New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of molecular and cellular muscle adaptations

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 97, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 643-663

  Toigo, Marco ^a   Boutellier, Urs ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cellular mechanotransduction; Exercise; Hypertrophy; Skeletal muscle; Skeletal muscle satellite cells

Indexed keywords

CONNECTIN; ERYTHROPOIETIN; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; LIM PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MUSCLE PROTEIN; MYOGENIN; MYOSTATIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; RING FINGER PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; CELL ACTIVATION; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; ECCENTRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY; EXERCISE TEST; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HAMSTRING; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; ISOMETRIC EXERCISE; MECHANICAL STRESS; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE DENERVATION; MUSCLE GROWTH; MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE METABOLISM; MUSCLE RELAXATION; MUSCLE STRAIN; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE TONE; MUSCLE TRAINING; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; OXYGEN SATURATION; OXYGEN TENSION; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS; RANGE OF MOTION; REVIEW; SARCOMERE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SKELETAL MUSCLE SATELLITE CELL; TISSUE REPAIR; TRANSLATION REGULATION; VASTUS LATERALIS MUSCLE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; CELL ENLARGEMENT; EXERCISE; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE CELLS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; SATELLITE CELLS, SKELETAL MUSCLE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 33746644195     PISSN: 14396319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0238-1     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Abe T, Kearns CF, Sato Y (2006) Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle, Kaatsu-walk training. J Appl Physiol 100:1460-1466
2. Adam A, De Luca CJ (2003) Recruitment order of motor units in human vastus lateralis muscle is maintained during fatiguing contractions. J Neurophysiol 90:2919-2927
3. Adams GR, Caiozzo VJ, Haddad F, Baldwin KM (2002) Cellular and molecular responses to increased skeletal muscle loading after irradiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283:C1182-C1195
4. Aihara Y, Kurabayashi M, Saito Y, Ohyama Y, Tanaka T, Takeda S, Tomaru K, Sekiguchi K, Arai M, Nakamura T, Nagai R (2000) Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein is a novel marker of cardiac hypertrophy: Role of M-CAT element within the promoter. Hypertension 36:48-53
5. Allen RE, Sheehan SM, Taylor RG, Kendall TL, Rice GM (1995) Hepatocyte growth factor activates quiescent skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 165:307-312
6. Allen DL, Roy RR, Edgerton VR (1999) Myonuclear domains in muscle adaptation and disease. Muscle Nerve 22:1350-1360
7. Allen DG, Whitehead NP, Yeung EW (2005) Mechanisms of stretch-induced muscle damage in normal and dystrophic muscle: Role of ionic changes. J Physiol (Lond) 567:723-735
8. Ameln H, Gustafsson T, Sundberg CJ, Okamoto K, Jansson E, Poellinger L, Makino Y (2005) Physiological activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 in human skeletal muscle. Faseb J 19:1009-1011
9. Anderson JE (2000) A role for nitric oxide in muscle repair: Nitric oxide-mediated activation of muscle satellite cells. Mol Biol Cell 11:1859-1874
10. Anderson J, Pilipowicz O (2002) Activation of muscle satellite cells in single-fiber cultures. Nitric Oxide 7:36-41
11. Armstrong RB, Warren GL, Warren JA (1991) Mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle fibre injury. Sports Med 12:184-207
12. 2 kinase activity and c-Jun transcriptional activity in human skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 251:106-110
13. Baldwin KM, Haddad F (2001) Effects of different activity and inactivity paradigms on myosin heavy chain gene expression in striated muscle. J Appl Physiol 90:345-357
14. Bamman MM, Shipp JR, Jiang J, Gower BA, Hunter GR, Goodman A, McLafferty CL Jr, Urban RJ (2001) Mechanical load increases muscle IGF-I and androgen receptor mRNA concentrations in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E383-E390
15. Baracos VE (2001) Management of muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia: Understanding gained from experimental studies. Cancer 92:1669-1677
16. Barash IA, Mathew L, Ryan AF, Chen J, Lieber RL (2004) Rapid muscle-specific gene expression changes after a single bout of eccentric contractions in the mouse. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286:C355-C364
17. Barash IA, Mathew L, Lahey M, Greaser ML, Lieber RL (2005) Muscle LIM protein plays both structural and functional roles in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 289:C1312-C1320
18. Baumeister A, Arber S, Caroni P (1997) Accumulation of muscle ankyrin repeat protein transcript reveals local activation of primary myotube endcompartments during muscle morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 139:1231-1242
