Chronically active: Activation of microglial proteolysis in ageing and neurodegeneration

Redox Report

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 207-213

  Stolzing, Alexandra ^a   Sethe, Sebastian ^a   Grune, Tilman ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Activation; Ageing; Microglia; Oxidative burst; Proteolysis

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; GAMMA INTERFERON; PHORBOL 13 ACETATE 12 MYRISTATE; PROTEASOME; PROTEIN; PROTEIN SUBUNIT; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RECEPTOR; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AGING; BRAIN METABOLISM; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL TRANSPORT; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; HUMAN; LYSOSOME; MACROPHAGE; MICROGLIA; NERVE DEGENERATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; PATHOGENESIS; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; RESPIRATORY BURST; REVIEW;

AGING; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; LYSOSOMES; MACROPHAGES; MICROGLIA; NERVE DEGENERATION; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN; PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX;

EID: 33744514125     PISSN: 13510002     EISSN: 13510002     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/135100005X70198     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19: 312-318.
2. Streit WJ, Walter SA, Pennell NA. Reactive microgliosis. Prog Neurobiol 1999; 57: 563-581.
3. Sheng JG, Mrak RE, Griffin WS. Enlarged and phagocytic, but not primed, interleukin-1 alpha-immunoreactive microglia increase with age in normal human brain. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1998; 95: 229-234.
4. Heppner FL, Roth K, Nitsch R, Hailer NP. Vitamin E induces ramification and downregulation of adhesion molecules in cultured microglial cells. Glia 1998; 22: 180-188.
5. Ustrell V, Pratt G, Rechsteiner M. Effects of interferon gamma and major histocompatibility complex-encoded subunits on peptidase activities of human multicatalytic proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 584-588.
6. i-protein systems. Glia 2003; 41: 50-63.
7. Dukic-Stefanovic S, Gasic-Milenkovic J, Deuther-Conrad W, Munch G. Signal transduction pathways in mouse microglia N-11 cells activated by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). J Neurochem 2003; 87: 44-55.
8. Gasic-Milenkovic J, Loske C, Deuther-Conrad W, Munch G. Protein 'AGEing' - cytotoxicity of a glycated protein increases with its degree of AGE-modification. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2001; 34: 457-460.
9. Stolzing A, Grune, T. Degradation of glycated proteins by microglia. 2005; In preparation.
10. Gasic-Milenkovic J, Dukic-Stefanovic S, Deuther-Conrad W, Gartner U, Munch G. Beta-amyloid peptide potentiates inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide, interferon-gamma and 'advanced glycation endproducts' in a murine microglia cell line. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17: 813-821.
11. Heremans H, Billiau A. The potential role of interferons and interferon antagonists in inflammatory disease. Drugs 1989; 38: 957-972.
12. Neubig RR, Thomsen WJ. How does a key fit a flexible lock? Structure and dynamics in receptor function. Bioessays 1989; 11: 136-141.
13. Stolzing A, Grune T. Neuronal apoptotic bodies: phagocytosis and degradation by primary microglial cells. FASEB J 2004; 18: 743-745.
14. Grant AJ, Jessup W, Dean RT. Accelerated endocytosis and incomplete catabolism of radical-damaged protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1134: 203-209.
15. Jessup W, Mander EL, Dean RT. The intracellular storage and turnover of apolipoprotein B of oxidized LDL in macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1126: 167-177.
16. Stolzing A, Wengner A, Grune T. Degradation of oxidized extracellular proteins by microglia. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 400: 171-179.
17. Rechsteiner M, Hill CP. Mobilizing the proteolytic machine: cell biological roles of proteasome activators and inhibitors. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15: 27-33.
