Effects of dispersal, shrubs, and density-dependent mortality on seed and seedling distributions in temperate forests

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 783-795

  Hille Ris Lambers, Janneke ^a,b   Clark, James S ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PLANTS (BOTANY); SEED;

MORTALITY;

FORESTRY;

DENSITY DEPENDENCE; MORTALITY; SEED DISPERSAL; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; SHRUB; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATE FOREST;

UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; RHODODENDRON; RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM;

EID: 0038133172     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x03-001     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Augspurger, C.K. 1984. Seedling survival of tropical tree species: interactions of dispersal distance, light gaps, and pathogens. Ecology, 65: 1705-1712.
2. Baker, T.T., and Van Lear, D.H. 1998. Relations between density of rhododendron thickets and diversity of riparian forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 109: 21-32.
3. Beckage, B. 2000. Seedling recruitment in Southern Appalachian forests. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, Durham, N.C.
4. Beckage, B., and Clark, J.S. 2003. Seedling survival and growth of three forest tree species: the role of spatial heterogeneity. Ecology, 84. In press.
5. Beckage, B., Clark, J.S., Clinton, B.D., and Haines, B.L.B. 2000. A long-term study of tree seedling recruitment in southern Appalachian forests: the effects of canopy gaps and shrub understories. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1617-1631.
6. Burns, R.M., and Honkala, B.H. 1990. Silvics of North America: hardwoods. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
7. Burton, P.J., and Bazzaz, F.A. 1991. Tree seedling emergence on interactive temperature and moisture gradients and in patches of old-field vegetation. Am. J. Bot. 78: 131-149.
8. Carlton, G.C., and Bazzaz, F.A. 1998. Regeneration of three sympatric birch species on experimental hurricane blowdown microsites. Ecol. Monogr. 68: 99-120.
9. Carter Johnson, W. 1988. Estimating dispersibility of Acer, Fraxinus and Tilia in fragmented landscapes from patterns of seedling establishment. Landsc. Ecol. 1: 175-187.
10. Cavers, P.B. 1983. Seed demography. Can. J. Bot. 61: 3578-3590.
11. Cintra, R. 1997. A test of the Janzen-Connell model with two common tree species in Amazonian forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 8: 529-536.
12. Clark, D.A., and Clark, D.B. 1984. Spacing dynamics of a tropical rain forest tree: evaluation of the Janzen-Connell model. Am. Nat. 124: 769-788.
13. Clark, J.S., and Ji, Y. 1995. Fecundity and dispersal in plant populations: implications for structure and diversity. Am. Nat. 146: 72-111.
14. Clark, J.S., Macklin, E., and Wood, L. 1998. Stages and spatial scales of recruitment limitation in Southern Appalachian forests. Ecol. Monogr. 68: 213-235.
15. Clark, J.S., Silman, M., Kern, R., Macklin, E., and Hille Ris Lambers, J. 1999a. Seed dispersal near and far: patterns across temperate and tropical forests. Ecology, 80: 1475-1494.
16. Clark, J.S., Beckage, B., Camill, P., Cleveland, B., Hille Ris Lambers, J., Lichter, J., McLachlan, J., Mohan, J., and Wyckoff, P. 1999b. Interpreting recruitment limitation in forests. Am. J. Bot. 86: 1-16.
17. Clinton, B.D., and Vose, J.M. 1996. Effects of Rhododendron maximum L. on Acer rubrum L. seedling establishment. Castanea, 61: 38-45.
18. Clinton, G.D., Boring, L.R., and Swank, W.T. 1994. Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed oak forests of the Southern Appalachians: influences of topographic position and evergreen understory. Am. Midl. Nat. 132: 308-319.
19. Coley, P.D., and Barone, J.A. 1996. Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 305-335.
20. Connell, J.H. 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In Dynamics of populations. Edited by P.J. de Boer and G.R. Gradwell. Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, Netherlands. pp. 298-310.
21. Day, F.P., Philips, D.L., and Monk, C.D. 1988. Forest communities and patterns. In Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta. Edited by W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Jr. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 17-34.
22. Douglass, J.E., and Hoover, M.D., Jr. 1988. History of Coweeta. In Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta. Edited by W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Jr. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 141-159.
23. Eriksson, O., and Ehrlen, J. 1992. Seed and microsite limitation of recruitment in plant populations. Oecologia, 91: 360-364.
24. George, L.O., and Bazzaz, F.A. 1999a. The fern understory as an ecological filter: emergence and establishment of canopy-tree seedlings. Ecology, 80: 833-845.
25. George, L.O., and Bazzaz, F.A. 1999b. The fern understory as an ecological filter: growth and survival of canopy-tree seedlings. Ecology, 80: 846-856.
26. Givnish, T.J. 1999. On the causes of gradients in tropical tree diversity. J. Ecol. 87: 193-210.
27. Greene, D.F., and Johnson, E.A. 1998. Seed mass and early survivorship of tree species in upland clearings and shelterwoods. Can. J. For. Res. 28: 1307-1316.
28. Grubb, P.J. 1977. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biol. Rev. 52: 107-145.
29. Harms, K.E., Wright, S.J., Calderon, O., Hernandez, A., and Herre, E.A. 2000. Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest. Nature (London), 404: 493-495.
