dominated clearcut sites in coastal British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 60: 181-206.
    • (1993) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.60 , pp. 181-206
    • Messier, C.1
  • 143
    • 0025570372 scopus 로고
    • Nutritional stress in Picea sitchensis plantation in coastal British Columbia: The effects of Gaultheria shallon and declining site fertility
    • Messier, C., and Kimmins, J.P. 1990. Nutritional stress in Picea sitchensis plantation in coastal British Columbia: the effects of Gaultheria shallon and declining site fertility. Water Air Soil Pollut. 54: 257-267.
    • (1990) Water Air Soil Pollut. , vol.54 , pp. 257-267
    • Messier, C.1    Kimmins, J.P.2
  • 144
    • 0026278818 scopus 로고
    • Above- and belowground vegetation recovery in recently clearcut and burned sites dominated by Gaultheria shallon in coastal British Columbia
    • Messier, C., and Kimmins, J.P. 1991. Above- and belowground vegetation recovery in recently clearcut and burned sites dominated by Gaultheria shallon in coastal British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 46: 275-294.
    • (1991) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.46 , pp. 275-294
    • Messier, C.1    Kimmins, J.P.2
  • 145
    • 0024910472 scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetic photon flux density, red to far-red ratio, and minimum light requirement for survival of Gaultheria shallon in western red cedar-western hemlock stands in coastal British Columbia (Canada)
    • Messier. C., Honer, T.W., and Kimmins, J.P. 1989. Photosynthetic photon flux density, red to far-red ratio, and minimum light requirement for survival of Gaultheria shallon in western red cedar-western hemlock stands in coastal British Columbia (Canada). Can. J. For. Res. 19: 1470-1477.
    • (1989) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 1470-1477
    • Messier, C.1    Honer, T.W.2    Kimmins, J.P.3
  • 146
    • 0031741093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of overstory and understory vegetation on the understory light environment in mixed boreal forests
    • Messier, C., Parent, S., and Bergeron, Y. 1998. Effects of overstory and understory vegetation on the understory light environment in mixed boreal forests. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 511-520.
    • (1998) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.9 , pp. 511-520
    • Messier, C.1    Parent, S.2    Bergeron, Y.3
  • 147
    • 0028978863 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of growth and effects on nutrient uptake of artic graminoids byleaf extracts - Allelopathy or resource competition between plants and microbes?
    • Michelsen, A., Schmidt, I.K., Jonasson, S., Dighton, J., Hones, H.E., and Callaghan, T. V. 1995. Inhibition of growth and effects on nutrient uptake of artic graminoids byleaf extracts - allelopathy or resource competition between plants and microbes? Oecologia, 103: 407-418.
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.103 , pp. 407-418
    • Michelsen, A.1    Schmidt, I.K.2    Jonasson, S.3    Dighton, J.4    Hones, H.E.5    Callaghan, T.V.6
  • 148
    • 0022231022 scopus 로고
    • The ecological importance of Kalmia latifolia and Rhododendron maximum in the deciduous forest of the southern Appalachians
    • Monk. C.D., McGinty, D.T., and Day, F.P., Jr. 1985. The ecological importance of Kalmia latifolia and Rhododendron maximum in the deciduous forest of the southern Appalachians. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 112: 187-193.
    • (1985) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.112 , pp. 187-193
    • Monk, C.D.1    McGinty, D.T.2    Day Jr., F.P.3
  • 149
    • 0032476728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological plasticity and regeneration strategies of velvet leaf blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.) following canopy disturbance in boreal mixed wood forests
    • Moola, F.M., and Mallik, A.U. 1998. Morphological plasticity and regeneration strategies of velvet leaf blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.) following canopy disturbance in boreal mixed wood forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 111: 35-50.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.111 , pp. 35-50
    • Moola, F.M.1    Mallik, A.U.2
  • 150
    • 0000235743 scopus 로고
    • Allelopathy as a factor in ecological process
    • Muller, C. 1969. Allelopathy as a factor in ecological process. Vegetatio, 18: 348-357.
    • (1969) Vegetatio , vol.18 , pp. 348-357
    • Muller, C.1
  • 151
    • 0008394393 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration in defoliated and thinned hardwood stands of north-central West Virginia
    • Proceedings, 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, Morgantown, W.Va., 5-8 March 1995. Edited by K.W. Gottschalk and S.L.C. Fosbroke
    • Muzika, R.M., and Twery, M.J. 1995. Regeneration in defoliated and thinned hardwood stands of north-central West Virginia. In Proceedings, 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, Morgantown, W.Va., 5-8 March 1995. Edited by K.W. Gottschalk and S.L.C. Fosbroke. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-197. pp. 326-340.
