Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in the treatment of thrombosis

European Journal of Medical Research

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 225-239

  Holzheimer, René G ^a,b  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

^b NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndrome; Cancer; Certoparin; Dalteparin; Deep vein thrombosis; Enoxaparin; LMWH; Nadroparin; Pulmonary embolism; Reviparin; Tinzaparin

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN;

ANIMAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HUMAN; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; ANTICOAGULANTS; FEMALE; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 3242696283     PISSN: 09492321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Agnelli G, Iorio A, Renga C, Boschetti E, Nenci GG, Ofosu FA, Hirsh J. Prolonged antithrombin activity of low-molecular-weight hepatitis. Clinical implications for the treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Circulation. 1995 Nov 15;92(10):2819-24
2. Albada J, Nieuwenhuis HK, Sixma JJ. Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin). Results of a double-blind randomized study. Circulation. 1989 Oct;80(4): 935-40
3. Alhenc-Gelas M, Jestin-Le Guernic C, Vitoux JF, Kher A, Aiach M, Fiessinger JN. Adjusted versus fixed doses of the low-molecular-weight heparin fragmin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Fragmin Study Group. Thromb Haemost. 1994 Jun;71(6): 698-702
4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion: safety of Lovenox in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Oct; 100(4):845-6
5. Aziz S, Tada Y, Gordon D, McDonald TO, Fareed J, Verrier ED. A reduction in accelerated graft coronary disease and an improvement in cardiac allograft survival using low molecular weight heparin in combination with cyclosporine. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1993 Jul-Aug;12(4):634-43
6. Baram D, Rashkovsky M, Hershkoviz R, Drucker I, Reshef T, Ben-Shitrit S, Mekori YA. Inhibitory effects of low molecular weight heparin on mediator release by mast cells: preferential inhibition of cytokine production and mast cell-dependent cutaneous inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1997 Dec;110(3): 485-91
7. Barrett JS, Gibiansky E, Hull RD, Planes A, Pentikis H, Hainer JW, Hua TA, Gastonguay M. Population pharmacodynamics in patients receiving tinzaparin for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Oct;39(10): 431-46
8. Bates SM, Ginsberg JS. How we manage venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. Blood. 2002 Nov 15;100(10):3470-8
9. Bath PM, Lindenstrom E, Boysen G, De Deyn P, Friis P, Leys D, Marttila R, Olsson J, O'Neill D, Orgogozo J, Ringelstein B, van der Sande J, Turpie AG. Tinzaparin in acute ischaemic stroke (TAIST): a randomised aspirin-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001 Sep 1;358(9283):702-10
10. Bechtold H, Janssen D. Anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with heart disease. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:186-198
11. Beckman JA, Dunn K, Sasahara AA, Goldhaber SZ. Enoxaparin monotherapy without oral anticoagulation to treat acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2003 Jun;89: 953-8
12. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Cesarone MR, Laurora G De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Barsotti A, Corsi M, Vasdekis S, Christopoulos D, Lennox A, Malouf M. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin, administered primarily at home, with unfractionated heparin, administered in hospital, and subcutaneous heparin, administered at home for deep-vein thrombosis. Angiology. 1999 Oct;50(10):781-7
13. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Errichi BM, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Venniker R. Superficial thrombophlebitis of the legs: a randomized, controlled, follow-up study. Angiology. 1999 Jul;50(7):523-9
14. Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH, Sandset PM. Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomised study. HAEST Stud Group. Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial Lancet. 2000 Apr 8;355(9211):1205-10
15. Bick RL, Kaplan BL. Thromboprophylaxis in surgical patients. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:104-111
16. Boneu B, Navarro C, Cambus JP, Caplain H, d'Azemar P, Necciari J, Duret JP, Gaud C, Sie P. Pharmacodynamics and tolerance of two nadroparin formulations (10,250 and 20,500 anti Xa IU x ml(-l)) delivered for 10 days at therapeutic dose. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Feb;79(2):338-41
17. Bornstein NM, Norris JW.Deep vein thrombosis after ischemic stroke: rationale for a therapeutic trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988 Nov;69(11):955-8
18. Bratt G, Tornebohm E, Granqvist S, Aberg W, Lockner D. A comparison between low molecular weight heparin (KABI 2165) and standard heparin in the intravenous treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1985 Dec 17;54(4):813-7
19. Bratt GA, Tornebohm E, Johanson M, Aberg W, Granqvist S, Lockner D. Clinical experiences in the administration of a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin, Kabi-Vitrum) to healthy volunteers and in the treatment of established deep venous thrombosis. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1988;543:96-100
20. Bratt G, Aberg W, Johansson M, Tornebohm E, Granqvist S, Lockner D.Two daily subcutaneous injections of fragmin as compared with intravenous standard heparin the treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Thromb Haemost. 1990 Dec 28;64(4):506-10
21. Breddin HK, Hach-Wunderle V, Nakov R, Kakkar VV; CORTES Investigators. Clivarin: Assessment of Regression of Thrombosis, Efficacy, and Safety. Effects of a low-molecular-weight heparin on thrombus regression and recurrent thromboembolism in patients with deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1;344(9):626-31
22. Breddin HK, Kadziola Z, Scully M, Nakov R, Misselwitz F, Kakkar VV. Risk factors and coagulation parameters in relationship to phlebographic response and clinical outcome in the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2003 Feb;89(2):272-7
23. Bretschneider E, Schror K. Cellular effects of factor Xa on vascular smooth muscle cells-inhibition by heparins? Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001 Oct;27(5):489-93.