30. Hille Ris Lambers, J., Clark, J.S., and Beckage, B. 2002. Density-dependent mortality and the latitudinal gradient in species diversity. Nature (London), 417: 732-735.
31. Houle, G. 1995. Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment: the missing link(s), Écoscience, 2: 238-244.
32. Hurtt, G.C., and Pacala, S.W. 1995. The consequences of recruitment limitation: reconciling chance, history and competitive differences between plants. J. Theor. Biol. 176: 1-12.
33. Hutchinson, G.E. 1961. The paradox of the plankton. Am. Nat. 95: 137-145.
34. Janzen, D.H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat. 104: 501-528.
35. Jones, R.H., and Sharitz, R.R. 1998. Survival and growth of woody plant seedlings in the understorey of floodplain forests in South Carolina. J. Ecol. 86: 574-587.
36. Jones, R.H., Sharitz, R.R., Dixon, P.M., Segal, D.S., and Schneider, R.L. 1994. Woody plant regeneration in four flood plain forests. Ecol. Monogr. 64: 345-367.
37. Jurado, E., and Westoby, M. 1992. Seedling growth in relation to seed size among species of arid australia. J. Ecol. 80: 407-416.
38. Kobe, R.K. 1999. Light gradient partitioning among tropical tree species through differential seedling growth and mortality. Ecology, 80: 187-201.
39. Leishman, M.R., and Westoby, M. 1994. The role of large seed size in shaded conditions - experimental evidence. Funct. Ecol. 8: 205-214.
40. Monk, C.D., McGinty, D.T., and Day, F.P. 1985. The ecological importance of Kalmia latifolia and Rhododendron maximum in the deciduous forest of the southern Appalachians. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 112: 187-193.
41. Nakashizuka, T., Masaki, T., Shibata, M., and Tanaka, H. 1995. Evaluating increased fitness through dispersal: a comparative study on tree populations in a temperate forest, Japan. Écoscience, 2: 245-251.
42. Nilsen, E.T., Walker, J.F., Miller, O.K., Semones, S.W., Lei, T.T., and Clinton, B.D. 1999. Inhibition of seedling survival under Rhododendron maximum (Ericaceae): could allelopathy be a cause? Am. J. Bot. 86: 1597-1605.
43. Okuda, T., Kachi, N., Yap, S.K., and Manokaran, N. 1997. Tree distribution pattern and fate of juveniles in a lowland tropical rain forest - implications for regeneration and maintenance of species diversity. Plant Ecol. 131: 155-171.
44. Pacala, S.P., and Crawley, M. 1992. Herbivores and plant diversity. Am. Nat. 140: 243-260.
45. Pacala, S.W., and Rees, M. 1998. Models suggesting field experiments to test two hypotheses explaining successional diversity. Am. Nat. 152: 729-737.
46. Pacala, S.W., and Tilman, D. 1994. Limiting similarity in mechanistic and spatial models of plant competition in heterogeneous environments. Am. Nat. 143: 222-257.
47. Packer, A., and Clay, K. 2000. Soil pathogens and spatial patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree. Nature (London), 404: 278-281.
48. Philips, D.L., and Murdy, W.H. 1985. Effects of Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) on regeneration of Southern Appalachian hardwoods. For. Sci. 31: 226-233.
49. Plotkin, J.B., Potts, M.D., Leslie, N., Manokaran, N., Lafrankie, J., and Ashton, P.S. 2000. Species-area curves, spatial aggregation, and habitat specialization in tropical forests. J. Theor. Biol. 207: 81-99.
50. Ribbens, E., Silander, J.A., and Pacala, S.W. 1994. Seedling recruitment in forests: calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersion. Ecology, 75: 1794-1806.
51. Saverimuttu, T, and Westoby, M. 1996. Seedling longevity under deep shade in relation to seed size. J. Ecol. 84: 681-689.
52. Shmida, A., and Ellner, S. 1984. Coexistence of plant species with similar niches. Vegetatio, 58: 29-55.
53. Smith, C.C., and Fretwell, S.D. 1974. The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. Am. Nat. 108: 499-506.
54. Streng, D.R., Glitzenstein, J.S., and Harcombe, P.A. 1989. Woody seedling dynamics in an east Texas floodplain forest. Ecol. Monogr. 64: 345-367.
55. Swank, W.T., and Crossley, D.A., Jr. 1988. Introduction and site description. In Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta. Edited by W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Jr. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 3-16.
56. Swift, L.W., Cunningham, G.B., and Douglass, J.E. 1988. Climatology and Hydrology. In Forest hydrology and ecology at Coweeta. Edited by W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Jr. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 35-56.
57. Takahashi, K. 1997. Regeneration and coexistence of two subalpine conifer species in relation to dwarf bamboo in the understory. J. Veg. Sci. 8: 529-536.
58. Thompson, K., and Grime, J.P. 1979. Seasonal variation in seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. J. Ecol. 67: 893-921.
59. Tilman, D. 1990. Constraints and tradeoffs: toward a predictive theory of competition and succession. Oikos, 58: 3-15.
60. Tilman, D. 1994. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Ecology, 75: 2-16.
61. Wada, N., and Ribbens, E. 1997. Japanese maple (Acer palmatum var. masumurae) recruitment patterns: seeds, seedlings, and saplings in relation to conspecific adult neighbors. Am. J. Bot. 84: 1294-1300.
62. Webb, C.O., and Peart, D.R. 1999. Seedling density-dependence promotes coexistence of Bornean rain forest trees. Ecology, 80: 2006-2017.
63. Whittaker, R.J. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecol. Monogr. 26: 1-80.
64. Woods, F.W., and Shands, R.E. 1959. Natural replacement of chestnut by other species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Ecology, 40: 349-362.
65. Young, J.A., and Young, C.G. 1992. Seeds of woody plants in North America. Dioscoreides Press, Portland, Oreg.