    • (1995) USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-197 , pp. 326-340
    • Muzika, R.M.1    Twery, M.J.2
  • 152
    • 0023499116 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration dynamics of beech forests in Japan
    • Nakashizuka, T. 1987. Regeneration dynamics of beech forests in Japan. Vegetatio, 69: 169-175.
    • (1987) Vegetatio , vol.69 , pp. 169-175
    • Nakashizuka, T.1
  • 153
    • 0027845558 scopus 로고
    • Competition for water and nutrients in forests
    • Nambiar, E.K.S., and Sands, R. 1993. Competition for water and nutrients in forests. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1955-1968.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 1955-1968
    • Nambiar, E.K.S.1    Sands, R.2
  • 154
    • 0028684542 scopus 로고
    • Natural forest disturbance and change in the Brazilian Amazon
    • Nelson, B.W. 1994. Natural forest disturbance and change in the Brazilian Amazon. Remote Sens. Rev. 10: 105-125.
    • (1994) Remote Sens. Rev. , vol.10 , pp. 105-125
    • Nelson, B.W.1
  • 155
    • 0001562368 scopus 로고
    • A shrub community of Viburnum lentago, stable for twenty-five years
    • Niering, W.A., and Egler, F.E. 1955. A shrub community of Viburnum lentago, stable for twenty-five years. Ecology, 36: 356-360.
    • (1955) Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 356-360
    • Niering, W.A.1    Egler, F.E.2
  • 156
    • 0000692288 scopus 로고
    • Creation of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides: Arresting "succession" on rights-of-way and pastureland
    • Niering, W.A., and Goodwin, R.H. 1974. Creation of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides: arresting "succession" on rights-of-way and pastureland. Ecology, 55: 784-795.
    • (1974) Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 784-795
    • Niering, W.A.1    Goodwin, R.H.2
  • 157
    • 0033300031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of seedling survival under Rhododendron maximum (Ericaceae): Could allelopathy be a cause?
    • Nilsen, E.T., Walker, J.F., Miller, O.K., Semones, S.W., Lei, T.T., and Clinton, B.D. 1999. Inhibition of seedling survival under Rhododendron maximum (Ericaceae): Could allelopathy be a cause? Am. J. Bot. 86: 1597-1605.
    • (1999) Am. J. Bot. , vol.86 , pp. 1597-1605
    • Nilsen, E.T.1    Walker, J.F.2    Miller, O.K.3    Semones, S.W.4    Lei, T.T.5    Clinton, B.D.6
  • 158
    • 0034997175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) reduce the availability of resources above and belowground for canopy tree seedlings?
    • Nilsen, E.T., Clinton, B.D., Lei, T.T., Miller, O.K., Semones, S.W., and Walker, J.F. 2001. Does Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) reduce the availability of resources above and belowground for canopy tree seedlings? Am. Midl. Nat. 145: 325-343.
    • (2001) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.145 , pp. 325-343
    • Nilsen, E.T.1    Clinton, B.D.2    Lei, T.T.3    Miller, O.K.4    Semones, S.W.5    Walker, J.F.6
  • 159
    • 0028177154 scopus 로고
    • Separation of allelopathy and resource competition by the boreal dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup
    • Nilsson, M.C. 1994. Separation of allelopathy and resource competition by the boreal dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. Oecologia, 98: 1-7.
    • (1994) Oecologia , vol.98 , pp. 1-7
    • Nilsson, M.C.1
  • 160
    • 0034010245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of the differential interference effects of two boreal dwarf shrub species
    • Nilsson, M.C., Zackrisson, O., Sterner, O., and Wallstedt, A. 2000. Characterisation of the differential interference effects of two boreal dwarf shrub species. Oecologia, 123: 122-128.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.123 , pp. 122-128
    • Nilsson, M.C.1    Zackrisson, O.2    Sterner, O.3    Wallstedt, A.4
  • 161
    • 0034173594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A repellent to reduce mouse damage to longleaf pine seed
    • Nolte, D.L., and Barnett, J.P. 2000. A repellent to reduce mouse damage to longleaf pine seed. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 45: 169-174.