24. Brewer D. Should low-molecular-weight heparins replace unfractionated heparin as the agent of choice for adults with deep venous thrombosis? J Fam Pract. 1998 Sep;471(3):185-92
25. Burroughs KE.New considerations in the diagnosis and therapy of deep vein thrombosis. South Med J. 1999 May;92(5):517-20.
26. Busch M, Masuhr F. Thromboprophylaxis and antithrombotic therapy in atients with ischemic stroke and cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. Eur J Med Res 2004;9: 199-206
27. Call DR, Remick DG. Low molecular weight heparin is associated with greater cytokine production in a stimulated whole blood model. Shock. 1998 Sep;10(3): 192-7
28. Campo C, Molinari JF, Ungo J, Ahmed T. Molecular-weight-dependent effects of nonanticoagulant heparins on allergic airway responses. J Appl Physiol. 1999 Feb;86(2):549-57
29. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM for the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators. New Engl J Med 2004;350(15):1495-1504
30. Casele HL, Laifer SA, Woelkers DA, Venkataramanan R. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin sodium during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Nov;181(5 Pt 1):1113-7
31. Charbonnier BA, Fiessinger JN, Banga JD, Wenzel E, d'Azemar P, Sagnard L. Comparison of a once daily with a twice daily subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin regimen in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. FRAXODI group. Thromb Haemost. 1998 May;79(5):897-901
32. Christopherson KW 2nd, Campbell JJ, Travers JB, Hromas RA. Low-molecular-weight heparins inhibit CCL21-induced T cell adhesion and migration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jul;302(1):290-5
33. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AGG, Fromell GJ, Goodman S, Langer A, Califf RM, Fox KAA, Premmereur J, Bigonzi F, for the Efficacy and Safety of subcutaneous enoxaparin in non-Q-wave coronary events study group. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:447-452
34. Cohen M. The role of low-molecular-weight heparin in the management of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41(4 Suppl S):55S-61S
35. Collet JP, Montalescot G, Fine E, Golmard JL, Dalby M, Choussat R, Ankri A, Dumaine R, Lesty C, Vignolles N, Thomas D. Enoxaparin in unstable angina patients who would have been excluded from randomized pivotal trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41(1):8-14
36. The Columbus Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1997 Sep4; 337(10): 657-62
37. Couturaud F, Julian JA, Kearon C. Low molecular weight heparin administered once versus twice daily in patients with venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Oct;86(4):980-4
38. Cowchock S. Treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Lupus. 1998;7 Suppl 2:S95-7
39. Darien BJ, Fareed J, Centgraf KS, Hart AP, MacWilliams PS, Clayton MK, Wolf H, Kruse-Elliott KT. Low molecular weight heparin prevents the pulmonary hemodynamic and pathomorphologic effects of endotoxin in a porcine acute lung injury model. Shock 1998;9(4):274-281
40. Das SK, Cohen AT, Edmondson RA, Melissari E, Kakkar VV.Low-molecular-weight heparin versus warfarin for prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism: a randomized trial. World J Surg. 1996 jun;20(5):521-6
41. Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P, Laporte S, Faivre R, Charbonnier B, Barral FG, Huet Y, Simonneau G, for the Prevention du risque d'embolie pulmonaire par interruption cave study group. A clinical trial of vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in rattents with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Eng J Med 1998; 338:409-415
42. deVeber G, Chan A, Monagle P, Marzinotto V, Armstrong D, Massicotte P, Leaker M, Andrew M. Anticoagulation therapy in pediatric patients with sinovenous thrombosis: a cohort study. Arch Neurol. 1998 Dec;55(12):1533-7
43. Diquelou A, Dupouy D, Cariou R, Sakariassen KS, Boneu B, Cadroy Y.A comparative study-37 the anticoagulant and anti-thrombotic effects of unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight heparin (Fraxiparine) in an experimental model of human venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1995 Nov;74(5): 1286-92
44. Dix D, Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Charpentier K, Bridge S, Monagle P, deVeber G, Leaker M, Chan AK, Massicotte MP. The use of low molecular weight heparin in pediatric patients: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr. 2000 Apr; 136(4):439-45
45. Dotan I, Hershkoviz R, Karmeli F, Brazowski E, Peled Y, Rachmilewitz D, Halpern Z. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) significantly ameliorate experimental colitis in rats. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Oct;15(10):1687-97
46. Downing LJ, Strieter RM, Kadell AM, Wilke CA, Greenfield LJ, Wakefield TW. Low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin is anti-inflammatory during venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 1998 Nov;28(5):848-54
47. Dulitzki M, Pauzner R, Langevitz P, Pras M, Many A, Schiff E. Low-molecular-weight heparin during pregnancy and delivery: preliminary experience with 41 pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Mar;87(3):380-3
48. Dunn A, Bioh D, Beran M, Capasso M, Siu A. Effect of intravenous heparin administration on duration of hospitalization. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Feb;79(2):159-63
49. The DVTENOX Study Group.Markers of hemostatic system activation:in acute deep venous thrombosis-evolution during the first days of heparin treatment. Thromb Haemost. 1993 Dec 20;70(6):909-14
50. Egermayer P. The effects of heparin and oral anticoagulants on thrombus propagation and prevention of the postphlebitic syndrome: a critical review of the literature. Prog Cardiovasc Dis.2001 Jul-Aug;44(1):69-80
51. Ellis MH, Manor Y, Witz M.Risk factors and management of patients with upper limb deep vein thrombosis. Chest. 2000 Jan; 17(1):43-6.