19. Bey L, Akunuri N, Zhao P, Hoffman EP, Hamilton DG, Hamilton MT (2003) Patterns of global gene expression in rat skeletal muscle during unloading and low-intensity ambulatory activity. Physiol Genomics 13:157-167
20. Bischoff R (1997) Chemotaxis of skeletal muscle satellite cells. Dev Dyn 208:505-515
21. Blaivas M, Carlson BM (1991) Muscle fiber branching - difference between grafts in old and young rats. Mech Ageing Dev 60:43-53
22. Bockhold KJ, Rosenblatt JD, Partridge TA (1998) Aging normal and dystrophic mouse muscle: Analysis of myogenicity in cultures of living single fibers. Muscle Nerve 21:173-183
23. Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S, Lai VK, Nunez L, Clarke BA, Poueymirou WT, Panaro FJ, Na E, Dharmarajan K, Pan ZQ, Valenzuela DM, DeChiara TM, Stitt TN, Yancopoulos GD, Glass DJ (2001a) Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science 294:1704-1708
24. Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline WO, Stover GL, Bauerlein R, Zlotchenko E, Scrimgeour A, Lawrence JC, Glass DJ, Yancopoulos GD (2001b) Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 3:1014-1019
25. Booth FW, Kelso JR (1973) Production of rat muscle atrophy by cast fixation. J Appl Physiol 34:404-406
26. 2-terminal kinase activity in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 87:1668-1673
27. Bourke DL, Ontell M (1984) Branched myofibers in long-term whole muscle transplants: A quantitative study. Anat Rec 209:281-288
28. Bowtell J, Park DM, Smith K, Cuthbertson DJR, Waddell T, Rennie MJ (2003) Stimulation of human quadriceps protein synthesis after strenous exercise: No effects of varying intensity between 60 and 90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). J Physiol (Lond) 547P:P16
29. Brockett CL, Morgan DL, Proske U (2001) Human hamstring muscles adapt to eccentric exercise by changing optimum length. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:783-790
30. Brooks GA (2005) Governor recalled! Now what? J Physiol (Lond) 568:355
31. Burke RE (2002) Some unresolved issues in motor unit research. Adv Exp Med Biol 508:171-178
32. Butterfield TA, Leonard TR, Herzog W (2005) Differential serial sarcomere number adaptations in knee extensor muscles of rats is contraction type dependent. J Appl Physiol 99:1352-1358
33. Caiozzo VJ, Baker MJ, Huang K, Chou H, Wu YZ, Baldwin KM (2003) Single-fiber myosin heavy chain polymorphism: How many patterns and what proportions? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 285:R570-R580
34. Canepari M, Rossi R, Pellegrino MA, Orrell RW, Cobbold M, Harridge S, Bottinelli R (2005) Effects of resistance training on myosin function studied by the in vitro motility assay in young and older men. J Appl Physiol 98:2390-2395
35. Centner T, Yano J, Kimura E, McElhinny AS, Pelin K, Witt CC, Bang ML, Trombitas K, Granzier H, Gregorio CC, Sorimachi H, Labeit S (2001) Identification of muscle specific ring finger proteins as potential regulators of the titin kinase domain. J Mol Biol 306:717-726
36. Chakravarthy MV, Abraha TW, Schwartz RJ, Fiorotto ML, Booth FW (2000a) Insulin-like growth factor-I extends in vitro replicative life span of skeletal muscle satellite cells by enhancing G1/S cell cycle progression via the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 275:35942-35952
37. Chakravarthy MV, Davis BS, Booth FW (2000b) IGF-I restores satellite cell proliferative potential in immobilized old skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 89:1365-1379
38. Charge SB, Rudnicki MA (2004) Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration. Physiol Rev 84:209-238
39. Charge SB, Brack AS, Hughes SM (2002) Aging-related satellite cell differentiation defect occurs prematurely after Ski-induced muscle hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283:C1228-C1241
40. Cheek DB (1985) The control of cell mass and replication. The DNA unit - a personal 20-year study. Early Hum Dev 12:211-239
41. Chen YW, Nader GA, Baar KR, Fedele MJ, Hoffman EP, Esser KA (2002) Response of rat muscle to acute resistance exercise defined by transcriptional and translational profiling. J Physiol (Lond) 545:27-41
42. Chesley A, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, Smith K (1992) Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 73:1383-1388
43. 2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases in skeletal muscle plasticity. J Appl Physiol 99:414-423
44. Coleman ME, DeMayo F, Yin KC, Lee HM, Geske R, Montgomery C, Schwartz RJ (1995) Myogenic vector expression of insulin-like growth factor I stimulates muscle cell differentiation and myofiber hypertrophy in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 270:12109-12116
45. Cope TC, Sokoloff AJ (1999) Orderly recruitment among motoneurons supplying different muscles. J Physiol (Paris) 93:81-85
46. Cros N, Tkatchenko AV, Pisani DF, Leclerc L, Leger JJ, Marini JF, Dechesne CA (2001) Analysis of altered gene expression in rat soleus muscle atrophied by disuse. J Cell Biochem 83:508-519
47. Darr KC, Schultz E (1987) Exercise-induced satellite cell activation in growing and mature skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 63:1816-1821
