Role of current and emerging antithrombotics in thrombosis and cancer

Drugs of Today

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 331-350

  Mousa, Shaker A ^a  

^a ALBANY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBIN; ANTIVITAMIN K; ARGATROBAN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A INHIBITOR; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; COUMARIN DERIVATIVE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DALTEPARIN; ENOXAPARIN; EPIRUBICIN; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; HIRULOG; IDRAPARINUX; LIVER ENZYME; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MELAGATRAN; PENTASACCHARIDE; PROCOAGULANT; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; THROMBOPLASTIN; TINZAPARIN; TISSUE FACTOR PATHWAY INHIBITOR; VINCRISTINE; WARFARIN; XIMELAGATRAN;

ABNORMALLY HIGH SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD; ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING; CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOGENESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPRESSION THERAPY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG BINDING; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG COST; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; HEMATOMA; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG EMBOLISM; META ANALYSIS; METASTASIS; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TUMOR GROWTH; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANIMALS; ANTICOAGULANTS; BLOOD COAGULATION; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; FACTOR XA; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; POLYSACCHARIDES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; THROMBIN; THROMBOSIS; WARFARIN;

EID: 33745557371     PISSN: 16993993     EISSN: 16994019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dot.2006.42.5.973580     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Mousa, S.A. Emerging links between thrombosis, inflammation and cancer: Role of heparin. Acta Chir Belg 2005, 105: 237-48.
2. Ornstein, D., Zacharski, L. Cancer, thrombosis, and anticoagulants. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000, 6: 301-8.
3. Donati, M. Cancer and thrombosis: From Phlegmasia alba dolens to transgenic mice. Thromb Haemost 1995, 74: 278-81.
4. Mousa, S. Anticoagulants in thrombosis and cancer: The missing link. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002, 28: 45-52.
5. Gouin-Thibault, I., Samama, M. Laboratory analysis of the thrombophilic state in cancer patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999, 25: 167-72.
6. Falanga, A., Rickles, F. Pathophysiology of the thrombophilic state in the cancer patient. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999, 25: 173-82.
7. Bromberg, M., Capello, M. Cancer and blood coagulation: Molecular aspects. Cancer J Sci Am 1999, 5: 132-8.
8. Zacharski, L., Ornstein, D. Heparin and cancer. Thromb Haemost 1998, 80: 10-23.
9. Lee, A., Levine, M. The thrombophilic state induced by therapeutic agents in the cancer patient. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999, 25: 137-45.
10. Deitcher, S.R. Cancer and thrombosis: Mechanisms and treatment. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2003, 16: 21-31.
11. Sorensen, H., Mellemkjaer, L., Steffensen, F. et al. The risk of a diagnosis of cancer after primary deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1998, 338: 1169-73.
12. Prandoni, P., Lensing, A., Buller, H.R. et al. Deep-vein thrombosis and the incidence of subsequent symptomatic cancer. N Engl J Med 1992, 327: 1128-33.
13. Levitan, N., Dowlati, A., Remick, S. et al. Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Medicine 1999, 78: 285-91.
14. Geerts, W.H., Heit, J.A., Clagett, G.P. et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest 2001, 119 (1 Suppl.): 132S-75S.
15. Flordal, P.A., Berggvist, D., Burmark, U.S., Ljungstrom, K.G., Tomgren, S. Risk factors for major thromboembolism and bleeding tendency after elective general surgical operations: The Fragmin Multicentre Study Group. Eur J Surg 1996, 162: 783-9.
16. Yap, K.P., McCready, D.R. Deep vein thrombosis and malignancy: A surgical oncologist's perspective. Asian J Surg 2004, 27: 249-54.
17. Lee, A.Y. Epidemiology and management of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Thromb Res 2003, 110: 167-72.
18. Cornuz, J., Pearson, S.D., Creager, M.A., Cook, E.F., Goldman, L. Importance of findings on the initial evaluation for cancer in patients with symptomatic idiopathic deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125: 785-93.
19. Rickles, F.R., Levine, M.N. Epidemiology of thrombosis in cancer. Acta Haematol 2001, 106: 6-12.
20. Sorensen, H., Mellemkjaer, L., Olsen, J. et al. Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2000, 343: 1846-50.
21. Hansson, P.O., Sorbo, J., Eriksson, H. Recurrent venous thromboembolism after deep vein thrombosis: Incidence and risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2000, 1260: 769-74.