52. Ellison J, Walker ID, Greer IA. Antenatal use of enoxaparin for prevention and treatment of thromboembolism in pregnancy. BJOG 2000 Sep;107(9):1116-21
53. Eriksson H, Wahlander K, Gustafsson D, Welin LT, Frison L, Schulman S; Thrive Investigators. A randomized, controlled, dose-guiding study of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor xi-melagatran compared with standard therapy for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis: THRIVE I. J Thromb Haemost. 2003 Jan; 1(1):41-7
54. European multicentre study. A randomised trial of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (CY 216) compared with intravenous fractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. A collaborative European multicentre study. Thromb Haemost 1991;65:251-256
55. Fiedler K, Würfel W. Effectivity of heparin in assisted reproduction. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:207-214
56. Findik S, Erkan ML, Selcuk MB, Albayrak S, Atici AG, Doru F. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Respiration. 2002;69(5):440-4
57. Franklin RD, Kutteh WH.Effects of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin on antiphospholipid antibody binding in vitro. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;101(3):455-62
58. Friederich PW, Sanson BJ, , Simioni P, Zanardi S, Huisman MV, Kindt I, Prandoni P, Buller HR, Girolami A, Prins MH. Frequency of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism in anti-coagulant factor-deficient women: implications for prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Dec 15;125(12):955-60
59. Gensini GF, Rostagno C, Caciolli S. Treatment options for acute venous thromboembolism in the older patient. Geriatrics. 1998 Jan;53(1):34-6, 39-40, 46-7
60. Ginsberg JS, Greer I, Hirsh J.Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy. Chest. 2001 Jan;119(1 Suppl): 122S-131S
61. Ginsberg JS, Chan WS, Bates SM, Kaatz S. Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Mar 24;163(6): 694-8
62. Girard P, Decousus M, Laporte S, Buchmuller A, Herve P, Lamer C, Parent F, Tardy B; PREPIC Study Group. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis: specificity of symptoms and perfusion defects at baseline and during anticoagulant therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Sep 15;164(6):1033-7
63. Goldhaber SZ, Morrison RB, Diran LL, Creager MA, Lee TH Jr. Abbreviated hospitalization for deep venous thrombosis with the use of ardeparin. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Nov 23;158(21):2325-8
64. Gonzalez-Fajardo JA, Arreba E, Castrodeza J, Perez JL, Fernandez L, Agundez I, Mateo AM, Carrera S, Gutierrez V, Vaquero C. Venographic comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular weight heparin with oral anticoagulant therapy in the long-term treatment of deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 1999 Aug;30(2):283-92
65. Gould, MK, Dembitzer AD, Sanders GD, Garber AM. Low-molecular-weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1999 May 18;130(10):789-99
66. Gould MK, Dembitzer AD, Doyle RL, Hastie TJ, Garber AM. Low-molecular-weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials, Ann Intern Med. 1999 May 18;130(10):800-9
67. Greer IA. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:135-145
68. Harenberg J, Schmidt JA, Koppenhagen K, Tolle A, Huisman MV, Buller HR. Fixed-dose, body weight-independent subcutaneous LMW heparin versus adjusted dose unfractionated intravenous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. EASTERN Investigators. Thromb Haemost. 2000 May;83(5):652-6
69. Harenberg J, Huisman MV, Tolle AR, Breddin HK, Kirchmaier CM. Reduction in thrombus extension and clinical end points in patients after initial treatment for deep vein thrombosis with the fixed-dose body weight-independent low molecular weight heparin certoparin. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001 Oct;27(5):513-8
70. Harenberg J, Ingrid J, Tivadar F. Treatment of venous thromboembolism with the oral thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran. Isr Med, Assoc J. 2002 Nov;4(11): 1003-5
71. Harrison L, McGinnis J, Crowther M, Ginsberg J, Hirsh J. Assessment of outpatient treatment of deep-vein thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparin. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2001-2003
72. He SH. Key role of mast cells and their major secretory products in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Feb 1;10(3):309-18
73. Hirsh J. Low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Am Heart J. 1998 Jun;135(6 Pt 3 Su):S336-42
74. Hirsh J, Lee AY. How we diagnose and treat deep vein thrombosis. Blood. 2002 May 1;99(9):3102-10
75. Holmostrom M, Berglund MC, Granquist S, Bratt G, Tornebohm E, Lockner D. Fragmin once or twice daily subcutaneously in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis of the leg. Thromb Res. 1992 Jul 1;67(1): 49-55
76. Holmstrom M, Lindmarker P, Granqvist S, Johnsson H, Lockner D. A 6-month venographic follow-up in 164 patients with acute deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1997 Aug;78(2):803-7