18. Grune T, Jung T, Merker K, Davies KJ. Decreased proteolysis caused by protein aggregates, inclusion bodies, plaques, lipofuscin, ceroid, and 'aggresomes' during oxidative stress, aging, and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36: 2519-2530.
19. Dunlop RA, Rodgers KJ, Dean RT. Recent developments in the intracellular degradation of oxidized proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33: 894-906.
20. Dean RT, Fu S, Stocker R, Davies MJ. Biochemistry and pathology of radical-mediated protein oxidation. Biochem J 1997; 324: 1-18.
21. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Frasch SC, Warner ML, Henson PM. The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Cell Death Differ 1998; 5: 551-562.
22. Stohwasser R, Giesebrecht J, Kraft R et al. Biochemical analysis of proteasomes from mouse microglia: induction of immunoproteasomes by interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Glia 2000; 29: 355-365.
23. Gaczynska M, Rock KL, Goldberg AL. Gamma-interferon and expression of MHC genes regulate peptide hydrolysis by proteasomes. Nature 1993; 365: 264-267.
24. Nandi D, Jiang H, Monaco JJ. Identification of MECL-1 (LMP-10) as the third IFN-gamma-inducible proteasome subunit. J Immunol 1996; 156: 2361-2364.
25. Schwarz K, Eggers M, Soza A, Koszinowski UH, Kloetzel PM, Groettrup M. The proteasome regulator PA28alpha/beta can enhance antigen presentation without affecting 20S proteasome subunit composition. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30: 3672-3679.
26. Lah TT, Hawley M, Rock KL, Goldberg AL. Gamma-interferon causes a selective induction of the lysosomal proteases, cathepsins B and L, in macrophages. FEBS Lett 1995; 363: 85-89.
27. Panousis CG, Zuckerman SH. Regulation of cholesterol distribution in macrophage-derived foam cells by interferon-gamma. J Lipid Res 2000; 41: 75-83.
28. Grewal T, Priceputu E, Davignon J, Bernier L. Identification of a gamma-interferon-responsive element in the promoter of the human macrophage scavenger receptor A gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 825-831.
29. Chang GH, Barbaro NM, Pieper RO. Phosphatidylserine-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic glioma cells by normal human microglia, astrocytes, and glioma cells. Neurooncology 2000; 2: 174-183.
30. Mehlhase J, Gieche J, Ullrich O, Sitte N, Grune T. LPS-induced protein oxidation and proteolysis in BV-2 microglial cells. IUBMB Life 2000; 50: 331-335.
31. Nelson JE, Loukissa A, Altschuller-Felberg C, Monaco JJ, Fallon JT, Cardozo C. Up-regulation of the proteasome subunit LMP7 in tissues of endotoxemic rats. J Lab Clin Med 2000; 135: 324-331.
32. Baranova I, Vishnyakova T, Bocharov A et al. Lipopolysaccharide down regulates both scavenger receptor B1 and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 in RAW cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 2995-3003.
33. Hintz KA, Rassias AJ, Wardwell K et al. Endotoxin induces rapid metalloproteinase-mediated shedding followed by up-regulation of the monocyte hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 72: 711-717.
34. Li J, Schmidt AM. Characterization and functional analysis of the promoter of RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation end products. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 16498-16506.
35. Henry L, Baz A, Chateau MT, Caravano R, Scherrer K, Bureau JP. Proteasome (prosome) subunit variations during the differentiation of myeloid U937 cells. Anal Cell Pathol 1997; 15: 131-144.
36. Chen CS. Phorbol ester induces elevated oxidative activity and alkalization in a subset of lysosomes. BMC Cell Biol 2002; 3: 21.
37. Bi X, Yong AP, Zhou J, Gall CM, Lynch G. Regionally selective changes in brain lysosomes occur in the transition from young adulthood to middle age in rats. Neuroscience 2000; 97: 395-404.
38. Yesner LM, Huh HY, Pearce SF, Silverstein RL. Regulation of monocyte CD36 and thrombospondin-1 expression by soluble mediators. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 1019-1025.
39. Napolitano M, Bravo E. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters in human macrophages reduces the metabolism of modified LDL by down-regulation of scavenger receptor activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35: 1127-1143.
40. Milner R, Campbell IL. The extracellular matrix and cytokines regulate microglial integrin expression and activation. J Immunol 2003; 170: 3850-3858.