    • (2000) Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. , vol.45 , pp. 169-174
    • Nolte, D.L.1    Barnett, J.P.2
  • 164
    • 0027794797 scopus 로고
    • Effects of meadow vole population density on tree seedling survival in old fields
    • Ostfeld, R.S., and Canham, C.D. 1993. Effects of meadow vole population density on tree seedling survival in old fields. Ecology, 74: 1792-1801
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1792-1801
    • Ostfeld, R.S.1    Canham, C.D.2
  • 165
    • 0028166083 scopus 로고
    • Sapling growth as a function of resources in a north temperate forest
    • Pacala, S.W., Canham, C.D., Silander, J.A., Jr., and Kobe, R.K. 1994. Sapling growth as a function of resources in a north temperate forest. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 2172-2183.
    • (1994) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 2172-2183
    • Pacala, S.W.1    Canham, C.D.2    Silander Jr., J.A.3    Kobe, R.K.4
  • 167
    • 0034673726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil pathogens and spatial patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree
    • Packer, A., and Clay, K. 2000. Soil pathogens and spatial patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree. Nature (London). 404: 278-281.
    • (2000) Nature (London) , vol.404 , pp. 278-281
    • Packer, A.1    Clay, K.2
  • 168
    • 0142167478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shift of conifer boreal forest to lichen-heath parkland caused by successive stand disturbances
    • Payette, S., and Delwaide, A. 2003. Shift of conifer boreal forest to lichen-heath parkland caused by successive stand disturbances. Ecosystems, 6: 540-550.
    • (2003) Ecosystems , vol.6 , pp. 540-550
    • Payette, S.1    Delwaide, A.2
  • 169
    • 0033805963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of liana cutting on water potential and growth of adult Senna multijuga (Caesalpinioideae) trees in a Bolivian tropical forest
    • Perez-Salicrup, D.R., and Barker, M.G. 2000. Effect of liana cutting on water potential and growth of adult Senna multijuga (Caesalpinioideae) trees in a Bolivian tropical forest. Oecologia, 124: 469-475.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.124 , pp. 469-475
    • Perez-Salicrup, D.R.1    Barker, M.G.2
  • 170
    • 0000004584 scopus 로고
    • Does a rigorous criterion for environmental identity preclude the existence of multiple stable points?
    • Peterson, C.J. 1984. Does a rigorous criterion for environmental identity preclude the existence of multiple stable points? Am. Nat. 124: 127-133.
    • (1984) Am. Nat. , vol.124 , pp. 127-133
    • Peterson, C.J.1
  • 171
    • 0032982398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of scale in testing the origins of alternative community states
    • Petraitis, P.S., and Latham, R.E. 1999. The importance of scale in testing the origins of alternative community states. Ecology, 80: 429-442.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 429-442
    • Petraitis, P.S.1    Latham, R.E.2
  • 172
    • 0024228524 scopus 로고
    • Growth and photosynthesis of Aechmea magdalenae, a terrestrial CAM plant in a tropical moist forest, Panama
    • Pfitsch, W.A., and Smith, A.P. 1988. Growth and photosynthesis of Aechmea magdalenae, a terrestrial CAM plant in a tropical moist forest, Panama. J. Trop. Ecol. 24: 199-207.
    • (1988) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.24 , pp. 199-207
    • Pfitsch, W.A.1    Smith, A.P.2
  • 173
    • 0027331437 scopus 로고
    • Effects of repeated nitrogen fertilization on the ericaceous shrub, salal (Gaultheria shallon) in two coastal Douglas-fir forests
    • Prescott, C.E., Coward, L.P., Weetman, G.F., and Gessel, S.P. 1993. Effects of repeated nitrogen fertilization on the ericaceous shrub, salal (Gaultheria shallon) in two coastal Douglas-fir forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 61: 45-60.
    • (1993) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.61 , pp. 45-60
    • Prescott, C.E.1    Coward, L.P.2    Weetman, G.F.3    Gessel, S.P.4
  • 174
    • 0022886363 scopus 로고
    • Effects of salal understory removal on photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of young Douglas-fir trees
    • Price, D.T., Black, T.A., and Kelliher, F.M. 1986. Effects of salal understory removal on photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of young Douglas-fir trees. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 90-97.
    • (1986) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 90-97
    • Price, D.T.1    Black, T.A.2    Kelliher, F.M.3
  • 175
    • 0026284417 scopus 로고
    • Silvicultural effects of lianas
    • Edited by F.E. Putz and H.A. Mooney. Cambridge University Press, New York
    • Putz, F.E. 1991. Silvicultural effects of lianas. In The biology of vines. Edited by F.E. Putz and H.A. Mooney. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 493-501.