77. Holzheimer RG. Prophylaxis of thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Eur J Med Res 2004;9:150-170
78. Hoppe C, Matsunaga A. Pediatric thrombosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2002 Dec;49(6):1257-83
79. Hoppensteadt DA, Jeske W, Fareed J, Bermes EW Jr. The role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in the mediation of the antithrombotic actions of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1995 Jun;6 Suppl 1:S57-64
80. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, Green D, Trowbridge AA, Elliott CG, et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment af proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1992;326:975-982
81. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Brant RF, Pineo GF, Eliott G, Stein PD, Gottschalk A, Valentine KA, Mah AF, for the American-Canadian Thrombosis Study Group. Low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of patients with pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:229-236.
82. Hyers TM. Management of venous thromboembolism: past, present, and future. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Apr 14;163(7):759-68
83. Iorio A, Alatri A, Mazzolai L, Agnelli G. Plasma thrombin neutralization assay: pharmacokinetic applications. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1994;20(3):266-73
84. Jacobsen AF, Qvigstad E, Sandset PM. Low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. BJOG. 2003 Feb;110(2):139-44
85. Kaaja R, Pettila V, Leinonen P, Ylikorkala O. Increased thromboxane groduction in women with a history of venous throm oembolic event: effect of heparins. Br J Haematol. 2001 Sep; 114(3):655-9
86. Kakkar VV, Hoppenstead DA, Fareed J, Kadziola Z, Scully M, Nakov R, Breddin HK. Randomized trial of different regimens of heparins and in vivo thrombin generation in acute deep vein thrombosis. Blood. 2002 Mar 15;99(6):1965-70
87. Kakkar VV, Gebska M, Kadziola Z, Saba N, Carrasco P; Bemiparin Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin in the acute and long-term treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2003 Apr;89(4):674-80
88. Kay R, Wong KS, Yu YL, Chan YW, Tsoi TH, Ahuja AT, Chan FL, Fong KY, Law CB, Wong A. Low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995 Dec 14;333(24).: 1588-93
89. Kereiakes DJ. Adjunctive pharmacotherapy before percutaneous coronary intervention in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: the role of modulating inflammation. Circulation 2003;108(16 Suppl 1):III22-7
90. Kim MH, Decena BF, Bruckman D, Eagle KA. Use patterns of low-molecular weight heparin and the impact on length of stay in patients hospitalized for atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 2003 Apr;145(4): 665-9
91. Kirchmaier CM, Wolf H, Schafer H, Ehlers B, Breddin HK. Efficacy of a low molecular weight heparin administered intravenously or subcutaneously in comparison with intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Certoparin-Study Group. Int Angiol. 1998 Sep; 17(3): 135-45
92. Koopman MMW, Prandoni P, Novella F, Ockelford PA, Brandjes DPM, van der Meer J, Gallus AS, Simonneau G, Chesterman CH, Prins MH, Bossuyt PMM, de Haes H, van den Belt AGM, Sagnard L, D'Azemar P, Büller HR, for the TASMAN study group. Treatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered at home. N Engl J Med 1996;334:682-687
93. Kruse-Elliott KT, Chaban K, Grossman JE, Tomasko S, Kamke C, Darien B. Low molecular weight heparin alters porcine neutrophil responses to platelet-activating factor. Shock. 1998 Sep;10(3):198-202
94. Kujovich JL. Low-molecular-weight heparin: more indications for use. Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1999 Apr 15;34(4):67-8, 71-8
95. Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, Bowden C, Kakkar AK, Prins M, Rickles FR, Julian JA, Haley S, Kovacs MJ, Gent M; Randomized Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolisin in Patients with Cancer (CLOT) Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolisin in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jul 10;349(2):146-53
96. Leizorovicz A, Simonneau G, Decousus H, Boissel JP. Comparison of efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in initial treatment of deep venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 1994 Jul 30;309(6950):299-304
97. Lensing AW, Prins MH, Davidson BL, Hirsh J. Treatment of deep venous thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparins. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Mar 27; 155(6):601-7
98. Lepercq J, Conard J, Borel-Derlon A, Darmon JY, Boudignat O, Francoual C, Priollet P, Cohen C, Yvelin N, Schved JF, Tournaire M, Borg JY. Venous thromboembolisin during pregnancy: a retrospective study of enoxaparin safety in 624 pregnancies. BJOG. 2001 Nov;108(11):1134-40