48. De Luca CJ, LeFever RS, McCue MP, Xenakis AP (1982a) Behaviour of human motor units in different muscles during linearly varying contractions. J Physiol (Lond) 329:113-128
49. De Luca CJ, LeFever RS, McCue MP, Xenakis AP (1982b) Control scheme governing concurrently active human motor units during voluntary contractions. J Physiol (Lond) 329:129-142
50. De Luca CJ, Foley PJ, Erim Z (1996) Motor unit control properties in constant-force isometric contractions. J Neurophysiol 76:1503-1516
51. DeVol DL, Rotwein P, Sadow JL, Novakofski J, Bechtel PJ (1990) Activation of insulin-like growth factor gene expression during work-induced skeletal muscle growth. Am J Physiol 259:E89-E95
52. Decary S, Mouly V, Hamida CB, Sautet A, Barbet JP, Butler-Browne GS (1997) Replicative potential and telomere length in human skeletal muscle: Implications for satellite cell-mediated gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 8:1429-1438
53. Denny-Brown D, Pennybacker JB (1938) Fibrillation and fasciculation in voluntary muscle. Brain 61:311-334
54. Dhawan J, Rando TA (2005) Stem cells in postnatal myogenesis: Molecular mechanisms of satellite cell quiescence, activation and replenishment. Trends Cell Biol 15:666-673
55. Dix DJ, Eisenberg BR (1990) Myosin mRNA accumulation and myofibrillogenesis at the myotendinous junction of stretched muscle fibers. J Cell Biol 111:1885-1894
56. Dunn SE, Burns JL, Michel RN (1999) Calcineurin is required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 274:21908-21912
57. Dupont Salter AC, Richmond FJ, Loeb GE (2003) Effects of muscle immobilization at different lengths on tetrodotoxin-induced disuse atrophy. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 11:209-217
58. Edgerton VR, Roy RR (1991) Regulation of skeletal muscle fiber size, shape and function. J Biomech 24(Suppl 1):123-133
59. Erim Z, De Luca CJ, Mineo K, Aoki T (1996) Rank-ordered regulation of motor units. Muscle Nerve 19:563-573
60. Farthing JP, Chilibeck PD (2003) The effects of eccentric and concentric training at different velocities on muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 89:578-586
61. Faulkner JA, Brooks SV, Opiteck JA (1993) Injury to skeletal muscle fibers during contractions: Conditions of occurrence and prevention. Phys Ther 73:911-921
62. Ferrell RE, Conte V, Lawrence EC, Roth SM, Hagberg JM, Hurley BF (1999) Frequent sequence variation in the human myostatin (GDF8) gene as a marker for analysis of muscle-related phenotypes. Genomics 62:203-207
63. Fielding RA, Manfredi TJ, Ding W, Fiatarone MA, Evans WJ, Cannon JG (1993) Acute phase response in exercise. III. Neutrophil and IL-1β accumulation in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 265:R166-R172
64. Gayeski TE, Connett RJ, Honig CR (1985) Oxygen transport in rest-work transition illustrates new functions for myoglobin. Am J Physiol 248:H914-H921
65. Gibala MJ, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Stauber WT, Elorriaga A (1995) Changes in human skeletal muscle ultrastructure and force production after acute resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 78:702-708
66. Glass DJ (2003a) Molecular mechanisms modulating muscle mass. Trends Mol Med 9:344-350
67. Glass DJ (2003b) Signalling pathways that mediate skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. Nat Cell Biol 5:87-90
68. Glass DJ (2005) Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:1974-1984
69. Glickman MH, Ciechanover A (2002) The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway: Destruction for the sake of construction. Physiol Rev 82:373-428
70. Goldspink G (1985) Malleability of the motor system: A comparative approach. J Exp Biol 115:375-391
71. Goldspink G (2005) Mechanical signals, IGF-I gene splicing, and muscle adaptation. Physiology 20:232-238
72. Goldspink G, Scutt A, Martindale J, Jaenicke T, Turay L, Gerlach GF (1991) Stretch and force generation induce rapid hypertrophy and myosin isoform gene switching in adult skeletal muscle. Biochem Soc Trans 19:368-373
73. Goldspink G, Scutt A, Loughna PT, Wells DJ, Jaenicke T, Gerlach GF (1992) Gene expression in skeletal muscle in response to stretch and force generation. Am J Physiol 262:R356-R363
74. Gollnick PD, Karlsson J, Piehl K, Saltin B (1974a) Selective glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle fibres of man following sustained contractions. J Physiol (Lond) 241:59-67
75. Gollnick PD, Piehl K, Saltin B (1974b) Selective glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres after exercise of varying intensity and at varying pedalling rates. J Physiol (Lond) 241:45-57
76. Gomes MD, Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Navon A, Goldberg AL (2001) Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14440-14445
77. Gordon ES, Gordish Dressman HA, Hoffman EP (2005) The genetics of muscle atrophy and growth: The impact and implications of polymorphisms in animals and humans. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2064-2074
78. Goto M, Terada S, Kato M, Katoh M, Yokozeki T, Tabata I, Shimokawa T (2000) cDNA cloning and mRNA analysis of PGC-1 in epitrochlearis muscle in swimming-exercised rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274:350-354