    • (1991) The Biology of Vines , pp. 493-501
    • Putz, F.E.1
  • 176
    • 0026525631 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of arrested succession in shrublands: Root and shoot competition between shrubs and tree seedlings
    • Putz, F.E., and Canham, C.D. 1992. Mechanisms of arrested succession in shrublands: root and shoot competition between shrubs and tree seedlings. For. Ecol. Manage. 49: 267-275
    • (1992) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.49 , pp. 267-275
    • Putz, F.E.1    Canham, C.D.2
  • 177
    • 0024884937 scopus 로고
    • Malaysian dipterocarp forest: Tree seedling and sapling species composition and small scale disturbance patterns
    • Raich, J.W., and Christensen, N.L. 1989. Malaysian dipterocarp forest: tree seedling and sapling species composition and small scale disturbance patterns. Natl. Geogr. Res. 5: 348-363.
    • (1989) Natl. Geogr. Res. , vol.5 , pp. 348-363
    • Raich, J.W.1    Christensen, N.L.2
  • 178
    • 0027833871 scopus 로고
    • Control of seedling emergence by ground cover and seed predation in relation to seed size for some old field species
    • Reader, R.J. 1993. Control of seedling emergence by ground cover and seed predation in relation to seed size for some old field species. J. Ecol. 81: 169-175.
    • (1993) J. Ecol. , vol.81 , pp. 169-175
    • Reader, R.J.1
  • 179
    • 0030616854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen mineralization and productivity in 50 hardwood and conifer stands on diverse soils
    • Reich, P.B., Grigal, D.F., Aber, J.D., and Gower, S.T. 1997. Nitrogen mineralization and productivity in 50 hardwood and conifer stands on diverse soils. Ecology, 78: 335-347.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 335-347
    • Reich, P.B.1    Grigal, D.F.2    Aber, J.D.3    Gower, S.T.4
  • 180
    • 1842456867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do understory sapling respond to both light and belowground competition?: A field experiment in a north-eastern American hardwood forest and a literature review
    • Ricard, J.P., Messier, C., DeLaGrange, S., and Beaudet, M. 2003. Do understory sapling respond to both light and belowground competition?: a field experiment in a north-eastern American hardwood forest and a literature review. Ann. For. Sci. 60: 749-756.
    • (2003) Ann. For. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 749-756
    • Ricard, J.P.1    Messier, C.2    DeLaGrange, S.3    Beaudet, M.4
  • 181
    • 29244456958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Woody invasive species and their role in altering fire regimes of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states
    • San Diego, Calif., 1 December - 27 November 2000. Edited by K.E.M. Galley and T.P. Wilson. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Fla.
    • Richburg, J.A., Dibble, A.C.. and Patterson, W.A. 2001. Woody invasive species and their role in altering fire regimes of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states. In Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species, San Diego, Calif., 1 December - 27 November 2000. Edited by K.E.M. Galley and T.P. Wilson. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Fla. pp. 104-111.
    • (2001) Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species , pp. 104-111
    • Richburg, J.A.1    Dibble, A.C.2    Patterson, W.A.3
  • 182
    • 9344257258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of the herbaceous layer to natural disturbance in North American forests
    • Roberts, M.R. 2004. Response of the herbaceous layer to natural disturbance in North American forests. Can. J. Bot. 82: 1273-1283.
    • (2004) Can. J. Bot. , vol.82 , pp. 1273-1283
    • Roberts, M.R.1
  • 183
    • 0030619959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors predisposing forests to canopy collapse in the Southern Ruahine Range, New Zealand
    • Rogers, G.M., and Leathwick, J.R. 1997. Factors predisposing forests to canopy collapse in the Southern Ruahine Range, New Zealand. Biol. Conserv. 80: 325-338.
    • (1997) Biol. Conserv. , vol.80 , pp. 325-338
    • Rogers, G.M.1    Leathwick, J.R.2
  • 184
    • 0031424289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species loss over sixty-six years in the ground layer vegetation of Heart's Content, an old-growth forest in Pennsylvania USA
    • Rooney, T.P., and Dress, W.J. 1997. Species loss over sixty-six years in the ground layer vegetation of Heart's Content, an old-growth forest in Pennsylvania USA. Nat. Areas J. 17: 297-305.