41. Groettrup M, Khan S, Schwarz K, Schmidtke G. Interferon-gamma inducible exchanges of 20S proteasome active site subunits: why? Biochimie 2001; 83: 367-372.
42. Deiss LP, Galinka H, Berissi H, Cohen O, Kimchi A. Cathepsin D protease mediates programmed cell death induced by interferon-gamma, Fas/APO-1 and TNF-alpha. EMBO J 1996; 15: 3861-3870.
43. Guicciardi ME, Deussing J, Miyoshi H et al. Cathepsin B contributes to TNF-alpha-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 1127-1137.
44. Khovidhunkit W, Moser AH, Shigenaga JK, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Regulation of scavenger receptor class B type I in hamster liver and Hep3B cells by endotoxin and cytokines. J Lipid Res 2001; 42: 1636-1644.
45. Buechler C, Ritter M, Orso E, Langmann T, Klucken J, Schmitz G. Regulation of scavenger receptor CD163 expression in human monocytes and macrophages by pro- and antiinflammatory stimuli. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 67: 97-103.
46. Ren H, Hou F, Bi Y, Zhang X. Expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products at surface of peripheral blood monocytes and relationship thereof to plasma proinflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing hemodialysis [Abstract]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002; 82: 1168-1172.
47. Larocca MC, Ochoa EJ, Rodriguez Garay EA, Marinelli RA. Protein kinase C-dependent inhibition of the lysosomal degradation of endocytosed proteins in rat hepatocytes. Cell Signal 2002; 14: 641-647.
48. Gieche J, Mehlhase J, Licht A, Zacke T, Sitte N, Grune T. Protein oxidation and proteolysis in RAW264.7 macrophages: effects of PMA activation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1538: 321-328.
49. Stolzing A, Grune T. Impairment of protein homeostasis and decline of proteasome activity in microglial cells firom adult Wistar rats. J Neurosci Res 2003; 71: 264-271.
50. Richardson A, Hao C, Fedoroff S. Microglia progenitor cells: a subpopulation in cultures of mouse neopallial astroglia. Glia 1993; 7: 25-33.
51. Cuadros MA, Navascues J. The origin and differentiation of microglial cells during development. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 56: 173-189.
52. + cells differentiate into microglia and recombinant therapeutic protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 3557-3562.
53. McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Tago H, McGeer EG. Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR. Neurosci Lett 1987; 79: 195-200.
54. Stoll G, Jander S. The role of microglia and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the CNS. Prog Neurobiol 1999; 58: 233-247.
55. Bodles AM, Barger SW. Cytokines and the aging brain - what we don't know might help us. Trends Neurosci 2004; 27: 621-626.
56. Sheffield LG, Berman NE. Microglial expression of MHC class II increases in normal aging of nonhuman primates. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19: 47-55.
57. Carlson NG, Wieggel WA, Chen J, Bacchi A, Rogers SW, Gahring LC. Inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha impart neuroprotection to an excitotoxin through distinct pathways. J Immunol 1999; 163: 3963-3968.
58. Hanisch UK. Microglia as a source and target of cytokines. Glia 2002; 40: 140-155.
59. Flynn G, Maru S, Loughlin J, Romero IA, Male D. Regulation of chemokine receptor expression in human microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 136: 84-93.
60. Geula C, Wu CK, Saroff D, Lorenzo A, Yuan M, Yankner BA. Aging renders the brain vulnerable to amyloid beta-protein neurotoxicity. Nat Med 1998; 4: 827-831.
61. Schilling T, Quandt FN, Cherny VV et al. Upregulation of Kv1.3 K(+) channels in microglia deactivated by TGF-beta. Am J Physiol 2000; 279: C1123-C1134.
62. Egger T, Hammer A, Wintersperger A, Goti D, Malle E, Sattler W. Modulation of microglial superoxide production by alpha-tocopherol in vitro: attenuation of p67(phox) translocation by a protein phosphatase-dependent pathway. J Neurochem 2001; 79: 1169-1182.
63. Alvarez E, Santa Maria C, Machado A. Respiratory burst reaction changes with age in rat peritoneal macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1179: 247-252.