79. Griffin GE, Williams PE, Goldspink G (1971) Region of longitudinal growth in striated muscle fibres. Nat New Biol 232:28-29
80. Grimby L (1984) Firing properties of single human motor units during locomotion. J Physiol (Lond) 346:195-202
81. Haddad F, Adams GR (2002) Selected contribution: Acute cellular and molecular responses to resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 93:394-403
82. Hall ZW, Ralston E (1989) Nuclear domains in muscle cells. Cell 59:771-772
83. Hameed M, Orrell RW, Cobbold M, Goldspink G, Harridge SD (2003) Expression of IGF-I splice variants in young and old human skeletal muscle after high resistance exercise. J Physiol (Lond) 547:247-254
84. Hanzlikova V, Mackova EV, Hnik P (1975) Satellite cells of the rat soleus muscle in the process of compensatory hypertrophy combined with denervation. Cell Tissue Res 160:411-421
85. Henneman E, Somjen G, Carpenter DO (1965) Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 28:560-580
86. Henneman E, Clamann HP, Gillies JD, Skinner RD (1974) Rank order of motoneurons within a pool: Law of combination. J Neurophysiol 37:1338-1349
87. Hentzen ER, Lahey M, Peters D, Mathew L, Barash IA, Friden J, Lieber RL (2006) Stress-dependent and -independent expression of the myogenic regulatory factors and the MARP genes after eccentric contractions in rats. J Physiol (Lond) 570:157-167
88. Hill M, Goldspink G (2003) Expression and splicing of the insulin-like growth factor gene in rodent muscle is associated with muscle satellite (stem) cell activation following local tissue damage. J Physiol (Lond) 549:409-418
89. Hill M, Wernig A, Goldspink G (2003) Muscle satellite (stem) cell activation during local tissue injury and repair. J Anat 203:89-99
90. Hoppeler H, Vogt M, Weibel ER, Fluck M (2003) Response of skeletal muscle mitochondria to hypoxia. Exp Physiol 88:109-119
91. Hoyt DF, Wickler SJ, Biewener AA, Cogger EA, De La Paz KL (2005) In vivo muscle function vs speed. I. Muscle strain in relation to length change of the muscle-tendon unit. J Exp Biol 208:1175-1190
92. Hubal MJ, Gordish-Dressman H, Thompson PD, Price TB, Hoffman EP, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Clarkson PM (2005) Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:964-972
93. Ikeda K, Emoto N, Matsuo M, Yokoyama M (2003) Molecular identification and characterization of a novel nuclear protein whose expression is up-regulated in insulin-resistant animals. J Biol Chem 278:3514-3520
94. Ingber DE (2003a) Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology. J Cell Sci 116:1157-1173
95. Ingber DE (2003b) Tensegrity II. How structural networks influence cellular information processing networks. J Cell Sci 116:1397-1408
96. Isfort RJ, Hinkle RT, Jones MB, Wang F, Greis KD, Sun Y, Keough TW, Anderson NL, Sheldon RJ (2000) Proteomic analysis of the atrophying rat soleus muscle following denervation. Electrophoresis 21:2228-2234
97. Isfort RJ, Wang F, Greis KD, Sun Y, Keough TW, Bodine SC, Anderson NL (2002a) Proteomic analysis of rat soleus and tibialis anterior muscle following immobilization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 769:323-332
98. Isfort RJ, Wang F, Greis KD, Sun Y, Keough TW, Farrar RP, Bodine SC, Anderson NL (2002b) Proteomic analysis of rat soleus muscle undergoing hindlimb suspension-induced atrophy and reweighting hypertrophy. Proteomics 2:543-550
99. Ivey FM, Roth SM, Ferrell RE, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Siegel EL, Fozard JL, Jeffrey Metter E, Fleg JL, Hurley BF (2000) Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55:M641-M648
100. Jackman RW, Kandarian SC (2004) The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287:C834-843
101. Jagoe RT, Lecker SH, Gomes M, Goldberg AL (2002) Patterns of gene expression in atrophying skeletal muscles: Response to food deprivation. Faseb J 16:1697-1712
102. Kadi F, Eriksson A, Holmner S, Butler-Browne GS, Thornell LE (1999a) Cellular adaptation of the trapezius muscle in strength-trained athletes. Histochem Cell Biol 111:189-195
103. Kadi F, Eriksson A, Holmner S, Thornell LE (1999b) Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31:1528-1534
104. Kadi F, Schjerling P, Andersen LL, Charifi N, Madsen JL, Christensen LR, Andersen JL (2004) The effects of heavy resistance training and detraining on satellite cells in human skeletal muscles. J Physiol (Lond) 558:1005-1012
105. Kandarian SC, Jackman RW (2006) Intracellular signaling during skeletal muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve 33:155-165
106. Kelley G (1996) Mechanical overload and skeletal muscle fiber hyperplasia: A meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol 81:1584-1588
107. Kemp TJ, Sadusky TJ, Saltisi F, Carey N, Moss J, Yang SY, Sassoon DA, Goldspink G, Coulton GR (2000) Identification of Ankrd2, a novel skeletal muscle gene coding for a stretch-responsive ankyrin-repeat protein. Genomics 66:229-241
108. Knoll R, Hoshijima M, Hoffman HM, Person V, Lorenzen-Schmidt I, Bang ML, Hayashi T, Shiga N, Yasukawa H, Schaper W, McKenna W, Yokoyama M, Schork NJ, Omens JH, McCulloch AD, Kimura A, Gregorio CC, Poller W, Schaper J, Schultheiss HP, Chien KR (2002) The cardiac mechanical stretch sensor machinery involves a Z disc complex that is defective in a subset of human dilated cardiomyopathy. Cell 111:943-955
109. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA (2004) Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:674-688
110. Kukulka CG, Clamann HP (1981) Comparison of the recruitment and discharge properties of motor units in human brachial biceps and adductor pollicis during isometric contractions. Brain Res 219:45-55
111. Kuo H, Chen J, Ruiz-Lozano P, Zou Y, Nemer M, Chien KR (1999) Control of segmental expression of the cardiac-restricted ankyrin repeat protein gene by distinct regulatory pathways in murine cardiogenesis. Development 126:4223-4234
112. Lai KM, Gonzalez M, Poueymirou WT, Kline WO, Na E, Zlotchenko E, Stitt TN, Economides AN, Yancopoulos GD, Glass DJ (2004) Conditional activation of Akt in adult skeletal muscle induces rapid hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biol 24:9295-9304
113. Lange S, Xiang F, Yakovenko A, Vihola A, Hackman P, Rostkova E, Kristensen J, Brandmeier B, Franzen G, Hedberg B, Gunnarsson LG, Hughes SM, Marchand S, Sejersen T, Richard I, Edstrom L, Ehler E, Udd B, Gautel M (2005) The kinase domain of titin controls muscle gene expression and protein turnover. Science 308:1599-1603
114. Langley B, Thomas M, Bishop A, Sharma M, Gilmour S, Kambadur R (2002) Myostatin inhibits myoblast differentiation by down-regulating MyoD expression. J Biol Chem 277:49831-49840
115. Latres E, Amini AR, Amini AA, Griffiths J, Martin FJ, Wei Y, Lin HC, Yancopoulos GD, Glass DJ (2005) Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) inversely regulates atrophy-induced genes via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway. J Biol Chem 280:2737-2744
116. Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Gilbert A, Gomes M, Baracos V, Bailey J, Price SR, Mitch WE, Goldberg AL (2004) Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression. Faseb J 18:39-51
117. Lin J, Wu H, Tarr PT, Zhang CY, Wu Z, Boss O, Michael LF, Puigserver P, Isotani E, Olson EN, Lowell BB, Bassel-Duby R, Spiegelman BM (2002) Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres. Nature 418:797-801
118. Long YC, Widegren U, Zierath JR (2004) Exercise-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in skeletal muscle. Proc Nutr Soc 63:227-232
119. Luquet S, Lopez-Soriano J, Holst D, Fredenrich A, Melki J, Rassoulzadegan M, Grimaldi PA (2003) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta controls muscle development and oxidative capability. Faseb J 17:2299-2301
120. Lynn R, Morgan DL (1994) Decline running produces more sarcomeres in rat vastus intermedius muscle fibers than does incline running. J Appl Physiol 77:1439-1444
121. Lynn R, Talbot JA, Morgan DL (1998) Differences in rat skeletal muscles after incline and decline running. J Appl Physiol 85:98-104
122. MacDougall JD, Sale DG, Alway SE, Sutton JR (1984) Muscle fiber number in biceps brachii in bodybuilders and control subjects. J Appl Physiol 57:1399-1403
123. MacDougall JD, Gibala MJ, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDonald JR, Interisano SA, Yarasheski KE (1995) The time course for elevated muscle protein synthesis following heavy resistance exercise. Can J Appl Physiol 20:480-486
124. Machida S, Spangenburg EE, Booth FW (2003) Forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 transduces insulin-like growth factor's signal to p27Kip1 in primary skeletal muscle satellite cells. J Cell Physiol 196:523-531
125. Mason SD, Howlett RA, Kim MJ, Olfert IM, Hogan MC, McNulty W, Hickey RP, Wagner PD, Kahn CR, Giordano FJ, Johnson RS (2004) Loss of skeletal muscle HIF-1α results in altered exercise endurance. PLoS Biol 2:e288
126. Mauro A (1961) Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9:493-495
127. McCall GE, Byrnes WC, Dickinson A, Pattany PM, Fleck SJ (1996) Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training. J Appl Physiol 81:2004-2012
128. McCroskery S, Thomas M, Maxwell L, Sharma M, Kambadur R (2003) Myostatin negatively regulates satellite cell activation and self-renewal. J Cell Biol 162:1135-1147
129. McElhinny AS, Kakinuma K, Sorimachi H, Labeit S, Gregorio CC (2002) Muscle-specific RING finger-1 interacts with titin to regulate sarcomeric M-line and thick filament structure and may have nuclear functions via its interaction with glucocorticoid modulatory element binding protein-1. J Cell Biol 157:125-136
130. McKinnell IW, Parise G, Rudnicki MA (2005) Muscle stem cells and regenerative myogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 71:113-130
131. McKoy G, Hou Y, Yang SY, Vega Avelaira D, Degens H, Goldspink G, Coulton GR (2005) Expression of Ankrd2 in fast and slow muscles and its response to stretch are consistent with a role in slow muscle function. J Appl Physiol 98:2337-2343
132. McNally EM (2004) Powerful genes - myostatin regulation of human muscle mass. N Engl J Med 350:2642-2644
133. McPherron AC, Lee SJ (1997) Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12457-12461
134. McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ (1997) Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-β superfamily member. Nature 387:83-90