    • (1997) Nat. Areas J. , vol.17 , pp. 297-305
    • Rooney, T.P.1    Dress, W.J.2
  • 185
    • 0000443708 scopus 로고
    • Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States
    • Runkle, J.R. 1981. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States. Ecology, 62: 1041-1051.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 1041-1051
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 186
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth forests of the eastern North America
    • Runkle, J.R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth forests of the eastern North America. Ecology, 63: 1533-1546.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 187
    • 0025631105 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance
    • Runkle, J.R. 1990. Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 632-641.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 632-641
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 188
    • 0031732359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of the climbing fern Dicranopteris linearis on windward Mauna Loa, Hawaii
    • Russell, A.E., Raich, J.W., and Vitousek, P.M. 1998. The ecology of the climbing fern Dicranopteris linearis on windward Mauna Loa, Hawaii. J. Ecol. 86: 765-779.
    • (1998) J. Ecol. , vol.86 , pp. 765-779
    • Russell, A.E.1    Raich, J.W.2    Vitousek, P.M.3
  • 189
    • 0034915536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on plants, plant populations and communities: A review
    • Russell, F.L., Zippin, D.B., and Fowler, N.L. 2001. Effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on plants, plant populations and communities: a review. Am. Midl. Nat. 146: 1-26.
    • (2001) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.146 , pp. 1-26
    • Russell, F.L.1    Zippin, D.B.2    Fowler, N.L.3
  • 190
    • 0038126813 scopus 로고
    • Invasion of brush species into small stand openings in the Douglas Fir forests of the Willamette Foothils
    • Sabhasri, S., and Ferrall, W.K. 1960. Invasion of brush species into small stand openings in the Douglas Fir forests of the Willamette Foothils. Northwest Sci. 34: 77-88.
    • (1960) Northwest Sci. , vol.34 , pp. 77-88
    • Sabhasri, S.1    Ferrall, W.K.2
  • 191
    • 0002201886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking the role of deer in forest ecosystem dynamics
    • Edited by W.J. McShea, H.B. Underwood, and J.H. Rappole. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • Schmilz, O.J., and Sinclair, A.R.E. 1997. Rethinking the role of deer in forest ecosystem dynamics. In The science of overabundance: deer ecology and population management. Edited by W.J. McShea, H.B. Underwood, and J.H. Rappole. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 201-223.
    • (1997) The Science of Overabundance: Deer Ecology and Population Management , pp. 201-223
    • Schmilz, O.J.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2
  • 192
    • 0036568544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of lianas and their role in forests
    • Schnitzer, S.A., and Bongers, F. 2002. The ecology of lianas and their role in forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 223-230.
    • (2002) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 223-230
    • Schnitzer, S.A.1    Bongers, F.2
  • 193
    • 0033841555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: Evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration
    • Schnitzer, S.A., Dalling, J.W., and Carson, W.P. 2000. The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration. J. Ecol. 88: 655-666.
    • (2000) J. Ecol. , vol.88 , pp. 655-666
    • Schnitzer, S.A.1    Dalling, J.W.2    Carson, W.P.3
  • 194
    • 1542321111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recruitment of lianas into logging gaps and the effects of pre-harvest climber cutting in a lowland forest in Cameroon
    • Schnitzer, S.A., Parren, M.P.E., and Bongers, F. 2004. Recruitment of lianas into logging gaps and the effects of pre-harvest climber cutting in a lowland forest in Cameroon. For. Ecol. Manage. 190: 87-98.
    • (2004) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.190 , pp. 87-98
    • Schnitzer, S.A.1    Parren, M.P.E.2    Bongers, F.3
  • 195
    • 1642506180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood analyses of small mammal dynamics: Impacts on seed predation and seedling establishment
    • Schnurr, J.L., Canham, C.D., Ostfeld, R.S., and Inouye, R.S. 2004. Neighborhood analyses of small mammal dynamics: Impacts on seed predation and seedling establishment. Ecology, 85: 741-755.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 741-755
    • Schnurr, J.L.1    Canham, C.D.2    Ostfeld, R.S.3    Inouye, R.S.4
  • 196
    • 0034711973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing predation of conifer seeds by clear-cutting Rubus fruticosus agg. In two montane forest stands
    • Schreiner, M., Bauer, E.M., and Kollmann, J. 2000. Reducing predation of conifer seeds by clear-cutting Rubus fruticosus agg. In two montane forest stands. For. Ecol. Manage. 126: 281-290.
    • (2000) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.126 , pp. 281-290
    • Schreiner, M.1    Bauer, E.M.2    Kollmann, J.3
  • 197
    • 0036154295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance regimes in northeastern North America - Evaluating silvicultural systems using natural scales and frequencies
    • Seymour, R.S., White, A.S., and deMaynadier, P.G. 2002. Natural disturbance regimes in northeastern North America - evaluating silvicultural systems using natural scales and frequencies. For. Ecol. Manage. 155: 357-367.