22. Alizadeh, H., Al-Tajer, S., Mousa, S.A. Gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinoma: The relationship between hemostasis and cancer prognostic markers. Int J Cancer Prev (in press).
23. Alizadeh, H., Al-Tajer, S., Mousa, S.A. Memostatic state in female patients with breast and ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer Prev (in press).
24. Kwaan, H.C., Parmar, S., Wang, J. Pathogenesis of increased risk of thrombosis in cancer. Semin Thromb Hemost 2003, 29: 283-90.
25. Beer, J.H., Haeberli, A., Vogt, A. et al. Coagulation markers predict survival in cancer patients. Thromb Haemost 2002, 88: 745-9.
26. Often, H.M.M.B., Mathijssen, J., ten Cate, H. et al. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy: An underestimated phenomenon. Arch Int Med 2004, 164: 190-4.
27. Bick, R.L. Therapy for venous thrombosis: Guidelines for a competent and cost-effective approach. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1999, 5: 2-9.
28. Sorensen, H.T., Mellemkjaer, L., Olsen, J.H., Baron, J.A. Prognosis of cancer associated with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2000, 343: 1846-50.
29. Merli, G. Anticoagulants in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Am J Med 2005, 118 (Suppl. 8A): 13S-20S.
30. Bank, I., Tick, L.W., Hutten, B.A., Kramer, M.H., Middeldorp, S., Buller, H.R. Acquired and inherited thrombophilic factors and the risk for residual venous thrombosis. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2003-2004, 33: 192-6.
31. Hutten, B., Prins, M., Gent, M. et al. Incidence of recurrent thrombembolic and bleeding complications among patients with VTE in relation to both malignancy and achieved INR: A retrospective ananlysis. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18: 3078-83.
32. Palareti, G., Legnani, C., Lee, A. et al. A comparison of the safety and efficacy of oral anticoagulation for the treatment of VTE in patients with or without malignancy. Thromb Haemost 2000, 84: 805-10.
33. Prandoni, P., Lensing, A.W., Piccioli, A. et al. Recurrent VTE and bleeding complications during anticoagulation in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood 2002, 100: 3484-8.
34. Lee, A., Levine, M.N., Baker, R.I. et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 349: 146-53.
35. Falanga, A. The effect of anticoagulant drugs in cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2: 1263-5.
36. Meyer, G., Marjanovic, J., Valche, J. et al. Comparison of low-molecular weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162: 1729-35.
37. Levine, M., Lee, A., Baker, R. et al. A randomized trial of long term dalteparin low molecular weight heparin versus oral anticoagulant therapy in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism. Blood 2002, 100: 82a.
38. Siguret, V., Pautas, E., Fevrier, M. et al. Elderly patients treated with tinzaparin (Innohep) administered once daily (175 anti-Xa IU/kg): Anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities over 10 days. Thromb Haemost 2000, 84: 800-4.
39. Sanderlink, G.J., LeLiboux, A., Jariwala, N. et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin in obese volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 72: 308-18.
40. Lebeau, B., Chastang, C., Brechot, J.M. et al. Subcutaneous treatment with heparin increases survival in small cell lung cancer: "Petites cellules" group. Cancer 1994, 74: 38-45.
41. Altinbas, M., Coskun, M., Er, O. et al. Prospective randomized study of epirubicine, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine combination therapy ± low molecular weight heparin in small cell lung cancer. Proc ASCO, San Francisco 2001, 20: 321a.
42. Wojtukiewicz, M., Kozlowski, L., Ostrowska, K. et al. Low molecular weight heparin treatment for malignant melanoma: A pilot clinical trial. Thromb Haemost 2003, 89: 405-6.
43. Kakkar, A.K., Hedges, A.R., Willamson, R.C.N. et al. Perioperative heparin therapy inhibits late death from metastatic cancer. Int J Oncol 1995, 6: 885-8.
44. von Templehoff, G.-F., Harenberg, J., Niemann, F. et al. Effect of low molecular weight heparin (certoparin) versus unfractionated heparin on cancer survival following breast and pelvic cancer surgery: A prospective randomized double-blind trial. Int J Oncol 2000, 16: 815-24.
45. Green, D., Hull, R., Brant, R. et al. Lower mortality in cancer patients treated with low-molecular-weight versus standard heparin. Lancet 1992, 339: 1476.
46. Kakkar, A.K., Levine, M.N., Kadziola, Z. et al. Low molecular weight heparin, therapy with dalteparin, and survival in advanced cancer: The Fragmin Advanced Malignancy Outcome Study (FAMOUS). J Clin Oncol 2004, 22: 1944-8.