99. Leroyer C, Bressollette L, Oger E, Mansourati J, Cheze-Le Rest C, Nonent M, Buchmuller A, Tardy B, Decousus H, Parent F, Simonneau G, Juste K, Ill P, Abgrall JF, Clavier J, Mottier D. Early versus delayed introduction of oral vitamin K antagonists in combination with low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. a randomized clinical trial. The ANTENOX Study Group. Haemostasis. 1998 Mar-Apr;28(2):70-7
100. Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, Leclerc J, Anderson D, Weitz J, Ginsberg J, Turpie AG, Demers C, Kovacs M. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 14; 334(11):677-81
101. Lev-Ran O, Kramer A, Gurevitch J, Shapira I, Mohr R. Low-molecular-weight heparin for prosthetic heart valves: treatment failure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Jan;69(1):264-5
102. Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A, Per Venge, Wallentin L, for the FRISC Study Group. Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1139-1147
103. Lindmark E, Siegbahn A. Tissue factor regulation and cytokine expression in monocyte-endothelial cell co-cultures: effects of a statin, an ACE-inhibitor and a low-molecular-weight heparin. Thromb Res. 2002 Oct 1;108(1):77-84.
104. Lindmarker P, Holmstrom M, Granqvist S, Johnsson H, Lockner D. Comparison of once-daily subcutaneous Fragmin with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1994 Aug;72(2):186-90
105. Litin SC, Heit JA, Mees KA. Use of low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of venous thromboembolic disease: answers to frequently asked questions. The Thrombophilia Center Investigators. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998 Jun;73(6):545-50
106. Lopaciuk S, Meissner AJ, Filipecki S, Zawilska K, Sowier J, Ciesielski L, Bielawiec M, Glowinski S, Czestochowska E. Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin versus subcutaneous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a Polish multicenter trial. Thromb Haemost. 1992 Jul 6;68(1):14-8
107. Lopaciuk S, Bielska-Falda H, Noszczyk W, Bielawiec M, Witkiewicz W, Filipecki S, Michalak J, Ciesielski L, Mackiewicz Z, Czestochowska E, Zawilska K, Cencora A. Low molecular vhight heparin versus acenocoumarol, in the secondary prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Jan;81(1): 26-31
108. Lopez-Berpt P, Orgaz A, Fontcuberta J, Doblas M, Martinez A, Lozano G, Romero A. Low molecular weight heparin versus oral anticoagulants in the long-term treatment of deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Jan;33(1):77-90
109. Lozano FS, Almazan A. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus saphenofemoral disconnection for the treatment of above-knee greater saphenous thrombophlebitis: a prospective study. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2003 Nov-Dec;37(6):415-20
110. Luk C, Wells PS, Anderson D, Kovacs MJ. Extended outpatient therapy with low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of recurrent venous thromboembolism despite warfarin therapy. Am J Med. 2001 Sep;111(4):270-3
111. Luomanmaki K, Grankvist S, Hallert C, Jauro I, Ketola K, Kim HC, Kiviniemi H, Koskivirta H, Sorskog L, Vilkko P. A multicentre comparison of once-daily subcutaneous dalteparin (low molecular weight heparin) and continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. J Intern Med. 1996 Aug;240(2):85-92
112. Marchetti M, Pistorio A, Barone M, Serafini S, Barosi G. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus warfarin for secondary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Med. 2001 Aug; 111(2):130-9
113. Massicotte P, Adams M, Marzinotto V, Brooker LA, Andrew M. Low-molecular-weight heparin in pediatric patients with thrombotic disease: a dose finding study. J Pediatr. 1996 Mar;128(3):313-8
114. Massicotte P, Julian JA, Gent M, Shields K, Marzinotto V, Szechtman B, Andrew M; RE-VIVE Study Group. An open-label randomized controlled, trial of low molecular weight heparin compared to heparin and coumadin for the treatment of venous thromboembolic events in children: the REVIVE trial. Thromb Res. 2003 Jan 25;109(2-3):85-92
115. McCart GM, Kayser SR. Therapeptic equivalency of low-molecular-weight heparins. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 jun;36(6):1042-57
116. Merli GJ. Low-molecular-weight heparins versus unfractionated heparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 Sep-Oct;79(5 Suppl):S9-16
117. Merli G, Spiro TE, Olsson CG, Abildgaard U, Davidson BL, Eldor A, Elias D, Grigg A, Musset D, Rodgers GM, Trowbridge AA, Yusen RD, Zawilska K; Enoxaparin Clinical Trial Group. Subcutaneous enoxaparin once or twice daily compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Feb 6;134(3):191-202
118. Meyer G, Brenot F, Pacouret G, Simonneau G, Gillet Juvin K, Charbonnier B, et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular weight heparin fragmin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of acute non massive pulmonary embolism: an open randomized pilot study. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:1432-1435
119. Meyer G, Marjanovic Z, Valcke J, Lorcerie B, Gruel Y, Solal-Celigny P, Le Maignan C, Extra JM, Cottu P, Farge D. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Aug 12-26;162(15):1729-35