    • (2002) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.155 , pp. 357-367
    • Seymour, R.S.1    White, A.S.2    DeMaynadier, P.G.3
  • 198
    • 0027038228 scopus 로고
    • Integrating ecological concepts with natural resource management of southern forests
    • Sharitz, R.R.. Boring, L.R., Van Lear, D.H., and Pinder, J.E., III. 1992. Integrating ecological concepts with natural resource management of southern forests. Ecol. Appl. 2: 226-237.
    • (1992) Ecol. Appl. , vol.2 , pp. 226-237
    • Sharitz, R.R.1    Boring, L.R.2    Van Lear, D.H.3    Pinder III, J.E.4
  • 199
    • 0001460131 scopus 로고
    • Development of an Appalachian deciduous forest model and its application to assessment of the impact of the chestnut blight
    • Shugart, H.H., and West, D.C. 1977. Development of an Appalachian deciduous forest model and its application to assessment of the impact of the chestnut blight. J. Environ. Manage. 5: 161-179.
    • (1977) J. Environ. Manage. , vol.5 , pp. 161-179
    • Shugart, H.H.1    West, D.C.2
  • 200
    • 0343970890 scopus 로고
    • Forest management guidelines for controlling wild grapevines
    • Smith, H.C. 1984. Forest management guidelines for controlling wild grapevines. USDA For. Ser. Res. Pap. NE-548.
    • (1984) USDA For. Ser. Res. Pap. NE-548
    • Smith, H.C.1
  • 201
    • 0024257239 scopus 로고
    • Scale and resolution of forest structural pattern
    • Smith, T.M., and Urban, D.L. 1988. Scale and resolution of forest structural pattern. Vegetatio, 74: 143-150.
    • (1988) Vegetatio , vol.74 , pp. 143-150
    • Smith, T.M.1    Urban, D.L.2
  • 202
    • 0030846630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are overabundant deer herds in the eastern United States creating alternate stable states in forest plant communities?
    • Stromayer, K.A.K., and Warren, R.J. 1997. Are overabundant deer herds in the eastern United States creating alternate stable states in forest plant communities? Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25: 227-234.
    • (1997) Wildl. Soc. Bull. , vol.25 , pp. 227-234
    • Stromayer, K.A.K.1    Warren, R.J.2
  • 203
    • 0016353829 scopus 로고
    • Multiple stable points in natural communities
    • Sutherland, J.P. 1974. Multiple stable points in natural communities. Am. Nat. 108: 859-873.
    • (1974) Am. Nat. , vol.108 , pp. 859-873
    • Sutherland, J.P.1
  • 204
    • 0001497277 scopus 로고
    • Perturbations, resistance, and alternative views of the existence of multiple stable points in nature
    • Sutherland, J.P. 1990. Perturbations, resistance, and alternative views of the existence of multiple stable points in nature. Am. Nat. 136: 270-275.
    • (1990) Am. Nat. , vol.136 , pp. 270-275
    • Sutherland, J.P.1
  • 205
    • 0000853578 scopus 로고
    • The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms
    • Tansley, A.G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology, 16: 284-307.
    • (1935) Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 284-307
    • Tansley, A.G.1
  • 206
    • 0001853004 scopus 로고
    • Invasion and development of beaked hazel in red pine stands in northern Minnesota
    • Tappeiner, J.C. 1971. Invasion and development of beaked hazel in red pine stands in northern Minnesota. Ecology, 52: 514-519.
    • (1971) Ecology , vol.52 , pp. 514-519
    • Tappeiner, J.C.1
  • 207
    • 0001635313 scopus 로고
    • Biomass and nutrient content of hazel undergrowth
    • Tappeiner, J.C., and John, H.H. 1973. Biomass and nutrient content of hazel undergrowth. Ecology, 54: 1342-1348.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 1342-1348
    • Tappeiner, J.C.1    John, H.H.2
  • 208
    • 0025956412 scopus 로고
    • Salmonberry clonal and population structure: The basis for a persistent cover
    • Tappenier, J.C., Zasada, J., Ryan, P., and Newton. M. 1991. Salmonberry clonal and population structure: the basis for a persistent cover. Ecology, 72: 609-618.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 609-618
    • Tappenier, J.C.1    Zasada, J.2    Ryan, P.3    Newton, M.4
  • 209
    • 0034752652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salmonberry and salal annual aerial stem production: The maintenance of shrub cover in forest stands
    • Tappeiner, J.C., II, Zasada, J.C., Huffman, D.W., and Ganio, L.M. 2001. Salmonberry and salal annual aerial stem production: the maintenance of shrub cover in forest stands. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 1629-1638.