135. Michel RN, Dunn SE, Chin ER (2004) Calcineurin and skeletal muscle growth. Proc Nutr Soc 63:341-349
136. Miller MK, Bang ML, Witt CC, Labeit D, Trombitas C, Watanabe K, Granzier H, McElhinny AS, Gregorio CC, Labeit S (2003) The muscle ankyrin repeat proteins: CARP, ankrd2/Arpp and DARP as a family of titin filament-based stress response molecules. J Mol Biol 333:951-964
137. Milner-Brown HS, Stein RB, Yemm R (1973) The orderly recruitment of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions. J Physiol (Lond) 230:359-370
138. Miro O, Pedrol E, Cebrian M, Masanes F, Casademont J, Mallolas J, Grau JM (1997) Skeletal muscle studies in patients with HIV-related wasting syndrome. J Neurol Sci 150:153-159
139. Monster AW, Chan H (1977) Isometric force production by motor units of extensor digitorum communis muscle in man. J Neurophysiol 40:1432-1443
140. Moore DR, Burgomaster KA, Schofield LM, Gibala MJ, Sale DG, Phillips SM (2004) Neuromuscular adaptations in human muscle following low intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:399-406
141. Morgan DL (1990) New insights into the behavior of muscle during active lengthening. Biophys J 57:209-221
142. Morgan DL, Proske U (2004) Popping sarcomere hypothesis explains stretch-induced muscle damage. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 31:541-545
143. Morgan DL, Talbot JA (2002) The addition of sarcomeres in series is the main protective mechanism following eccentric exercise. J Mech Med Biol 2:421-431
144. Moss FP, Leblond CP (1971) Satellite cells as the source of nuclei in muscles of growing rats. Anat Rec 170:421-435
145. Musaro A, McCullagh K, Paul A, Houghton L, Dobrowolny G, Molinaro M, Barton ER, Sweeney HL, Rosenthal N (2001) Localized Igf-1 transgene expression sustains hypertrophy and regeneration in senescent skeletal muscle. Nat Genet 27:195-200
146. Nader GA (2005) Molecular determinants of skeletal muscle mass: Getting the "AKT" together. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:1985-1996
147. Nardone A, Schieppati M (1988) Shift of activity from slow to fast muscle during voluntary lengthening contractions of the triceps surae muscles in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 395:363-381
148. Nardone A, Romano C, Schieppati M (1989) Selective recruitment of high-threshold human motor units during voluntary isotonic lengthening of active muscles. J Physiol (Lond) 409:451-471
149. Naya FJ, Mercer B, Shelton J, Richardson JA, Williams RS, Olson EN (2000) Stimulation of slow skeletal muscle fiber gene expression by calcineurin in vivo. J Biol Chem 275:4545-4548
150. Norrbom J, Sundberg CJ, Ameln H, Kraus WE, Jansson E, Gustafsson T (2004) PGC-1alpha mRNA expression is influenced by metabolic perturbation in exercising human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 96:189-194
151. Pallafacchina G, Calabria E, Serrano AL, Kalhovde JM, Schiaffino S (2002) A protein kinase B-dependent and rapamycin-sensitive pathway controls skeletal muscle growth but not fiber type specification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:9213-9218
152. Paul AC (2001) Muscle length affects the architecture and pattern of innervation differently in leg muscles of mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit compared to those of human and monkey muscles. Anat Rec 262:301-309
153. Paul AC, Rosenthal N (2002) Different modes of hypertrophy in skeletal muscle fibers. J Cell Biol 156:751-760
154. Pette D, Staron RS (2000) Myosin isoforms, muscle fiber types, and transitions. Microsc Res Tech 50:500-509
155. Phillips SM, Tipton KD, Aarsland A, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR (1997) Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 273:E99-E107
156. Pilegaard H, Saltin B, Neufer PD (2003) Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1α gene in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 546:851-858
157. Prado LG, Makarenko I, Andresen C, Kruger M, Opitz CA, Linke WA (2005) Isoform diversity of giant proteins in relation to passive and active contractile properties of rabbit skeletal muscles. J Gen Physiol 126:461-480
158. Rennie MJ, Wackerhage H, Spangenburg EE, Booth FW (2004) Control of the size of the human muscle mass. Annu Rev Physiol 66:799-828
159. 2 transport. J Clin Invest 96:1916-1926
160. 2 assessed by myoglobin desaturation: response to graded exercise. J Appl Physiol 91:2679-2685
161. Rosenblatt JD, Parry DJ (1992) Gamma irradiation prevents compensatory hypertrophy of overloaded mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle. J Appl Physiol 73:2538-2543
162. Roth SM, Martel GF, Ivey FM, Lemmer JT, Tracy BL, Metter EJ, Hurley BF, Rogers MA (2001) Skeletal muscle satellite cell characteristics in young and older men and women after heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:B240-B247
163. Sakamoto K, Aschenbach WG, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ (2003) Akt signaling in skeletal muscle: Regulation by exercise and passive stretch. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285:E1081-E1081
164. Sandri M, Sandri C, Gilbert A, Skurk C, Calabria E, Picard A, Walsh K, Schiaffino S, Lecker SH, Goldberg AL (2004) Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell 117:399-412