120. Monreal M, Lafoz E, Olive A, del Rio L, Vedia C. Comparison of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin with a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications to coumarin. Thromb Haemost. 1994 jan;71(1):7-11
121. Monreal M, Lafoz E, Urrutia A, Roncales J, Galimany R, Biosca C, Corominas A. Effects of long-term therapy with either heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin on serum lipid levels. A prospective study. Haemostasis. 1995 Nov-Dec;25(6):283-7
122. Monroe VS, Kerensky RA, Rivera E, Smith KM, Pepine CJ. Pharmacologic plaque passivation for the reduction of recurrent cardiac events in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41(4 Suppl S):23S-30S
123. Moons AH, Levi M, Peters RJ. Tissue factor and coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2002 Feb 1;53(2): 313-25
124. Myrmel T, Larsen TS, Reikeras O Lipolytic effect of low-molecular-weight-heparin (Fragmin) and beparin/dihydroergotamine in thromboprophylactic doses during total hip replacement. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1992 Nov;52(7):741-5.
125. Oosting JD, Derksen RH, Blokzijl L, Sixma JJ, de Groot PG. Antiphospholipid antibody positive sera enhance endothelial cell procoagulant activity-studies in a thrombosis model. Thromb Haemost. 1992 Sep 7; 68(3): 278-84
126. Partsch H, Blattler W. Compression and walking versus bed rest in the treatment of proximal deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin, J Vasc Surg. 2000 Nov;32(5):861-9
127. Pernerstorfer T, Hollenstein U, Hansen J, Knechtelsdorfer M, Stohlawetz P, Graninger W, Eichler HG, Speiser W, Jilma B. Heparin blunts endotoxin-induced coagulation activation. Circulation. 1999 Dec 21-28;100(25):2485-90
128. Peternel P, Terbizan M, Tratar G, Bozic M, Horvat D, Salobir B, Stegnar M. Markers of hemostatic system activation during treatment of deep vein thrombosis with sub-cutaneous unfractionated or low-molecular weight heparin. Thromb Res.2002 Feb 1;105(3):241-6
129. Petralia G, Kakkar AK. Antithrombotic therapy with low molecular weight heparin in cancer patients. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:119-124
130. Pforte A. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy of pulmonary embolism. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:171-179
131. Pineo GF, Hull RD. Unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin. Comparisons and current recommendations. Med Clin North Am. 1998 May;82(3):587-99
132. Pineo GF, Hull RD. Dalteparin: pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy in the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:215-224
133. Pini M, Aiello S, Manotti C, Pattacini C, Quintavalla R, Poli T, Tagliaferri A, Dettori AG. Low molecular weight heparin versus warfarin in the prevention of recurrences after deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1994 Aug;72(2):191-7
134. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Buller HR, Carta M, Cogo A, Vigo M, Casara D, Ruol A, ten Cate JW. Comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with intravenous standard heparin in proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet. 1992 Feb 22;339(8791):441-5
135. Prandoni P, Bilora F, Marchiori A, Bernardi E, Petrobelli F, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Girolami A. An association between atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1435-1441
136. Quader MA, Stump LS, Sumpic, BE.Low molecular weight heparins: current use and indications. J Am Coll Surg. 1998 Dec;187(6):641-58
137. Quinlan DJ, McQuillan A, Eikelboom JW. Low-molecular-weight heparin compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Feb 3;140(3):175-83
138. Rao RB, Ely SF, Hoffman RS. Deaths related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1471-1475
139. Raschke R, Hirsh J, Guidry JR. Suboptimal monitoring and dosing of unfractionated heparin in comparative studies with low-molecular-weight heparin. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138 (9):720-723
140. The Rembrandt Investigators. Treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis with a novel synthetic compound (SR90107A/ORG31540) with pure anti-factor Xa activity: A phase II evaluation. Circulation. 2000 Nov 28;102(22):2726-31
141. Robert F, Busby E, Marques MB, Reynolds RE, Carey DE: Phase II study of docetaxel plus enoxaparin in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: preliminary results. Lung Cancer. 2003 Nov;42(2):237-45
142. Rocha E, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Montes R, Panizo C. Do the low molecular weight heparins improve efficacy and safety of the treatment of deep venous thrombosis? A meta-analysis. Haematologica. 2000 Sep;85(9):935-42
143. Rodger M, Bredeson C, Wells PS, Beck J, Kearns B, Huebsch LB Cost-effectiveness of low-molecular-weight heparin and unfractionated heparin in treatment of deep vein thrombosis. CMAJ. 1998 Oct 20;159(8):931-8