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.31 , pp. 1629-1638
    • Tappeiner II, J.C.1    Zasada, J.C.2    Huffman, D.W.3    Ganio, L.M.4
  • 210
    • 0024180128 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration patterns in oldgrowth Abies and Betula forests in the Woolong Natural Preserve, Sichuan, China
    • Taylor, A.H., and Zisheng, Q. 1988. Regeneration patterns in oldgrowth Abies and Betula forests in the Woolong Natural Preserve, Sichuan, China. J. Ecol. 76: 1204-1218.
    • (1988) J. Ecol. , vol.76 , pp. 1204-1218
    • Taylor, A.H.1    Zisheng, Q.2
  • 211
    • 0029177140 scopus 로고
    • Tree regeneration in an Abies faxoniana forest after bamboo dieback Wang Lang Natural Reserve, China
    • Taylor, A.H., Qin, Z., and Liu, J. 1995. Tree regeneration in an Abies faxoniana forest after bamboo dieback Wang Lang Natural Reserve, China. Can. J. For. Res. 25: 2034-2039.
    • (1995) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 2034-2039
    • Taylor, A.H.1    Qin, Z.2    Liu, J.3
  • 212
    • 24044438190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of deciduous tree species dynamics after a severe ice storm using SORTIE model simulations
    • Tremblay, M., Messier, C., and Marceau, D.J. 2005. Analysis of deciduous tree species dynamics after a severe ice storm using SORTIE model simulations. Ecol. Mod. 187: 297-313.
    • (2005) Ecol. Mod. , vol.187 , pp. 297-313
    • Tremblay, M.1    Messier, C.2    Marceau, D.J.3
  • 213
    • 0024192268 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps
    • Uhl, C., Clark, K., Dezzeo, N., and Maquirino, P. 1988. Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps. Ecology, 69: 751-763.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 751-763
    • Uhl, C.1    Clark, K.2    Dezzeo, N.3    Maquirino, P.4
  • 214
    • 0036151571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riparian vegetation in the southern Appalachian mountains (USA) following chestnut blight
    • Vandermast, D.B., and Van Lear, D.H. 2002. Riparian vegetation in the southern Appalachian mountains (USA) following chestnut blight. For. Ecol. Manage. 155: 97-106.
    • (2002) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.155 , pp. 97-106
    • Vandermast, D.B.1    Van Lear, D.H.2
  • 215
    • 0020343545 scopus 로고
    • Growth patterns of Chusquea bamboos in the understory of Chilean Nothofagus forests and their influences in forest dynamics
    • Veblen, T.T. 1982. Growth patterns of Chusquea bamboos in the understory of Chilean Nothofagus forests and their influences in forest dynamics. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 109: 474-487.
    • (1982) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.109 , pp. 474-487
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 216
    • 0027884061 scopus 로고
    • Dwarf bamboos affect the regeneration of zoochorous trees by providing habitats to acorn-feeding rodents
    • Wada, N. 1993. Dwarf bamboos affect the regeneration of zoochorous trees by providing habitats to acorn-feeding rodents. Oecologia, 94: 403-407.
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.94 , pp. 403-407
    • Wada, N.1
  • 217
    • 0028165168 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fern thickets on woodland development on landslides in Puerto Rico
    • Walker, L.R. 1994. Effects of fern thickets on woodland development on landslides in Puerto Rico. J. Veg. Sci. 5: 525-532.
    • (1994) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 525-532
    • Walker, L.R.1
  • 218
    • 0028895926 scopus 로고
    • Plant and soil responses to fire on a fern-covered landslide in Puerto Rico
    • Walker, L.R., and Boneta, W. 1995. Plant and soil responses to fire on a fern-covered landslide in Puerto Rico. J. Trop. Ecol. 11: 473-479.
    • (1995) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.11 , pp. 473-479
    • Walker, L.R.1    Boneta, W.2
  • 219
    • 0032834553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of ectomycorrhizae on canopy tree seedlings in Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) thickets in the southern Appalachians
    • Walker, J.F., Miller, O.K., Jr., Lei, T., Semones, S., Nilsen, E., and Clinton, B.D. 1999. Suppression of ectomycorrhizae on canopy tree seedlings in Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) thickets in the southern Appalachians. Mycorrhiza, 9: 49-56.