165. Sartorelli V, Fulco M (2004) Molecular and cellular determinants of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Sci STKE 2004:rE11
166. Schiaffino S, Bormioli SP, Aloisi M (1976) The fate of newly formed satellite cells during compensatory muscle hypertrophy. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 21:113-118
167. Schiaffino S, Bormioli SP, Aloisi M (1979) Fibre branching and formation of new fibres during compensatory muscle hypertrophy. In: Mauro A (ed) Muscle regeneration. Raven, New York, pp 177-188
168. Schmalbruch H, Lewis DM (2000) Dynamics of nuclei of muscle fibers and connective tissue cells in normal and denervated rat muscles. Muscle Nerve 23:617-626
169. Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, Hubner C, Riebel T, Komen W, Braun T, Tobin JF, Lee SJ (2004) Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med 350:2682-2688
170. Schultz E, Gibson MC, Champion T (1978) Satellite cells are mitotically quiescent in mature mouse muscle: An EM and radioautographic study. J Exp Zool 206:451-456
171. 2+-dependent calcineurin signalling pathway. Nature 400:576-581
172. Sheehan SM, Allen RE (1999) Skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in response to members of the fibroblast growth factor family and hepatocyte growth factor. J Cell Physiol 181:499-506
173. Shepstone TN, Tang JE, Dallaire S, Schuenke MD, Staron RS, Phillips SM (2005) Short-term high- vs. low-velocity isokinetic lengthening training results in greater hypertrophy of the elbow flexors in young men. J Appl Physiol 98:1768-1776
174. Snow MH (1990) Satellite cell response in rat soleus muscle undergoing hypertrophy due to surgical ablation of synergists. Anat Rec 227:437-446
175. Spangenburg EE, Booth FW (2003) Molecular regulation of individual skeletal muscle fibre types. Acta Physiol Scand 178:413-424
176. St-Amand J, Okamura K, Matsumoto K, Shimizu S, Sogawa Y (2001) Characterization of control and immobilized skeletal muscle: An overview from genetic engineering. Faseb J 15:684-692
177. Stein T, Schluter M, Galante A, Soteropoulos P, Tolias P, Grindeland R, Moran M, Wang T, Polansky M, Wade C (2002) Energy metabolism pathways in rat muscle under conditions of simulated microgravity. J Nutr Biochem 13:471-478
178. Stevenson EJ, Giresi PG, Koncarevic A, Kandarian SC (2003) Global analysis of gene expression patterns during disuse atrophy in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 551:33-48
179. Stitt TN, Drujan D, Clarke BA, Panaro F, Timofeyva Y, Kline WO, Gonzalez M, Yancopoulos GD, Glass DJ (2004) The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors. Mol Cell 14:395-403
180. Tabary JC, Tabary C, Tardieu C, Tardieu G, Goldspink G (1972) Physiological and structural changes in the cat's soleus muscle due to immobilization at different lengths by plaster casts. J Physiol 224:231-244
181. Tabary JC, Tardieu C, Tardieu G, Tabary C, Gagnard L (1976) Functional adaptation of sarcomere number of normal cat muscle. J Physiol (Paris) 72:277-291
182. Takahashi A, Kureishi Y, Yang J, Luo Z, Guo K, Mukhopadhyay D, Ivashchenko Y, Branellec D, Walsh K (2002) Myogenic Akt signaling regulates blood vessel recruitment during myofiber growth. Mol Cell Biol 22:4803-4814
183. Takarada Y, Sato Y, Ishii N (2002) Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 86:308-314
184. Takarada Y, Tsuruta T, Ishii N (2004) Cooperative effects of exercise and occlusive stimuli on muscular function in low-intensity resistance exercise with moderate vascular occlusion. Jpn J Physiol 54:585-592
185. Talmadge RJ, Roy RR, Edgerton VR (1996) Distribution of myosin heavy chain isoforms in non-weight-bearing rat soleus muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol 81:2540-2546
186. Tanji J, Kato M (1973) Recruitment of motor units in voluntary contraction of a finger muscle in man. Exp Neurol 40:759-770
187. Tardieu C, Tabary JC, Tabary C, Huet de la Tour E (1977) Comparison of the sarcomere number adaptation in young and adult animals. Influence of tendon adaptation. J Physiol (Paris) 73:1045-1055
188. Tardieu C, Tabary JC, Tabary C, Tardieu G (1982) Adaptation of connective tissue length to immobilization in the lengthened and shortened positions in cat soleus muscle. J Physiol (Paris) 78:214-220
189. Tatsumi R, Allen RE (2004) Active hepatocyte growth factor is present in skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve 30:654-658
190. Tatsumi R, Anderson JE, Nevoret CJ, Halevy O, Allen RE (1998) HGF/SF is present in normal adult skeletal muscle and is capable of activating satellite cells. Dev Biol 194:114-128
191. Tatsumi R, Sheehan SM, Iwasaki H, Hattori A, Allen RE (2001) Mechanical stretch induces activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 267:107-114
192. Tatsumi R, Hattori A, Ikeuchi Y, Anderson JE, Allen RE (2002) Release of hepatocyte growth factor from mechanically stretched skeletal muscle satellite cells and role of pH and nitric oxide. Mol Biol Cell 13:2909-2918
193. Telley IA, Denoth J, Stussi E, Pfitzer G, Stehle R (2006a) Half-sarcomere dynamics in myofibrils during activation and relaxation studied by tracking fluorescent markers. Biophys J 90:514-530