144. Rodie VA, Thomson AJ, Stewart FM, Quinn AJ, Walker ID, Greer IA. Low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy: a case series. BJOG. 2002 Sep; 109(9):1020-4
145. Rowan JA, McCowan T-M, Raudkivi PJ, North RA. Enoxapaein treatment in women with mechanical heart valves during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Sep;185(3):633-7
146. Rydberg EJ, Westfall JM, Nicholas RA. Low-molecular-weight heparin in preventing and treating DVT. Am Fain Physician. 1999 Mar 15;59(6):1607-12
147. Sagedal S, Hartmann A. Low molecular weight heparins as thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing hemodialysis/hemofiltration or continuous renal replacement theraies. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:125-130
148. Sanderink GJ, Le Liboux A, Jariwala N, Harding N, Ozoux ML, Shukla U, Montay G, Boutouyrie B, Miro A. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin in obese volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Sep;72(3):308-18
149. Schwartz D, Engelhard D, Gallily R, Matoth I, Brenner T. Glial cells production of inflammatory mediators induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae: inhibition by pentoxifylline, low-molecular-weight heparin and dexamethasone. J Neurol Sci 1998; 155 (1):13-22
150. Segal JB, Bolger DT, Jenckes MW, Krishnan JA, Streiff MB, Eng J, Tamariz LJ, Bass EB. Outpatient therapy with low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism: a review of efficacy, safety, and costs. Am J Med. 2003 Sep;1 15(4):298-308
151. Sephton V, Farquharson RG, Topping J, Quenby SM, Cowan C, Back DJ, Toh CH. A longitudinal study of maternal dose response to low molecular weight heparin in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1307-11
152. Shah MK, Black-Schaffer RM. Treatment of upper limb deep vein thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 May;82(5):415-7
153. Sherman DG. Heparin and heparinoids in stroke. Neurology. 1998 Sep;51(3 Suppl 3):S56-8
154. Simonneau G, Charbonnier B, Decousus H, Planchon B, Ninet J, Sie P, Silsiguen M, Combe S. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Jul 12;153(13):1541-6
155. Simonneau G, Sors H, Charbonnier B, Page Y, Laaban JP, Azarian R, Laurent M, Hirsch JL, Ferrari E, Bosson JL, Mottier D, Beau B. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group. Tinzaparine ou Heparine Standard: Evaluations dans l'Embolie Pulmonaire. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 4;337(10):663-9
156. Siragusa S, Cosmi B, Novella F, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS. Low-molecular-weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism: results of a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 1996 Mar; 100(3):269-77
157. Smith MP, Norris LA, Steer PJ, Savidge GF, Bonnar J. Tinzaparin sodium for thrombosis treatment and prevention during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Feb; 190(2):495-501
158. Spandorfer JM, Lynch S, Weitz HH, Fertel S, Merli GJ. Use of enoxaparin for the chronically anticoagulated patient before and after procedures. Am J Cardiol. 1999 Aug 15;84(4):478-80
159. Spyropoulos AC, Hurley JS, Ciesla GN, de Lissovoy G. Management of acute proximal deep vein thrombosis: pharmacoeconomic evaluation of outpatient treatment with enoxaparin vs inpatient treatment with unfractionated heparin. Chest. 2002 Jul; 122(1):108-14
160. Stefoni S, Cianciolo G, Donati G, Coli L, La Manna G, Raimondi C, Dalmastri V, Orlandi V, D'Addio F. Standard heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin. A medium-term comparison in hemodialysis. Nephron. 2002;92(3)689-600,
161. Stone S, Hunt BJ, Seed PT, Parrqar K, Khamashta MA, Poston L. Longitudinal evaluation of markers of endothelial cell dysfunction and hemostasis in treated antiphospholipid syndrome and in healthy pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Feb;188(2): 454-60
162. Streif W, Goebel G, Chan AK, Massicotte MP. Use of low molecular mass heparin (enoxaparin) in newborn infants: a prospective cohort study of 62 patients. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003 Sep;88(5): F365-70
163. Stricker H, Marchetti O, Haeberli A, Mombelli G. Hemostatic activation under anticoagulant treat ment: a comparison of unfractionated heparin vs. nadroparin in the treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Oct;82:1227-31
164. Stutzmann JM, Mary V, Wahl F, Grosjean-Piot O, Uzan A, Pratt J. Neuroprotective profile of enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin, in in vivo models of cerebral ischemia or traumatic brain injury: a review. CNS Drug Rev 2002;8(1):1-30
165. Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treated B Enoxaparin Study Group. A pilot randomized double-blind comparison of a low-molecular-weight heparm, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, and placebo in the treatment of superficial vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jul 28;163(14):1657-63
166. Thanaporn P, Myers DD, Wrobleski SK, Hawley AE, Farris DM, Wakefield TW, Henke PK. P-selectin inhibition decreases post-thrombotic vein wall fibrosis in a rat model. Surgery. 2003 Aug;134(2):365-71