    • (1999) Mycorrhiza , vol.9 , pp. 49-56
    • Walker, J.F.1    Miller Jr., O.K.2    Lei, T.3    Semones, S.4    Nilsen, E.5    Clinton, B.D.6
  • 220
    • 0030826913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The white-tailed deer: A keystone herbivore
    • Waller, D.M., and Alverson, W.S. 1997. The white-tailed deer: a keystone herbivore. Wild. Soc. Bull. 25: 217-226.
    • (1997) Wild. Soc. Bull. , vol.25 , pp. 217-226
    • Waller, D.M.1    Alverson, W.S.2
  • 221
    • 0030617443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbe-plant competition, allelopathy, and artic plants
    • Wardle, D.A., and Nilsson, M.C. 1997. Microbe-plant competition, allelopathy, and artic plants. Oecologia, 109: 291-293.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.109 , pp. 291-293
    • Wardle, D.A.1    Nilsson, M.C.2
  • 223
    • 0035202792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: Aboveground and belowground consequences
    • Wardle, D.A., Barker, G.M., Yeates, G.W., Bonner, K.I., and Ghani, A. 2001. Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: aboveground and belowground consequences. Ecol. Monogr. 71: 587-614.
    • (2001) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.71 , pp. 587-614
    • Wardle, D.A.1    Barker, G.M.2    Yeates, G.W.3    Bonner, K.I.4    Ghani, A.5
  • 224
    • 0001914344 scopus 로고
    • Pattern and process in the plant community
    • Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. J. Ecol. 35: 1-22.
    • (1947) J. Ecol. , vol.35 , pp. 1-22
    • Watt, A.S.1
  • 225
    • 0035106112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Windstorm disturbance without patch dynamics: Twelve years of change in a Minnesota forest
    • Webb, S.L., and Scanga, S.E. 2001. Windstorm disturbance without patch dynamics: twelve years of change in a Minnesota forest. Ecology, 82: 893-897.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 893-897
    • Webb, S.L.1    Scanga, S.E.2
  • 226
    • 0030295311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing resource competition and chemical interference: Overcoming the methodological impasse
    • Weidenhamer, J.D. 1996. Distinguishing resource competition and chemical interference: overcoming the methodological impasse. Agron. J. 88: 866-875.
    • (1996) Agron. J. , vol.88 , pp. 866-875
    • Weidenhamer, J.D.1
  • 227
    • 0001558752 scopus 로고
    • Allelopathy, Koch's postulates and the neck riddle
    • Edited by J.B. Grace and D. Tilman. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
    • Williamson, G.B. 1990. Allelopathy, Koch's postulates and the neck riddle. In Perspectives on plant competition. Edited by J.B. Grace and D. Tilman. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. pp. 143-162.
    • (1990) Perspectives on Plant Competition , pp. 143-162
    • Williamson, G.B.1
  • 228
    • 0000530057 scopus 로고
    • Natural replacement of chestnut in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
    • Woods, F.W., and Shanks, R.E. 1959. Natural replacement of chestnut in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Ecology. 40: 349-361.
    • (1959) Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 349-361
    • Woods, F.W.1    Shanks, R.E.2
  • 229
    • 0032527084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of Kalmia angustifolia on growth, nutrition, and ectomycorrhizal symbiont community of black spruce
    • Yamasaki, S.H., Fyles, J.W., Egger, K.N., and Titus, B.D. 1998. The effect of Kalmia angustifolia on growth, nutrition, and ectomycorrhizal symbiont community of black spruce. For. Ecol. Manage. 105: 197-207.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.105 , pp. 197-207
    • Yamasaki, S.H.1    Fyles, J.W.2    Egger, K.N.3    Titus, B.D.4
  • 230
    • 0029662573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clear-cutting: A regeneration method in the boreal forest
    • Youngblood, R., and Titus, B. 1996. Clear-cutting: a regeneration method in the boreal forest. For. Chron. 72: 31-36.
    • (1996) For. Chron. , vol.72 , pp. 31-36
    • Youngblood, R.1    Titus, B.2
  • 231
    • 0030620790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interference mechanisms in conifer-Ericaceae-feathermoss communities
    • Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M.C., Dahlberg, A., and Jaderlund, A. 1997. Interference mechanisms in conifer-Ericaceae-feathermoss communities. Oikos, 78: 209-220.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.78 , pp. 209-220
    • Zackrisson, O.1    Nilsson, M.C.2    Dahlberg, A.3    Jaderlund, A.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.