194. Telley IA, Stehle R, Ranatunga KW, Pfitzer G, Stussi E, Denoth J (2006b) Dynamic behaviour of half-sarcomeres during and after stretch in activated psoas myofibrils: Sarcomere asymmetry but no "sarcomere popping". J Physiol (Lond) 573:173-185
195. Thomason DB, Booth FW (1990) Atrophy of the soleus muscle by hindlimb unweighting. J Appl Physiol 68:1-12
196. Thomis MA, Huygens W, Heuninckx S, Chagnon M, Maes HH, Claessens AL, Vlietinck R, Bouchard C, Beunen GP (2004) Exploration of myostatin polymorphisms and the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion genotype in responses of human muscle to strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:267-274
197. Thompson PD, Moyna N, Seip R, Price T, Clarkson P, Angelopoulos T, Gordon P, Pescatello L, Visich P, Zoeller R, Devaney JM, Gordish H, Bilbie S, Hoffman EP (2004) Functional polymorphisms associated with human muscle size and strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:1132-1139
198. Tidball JG (2005) Mechanical signal transduction in skeletal muscle growth and adaptation. J Appl Physiol 98:1900-1908
199. Toigo M, Donohoe S, Sperrazzo G, Jarrold B, Wang F, Hinkle R, Dolan E, Isfort RJ, Aebersold R (2005) ICAT-MS-MS time course analysis of atrophying mouse skeletal muscle cytosolic subproteome. Mol BioSyst 1:229-241
200. Vedsted P, Blangsted AK, Sogaard K, Orizio C, Sjogaard G (2006) Muscle tissue oxygenation, pressure, electrical, and mechanical responses during dynamic and static voluntary contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol 96:165-177
201. Vierck J, O'Reilly B, Hossner K, Antonio J, Byrne K, Bucci L, Dodson M (2000) Satellite cell regulation following myotrauma caused by resistance exercise. Cell Biol Int 24:263-272
202. Vivanco I, Sawyers CL (2002) The phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2:489-501
203. Vollestad NK, Blom PC (1985) Effect of varying exercise intensity on glycogen depletion in human muscle fibres. Acta Physiol Scand 125:395-405
204. Vollestad NK, Vaage O, Hermansen L (1984) Muscle glycogen depletion patterns in type I and subgroups of type II fibres during prolonged severe exercise in man. Acta Physiol Scand 122:433-441
205. Vollestad NK, Tabata I, Medbo JI (1992) Glycogen breakdown in different human muscle fibre types during exhaustive exercise of short duration. Acta Physiol Scand 144:135-141
206. Wada KI, Katsuta S, Soya H (2003) Natural occurrence of myofiber cytoplasmic enlargement accompanied by decrease in myonuclear number. Jpn J Physiol 53:145-150
207. Wadley GD, Lee-Young RS, Canny BJ, Wasuntarawat C, Chen ZP, Hargreaves M, Kemp BE, McConell GK (2006) Effect of exercise intensity and hypoxia on skeletal muscle AMPK signaling and substrate metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290:E694-E702
208. Wagers AJ, Conboy IM (2005) Cellular and molecular signatures of muscle regeneration: Current concepts and controversies in adult myogenesis. Cell 122:659-667
209. Wang YX, Lee CH, Tiep S, Yu RT, Ham J, Kang H, Evans RM (2003) Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity. Cell 113:159-170
210. Wang YX, Zhang CL, Yu RT, Cho HK, Nelson MC, Bayuga-Ocampo CR, Ham J, Kang H, Evans RM (2004) Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARδ. PLoS Biol 2:e294
211. Wenger RH, Stiehl DP, Camenisch G (2005) Integration of oxygen signaling at the consensus HRE. Sci STKE 2005:rE12
212. Widegren U, Wretman C, Lionikas A, Hedin G, Henriksson J (2000) Influence of exercise intensity on ERK/MAP kinase signalling in human skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch 441:317-322
213. Williams PE, Goldspink G (1971) Longitudinal growth of striated muscle fibres. J Cell Sci 9:751-767
214. Williams PE, Goldspink G (1984) Connective tissue changes in immobilised muscle. J Anat 138(Pt 2):343-350
215. Winder WW (2001) Energy-sensing and signaling by AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 91:1017-1028
216. Wittwer M, Fluck M, Hoppeler H, Muller S, Desplanches D, Billeter R (2002) Prolonged unloading of rat soleus muscle causes distinct adaptations of the gene profile. Faseb J 16:884-886
217. Wozniak AC, Pilipowicz O, Yablonka-Reuveni Z, Greenway S, Craven S, Scott E, Anderson JE (2003) C-Met expression and mechanical activation of satellite cells on cultured muscle fibers. J Histochem Cytochem 51:1437-1445
218. Wu H, Kanatous SB, Thurmond FA, Gallardo T, Isotani E, Bassel-Duby R, Williams RS (2002) Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle by CaMK. Science 296:349-352
219. Yang SY, Goldspink G (2002) Different roles of the IGF-I Ec peptide (MGF) and mature IGF-I in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. FEBS Lett 522:156-160
220. Yang S, Alnaqeeb M, Simpson H, Goldspink G (1996) Cloning and characterization of an IGF-1 isoform expressed in skeletal muscle subjected to stretch. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 17:487-495
221. Zehr EP, Sale DG (1994) Ballistic movement: Muscle activation and neuromuscular adaptation. Can J Appl Physiol 19:363-378
222. Zhong H, Roy RR, Siengthai B, Edgerton VR (2005) Effects of inactivity on fiber size and myonuclear number in rat soleus muscle. J Appl Physiol 99:1494-1499