167. Thery C, Simonneau G, Meyer G, Helenon O, Bridey F, Armagnac C, et al. Randomized trial of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin CY 216 (Fraxiparine) compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin in the curative treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism. A dose-ranging study. Circulation 1992; 85: 1380-1389
168. Tillman DJ, Charland SL, Witt DM. Effectiveness and economic impact associated with a program for out-patient management of acute deep vein thrombosis in a group model health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Oct 23;160(19):2926-32
169. Triolo G, Ferrante A, Ciccia F, Accardo-Palumbo A, Perino A, Castelli A, Giarratano A, Li-cata G. Randomized study of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin plus aspirin versus intravenous immunoglobulin in the treaiment recurrent fetal loss associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Mar;48(3):728-31
170. Tsukada S, Enomoto N, Takei Y, Hirose M, Ikejima K, Kitamura T, Sato N. Dalteparin sodium prevents liver injury due to lipopolysaccharide in rat through suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by Kupffer cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Aug;27(8 Suppl):7S-11S
171. Turpie AG, Antman EM. Low-molecular weight heparins in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Arch Intern Med 200 1; 161(12):1484-1490
172. van der Heijden JF, Prins MH, Buller HR. For the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism: are all low-molecular-weight heparin compounds the same? Thromb Res. 2000 Oct 15;100(2):V121-30
173. Veiga F, Escriba A, Maluenda MP, Lopez Rubio M, Margalet I, Lezana A, Gallego J, Ribera JM. Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus oral anticoagulant therapy (aceno-coumarol) in the long-term treatment of deep venous thrombosis in the elderly: a randomized trial. Thromb Haemost. 2000 Oct;84(4):559-64
174. Vinson DR, Berman DA. Outpatient treatment of deep venous thrombosis: a clinical care pathway managed by the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Mar;37(3):251-8
175. von Tempelhoff GF, Dietrich M, Niemann F, Schneider D, Hommel G, Heilmann L. Blood coagulation and thrombosis in patients with ovarian malignancy. Thromb Haemost. 1997 Mar;77(3):456-61
176. von Tempelhoff GF, Harenberg J, Niemann F, Hommel G, Kirkpatrick CJ, Heilmann L. Effect of low molecular weight heparin (Certoparin) versus unfractionated heparin on cancer survival following breast and pelvic cancer surgery: A prospective randomized double-blind trial. Int J Oncol. 2000 Apr;16(4):815-24
177. Vukovich TC, Gabriel A, Schaeffer B, Veitl M, Matula C, Spiss CK. Hemostasis activation in patients undergoing brain tumor surgery. J Neurosurg. 1997 Oct;87(4):508-11
178. Walsh CR, Lloyd-Jones DM, Camargo CA, Giugliano RP, O'Donnell CJ. Clinical trials of unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin in addition to aspirin for the treatment of unstable angina pectoris: do the results appliy to all patients? Am J Cardiol 2000;86(9):908-912
179. Wang QL, Shang XY, Zhang SL, Ji JB, Cheng YN, Meng YJ, Zhu YJ. Effects of inhaled low molecular weight heparin on airway allergic inflammation in aerosol-ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2000 Apr;82(4):326-30
180. Weigert C, Brodbeck K, Haring HU, Gambaro G, Schleicher ED. Low-molecular-weight heparin prevents high glucose- and phorbol ester-induced TGF-beta 1 gene activation. Kidney Int. 2001 Sep;60(3): 935-43
181. Wells PS, Kovacs MJ, Bormanis J, Forgie MA, Goudie D, Morrow B, Kovacs J. Expanding eligibility for outpatient treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with low-molecular-weight heparin: a comparison of patient self-injection with homecare injection. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Sep 14;158(16):1809-12
182. Wells PS, Forgie MA, Simms M, Greene A, Touchie D, Lewis G, Anderson J, Rodger MA. The outpatient bleeding risk index: validation of a tool for predicting bleeding rates in patients treated for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Apr 28;163(8):917-20
183. Wong GC, Giuglianc, RP, Amman EM. Use of low-molecular-weight heparins in the man-agement of acute coronary artery syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2003;289(3):331-342
184. Xiao Z, Theroux P. Platelet activation with unfractionated heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with a low-molecular-weight heparin and with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Circulation. 1998 Jan 27;97(3):251-6
185. Yacovella T, Alter M. Anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism. What are the current options? Postgrad Med. 2000 Sep 15;108(4):43-6, 51-4
186. Young E, Wells P, Holloway S, Weitz J, Hirsh J. Ex-vivo and in-vitro evidence that low molecular weight hevrcins exhibit less binding to plasma proteins than un a tionated heparin. Thromb Haemost. 1994 Mar;71(3):300-4