47. Bratzler, D.W., Raskob, G.E., Murray, C.K., Bumpus, L.J., Piatt, D.S. Underuse of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for general surgery patients: Physician practices in the community hospital setting. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158: 19909-12.
48. Stratton, M.A., Anderson, F.A., Bussey, H.I. et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: Adherence to the 1995 American College of Chest Physicians consensus guidelines for surgical patients. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160: 334-40.
49. Kaboli, P., Henderson, M.C., White, R.H. DVT prophylaxis and anticoagulation in the surgical patient. Med Clin N Am 2003, 87: 77-110.
50. Wells, P.S., Lensing, A.W., Hirsch, J. Graduated compression stockings in the prevention of post-operative venous thromboembolism: A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1994, 154: 67-72.
51. Streift, M.B. Vena caval filters: A comprehensive review. Blood 2000, 95: 3669-77.
52. Clagett, G.P., Reisch, J.S. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients: Results of meta-analysis. Ann Surg 1988, 208: 227-40.
53. Meyer, G., Marjanovic, Z., Valcke, J. et al. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: A randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162: 1729-35.
54. Mismetti, P., Laporte, S., Darmon, J.Y., Buchmuller, A., Decousus, H. Meta-analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery. Br J Surg 2001, 88: 913-30.
55. ENOXACAN Study Group. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis in elective cancer surgery: A double-blind randomized multicentre trial with venographic assessment. Br J Surg 1997, 84: 1099-103.
56. Bergqvist, D., Burmark, U.S., Flordal, P.A. et al. Low molecular weight heparin started before surgery as prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis: 2,500 versus 5,000 XaI units in 2,070 patients. Br J Surg 1995, 82: 496-501.
57. Holzheimer, R.G. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in the treatment of thrombosis. Eur J Med Res 2004, 9: 225-39.
58. Weitz, J. Low-molecular-weight heparins. N Engl J Med 1997, 337: 688-99.
59. Mousa, S. The low molecular weight heparin, tinzaparin, in thrombosis and beyond. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2002, 20: 163-80.
60. Mousa, S.A. Arixtra (fondaparinux sodium). Methods Mol Med 2004, 93: 239-46.
61. Warkentin, T.E., Roberts, R.S., Hirsh, J., Kelton, J.G. An improved definition of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative orthopedic patients. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163: 2518-24.
62. Mousa, S.A., Bozarth, J.M., Barrett, J.S. Pharmacodynamic properties of the low molecular weight heparin, tinzaparin: Effect of molecular weight distribution on plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor in healthy human subjects. J Clin Pharmacol Therapeutics 2003, 43: 727-34.
63. Mousa, S.A., Mohamed, S. Inhibition of endothelial cell tube formation by the low molecular weight heparin, tinzaparin, is mediated by tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Thrombosis Haemostasis 2004, 92: 627-33.
64. Mousa, S.A., Mohamed, S. Anti-angiogenic mechanisms and efficacy of the low molecular weight heparin, tinzaparin: Anti-cancer efficacy. Oncol Rep 2004, 12: 683-8.
65. Mousa, S.A. Effect of low molecular weight heparin and different heparin molecular weight fractions on the activity of the matrix-degrading enzyme aggrecanase: Structure-function relationship. J Cell Biochem 2005, 95: 95-8.
66. Mousa, S.A., Fareed, J., Iqbal, O., Kaiser, B. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor in thrombosis and beyond. Methods Mol Med 2004, 93: 133-55.
67. Amirkhosravi, A., Mousa, S.A., Amaya, M., Frances, J.L. Antimetastatic effect of tinzaparin, a low molecular weight heparin. J Thrombosis Haemostasis 2003, 1: 1972-6.
68. Kuo, K.H., Kovacs, M.J. Fondaparinux: A potential new therapy for HIT. Hematology 2005, 10: 271-5.
69. Bauersachs, R.M. Fondaparinux: An update on new study results. Eur J Clin Invest 2005, 35 (Suppl. 1): 27-32.
70. Eriksson, B.I. Improvements in the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism in hip fracture patients. Orthopedics 2003, 26 (8 Suppl.): s851-8.
71. Dager, W.E., Andersen, J., Nutescu, E. Special considerations with fondaparinux therapy: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and wound healing. Pharmacotherapy 2004, 24 (7 Pt. 2): 88S-94S.
72. Prandoni, P., Lensing, A.W., Cogo, A. et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125: 1-7.
73. Prandoni, P., Villalta, S., Bagatella, P. et al. The clinical course of deep-vein thrombosis: Prospective long-term follow-up of 528 symptomatic patients. Haematologica 1997, 82: 423-8.
74. Heit, J.A., Mohr, D.N., Silverstein, M.D., Petterson, T.M., O'Fallon, W.M., Melton, L.J. III. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: A population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160: 761-8.
75. Schulman, S., Rhedin, A.S., Lindmarker, P. et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1995, 332: 1661-5.
76. Kearon, C., Gent, M., Hirsh, J. et al. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1999, 340: 901-7.
77. Agnelli, G., Prandoni, P., Santamaria, M.G. et al. Three months versus one year of oral anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic deep venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2001, 345: 165-9.
78. Pinede, L., Ninet, J., Duhaut P, et al. Comparison of 3 and 6 months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and comparison of 6 and 12 weeks of therapy after isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. Circulation 2001, 103: 2453-60.
79. Agnelli, G., Prandoni, P., Becattini, C. et al. Extended oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 2003, 139: 19-25.
80. Schulman, S., Granqvist, S., Holmstrom, M. et al. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1997, 336: 393-8.
81. Ridker, P.M., Goldhaber, S.Z., Danielson, E. et al. Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2003, 348: 1425-34.
82. Kearon, C., Ginsberg, J.S., Anderson, D.R. et al. Comparison of 1 month with 3 months of anticoagulation for a first episode of venous thromboembolism associated with a transient risk factor. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2: 743-9.
83. The Rembrandt Investigators. Treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis with a novel synthetic compound (SR90107A/ORG31540) with pure anti-factor Xa activity: A phase II evaluation. Circulation 2000, 102: 2726-31.
84. The Matisse Investigators. Subcutaneous fondaparinux versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2003, 349: 1695-702.
85. Buller, H.R., Davidson, B.L., Decousus, H. et al. Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140: 867-73.
86. Prandoni P. Toward the simplification of antithrombotic treatment of venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140: 925-6.
87. The Persist Investigators. A novel long-acting synthetic factor Xa inhibitor (SanOrg34006) to replace warfarin for secondary prevention in deep vein thrombosis: A phase II evaluation. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2: 47-53.
88. Haverkamp, D., Hutten, B.A., Buller, H.R., Gallus, A.S., Lensing, A.W., Prins, M.H. The use of specific antidotes as a response to bleeding complications during anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2003, 1: 69-73.
89. Hawkins, D. Pharmacoeconomics of thrombosis management. Pharmacotherapy 2004, 24: 95S-99S.
90. Eriksson, H., Wahlander, K., Gustafsson, D. et al. A randomized, controlled, dose-guiding study of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with standard therapy for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2003, 1: 41-7.
91. Schulman, S., Wahlander, K., Lundstrom, T., Clason, S.B., Eriksson, H. Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran. N Engl J Med 2003, 349: 1713-21.
92. Dyke, C.K., Becker, R.C., Kleiman, N.S. et al. First experience with direct factor Xa inhibition in patients with stable coronary disease: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Circulation 2002, 105: 2385-91.
93. Doggrell, S.A. Ximelagatran - recent comparisons with warfarin. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005, 6: 1943-6.
94. Chow, F.S., Benincosa, L.J., Sheth, S.B. et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of humanized anti-factor IX antibody (SB 249417) in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 71: 235-45.
95. Weitz, J.I., Bates, S.M. New anticoagulants. J Thromb Haemost 2005, 3: 1843-53.
96. Jilma, B., Marsik, C., Mayr, F. et al. Pharmacodynamics of active site-inhibited factor VIIa in endotoxin-induced coagulation in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002, 72: 403-10.
97. Vlasuk, G.P., Rote, W.E. Inhibition of factor VIIa/tissue factor with nematode anticoagulant protein c2: From unique mechanism to a promising new clinical anticoagulant. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2002, 12: 325-31.
98. Presta, L., Sims, P., Meng, Y.G. et al. Generation of a humanized, high affinity anti-tissue factor antibody for use as a novel antithrombotic therapeutic. Thromb Haemost 2001, 85: 379-89.
99. Suleymanov, O.D., Szalony, J.A., Salyers, A.K. et al. Pharmacological interruption of acute thrombus formation with minimal hemorrhagic complications by a small molecule tissue factor/factor VIIa inhibitor: Comparison to factor Xa and thrombin inhibition in a nonhuman primate thrombosis model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003, 306: 1115-21.