Autism from developmental and neuropsychological perspectives

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 2, Issue , 2006, Pages 327-355

  Sigman, Marian ^a,b   Spence, Sarah J ^a   Wang, A Ting ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Developmental disabilities; Psychopathology; Social communicative development

Indexed keywords

AUTISM; BEHAVIOR THEORY; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; LANGUAGE ABILITY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY; SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY;

AGE FACTORS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33744459464     PISSN: 15485943     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095210     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Am. Psychiatric Assoc. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatric Assoc.
2. Andrews N, Miller E, Grant A, Stowe J, Osborne V, Taylor B. 2004. Thimerosal exposure in infants and developmental disorders: a retrospective cohort study in the United Kingdom does not support a causal association. Pediatrics 114:584-91
3. Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM. 2005. The teratology of autism. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 23:189-99
4. Asperger H. 1944. Die autistichen Psychopathen im Kindesalter. Archiv Fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 117:76-136.
5. In Autism and Asperger Syndrome, ed. U Frith, pp. 37-92, transi. U Frith 1991 (from German), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
6. Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, Bolton P, Simonoff E, et al. 1995. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol. Med. 25:63-77
7. Bailey A, Palferman S, Heavey L, Le Couteur A. 1998. Autism: the phenotype in relatives. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 28:369-92
8. Baranek GT. 1999. Autism during infancy: a retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9-12 months of age. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 29:213-24
9. Baranek GT. 1999. Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism. Presented at First Workshop Comm. Educ. Interv. Child. Autism, Natl. Res. Counc., Dec. 13-14
10. Baron-Cohen S, Allen J, Gillberg C. 1992. Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. Br. J. Psychiatry 161:839-43
11. Baron-Cohen S, Cox A, Baird G, Swettenham J, Nightingale N, et al. 1996. Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. Br. J. Psychiatry 168:158-63
12. Baron-Cohen S, Hammer J. 1997. Parents of children with Asperger syndrome: What is the cognitive phenotype? J. Cogn. Neurosci. 9:548-54
13. Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U. 1985. Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition 21:37-46
14. Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U. 1986. Mechanical, behavioural and intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 4:113-25
15. Baskin DS, Ngo H, Didenko VV. 2003. Thimerosal induces DNA breaks, caspase-3 activation, membrane damage, and cell death in cultured human neurons and fibroblasts. Toxicol. Sci. 74:361-68
16. Bates E, Benigni L, Bretherton I, Camaioni L, Volterra V. 1979. The Emergence of Symbols: Cognition and Communication in Infancy. New York: Academic
17. Belin P, Zatorre RJ, Lafaille P, Ahad P, Pike B. 2000. Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex. Nature 403:309-12
18. Bettelheim B. 1967. The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of Self. New York: Free Press
19. Bolte S, Poustka F. 2003. The recognition of facial affect in autistic and schizophrenic subjects and their first-degree relatives. Psychol. Med. 33:907-15
20. Bono MA, Daley LT, Sigman M. 2004. Relations among joint attention, amount of intervention and language gain in autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 34:495-505
21. Boucher J, Lewis V. 1992. Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 33:843-59
22. Boucher J, Lewis V, Collis GM. 2000. Voice processing abilities in children with autism, children with specific language impairments, and young typically developing children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 41:847-57
23. Bowler DM. 1992. "Theory of mind" in Asperger's syndrome. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 33:877-93
24. Braverman M, Fein D, Lucci D, Waterhouse L. 1989. Affect comprehension in children with pervasive developmental disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 19:301-16
25. Bruner JS. 1983. Child's Talk: Learning to Use Language. New York: Norton
26. Burd L, Severud R, Kerbeshian J, Klug MG. 1999. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism. J. Perinat. Med. 27:441-50
27. Capps L, Yirmiya N, Sigman M. 1992. Understanding of simple and complex emotions in non-retarded children with autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 33:1169-82
28. Carpenter M, Nagell K, Tomasello M. 1998. Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 63:i-vi, 1-143
29. Castelli F, Frith C, Happe F, Frith U. 2002. Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain 125:1839-49
30. Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E. 2001. Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children. JAMA 285:3093-99
31. Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E. 2005. Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: confirmation of high prevalence. Am. J. Psychiatry 162:1133-41
32. Charman T. 2003. Why is joint attention a pivotal skill in autism? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 5358:315-24
33. Chess S. 1971. Autism in children with congenital rubella. J. Autism Child Schizophr. 1:33-47
34. Clements CJ. 2004. The evidence for the safety of thiomerosal in newborn and infant vaccines. Vaccine 22:1854-61
35. Comm. Educ. Intervent. Child. Autism. 2001. Educating Children with Autism. Washing DC: Natl. Acad. Press
36. Courchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR, Ziccardi R, Carper RA, et al. 2001. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study. Neurology 57:245-54
37. Critchley HD, Daly EM, Bullmore ET, Williams SC, Van Amelsvoort T, et al. 2000. The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain 123(Pt. 11):2203-12
38. Dalton KM, Nacewicz BM, Johnstone T, Schaefer HS, Gernsbacher MA, et al. 2005. Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nat. Neurosci. 8:519-26
39. Dawson G, Carver L, Meltzoff AN, Panagiotides H, McPartland J, Webb SJ. 2002a. Neural correlates of face and object recognition in young children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and typical development. Child Dev. 73:700-17
40. Dawson G, Meltzoff AN, Osterling J, Rinaldi J, Brown E. 1998. Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 28:479-85
41. Dawson G, Munson J, Estes A, Osterling J, McPartland J, et al. 2002b. Neurocognitive function and joint attention ability in young children with autism spectrum disorder versus developmental delay. Child Dev. 73:345-58
42. Finegan JA, Quarrington B. 1979. Pre-, peri-, and neonatal factors and infantile autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 20:119-28
43. Folstein S, Rutter M. 1977. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 18:297-321
44. Fombonne E. 1999. The epidemiology of autism: a review. Psychol. Med. 29:769-86
45. Fombonne E, Du Mazaubrun C, Cans C, Grandjean H. 1997. Autism and associated medical disorders in a French epidemiological survey. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 36:1561-69
46. Frith U. 2003. Autism: Understanding the Enigma. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Sci.
47. Frith U, Frith CD. 2003. Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 358:459-73
48. Geier MR, Geier DA. 2003. Neurodevelopmental disorders after thimerosal-containing vaccines: a brief communication. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 228:660-64
49. Gervais H, Belin P, Boddaert N, Leboyer M, Coez A, et al. 2004. Abnormal cortical voice processing in autism. Nat. Neurosci. 7:801-2
50. Geschwind DH, Sowinski J, Lord C, Iversen P, Shestack J, et al. 2001. The autism genetic resource exchange: a resource for the study of autism and related neuropsychiatric conditions. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69:463-66
51. Gillberg C. 1990. Do children with autism have March birthdays? Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 82:152-56
52. Gillberg C, Steffenburg S, Schaumann H. 1991. Is autism more common now than ten years ago? Br. J. Psychiatry 158:403-9
53. Goldstein H. 1999. Communication intervention for children with autism: a review of treatment efficacy. Presented at First Workshop Comm. Educ. Interv. Child. Autism, Natl. Res. Counc., Dec. 13-14
54. Grelotti DJ, Gauthier I, Schultz RT. 2002. Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: what autism teaches us about face processing. Dev. Psychobiol. 40:213-25
55. Griffith EM, Pennington BF, Wehner EA, Rogers SJ. 1999. Executive functions in young children with autism. Child Dev. 70:817-32
56. Hadjikhani N, Joseph RM, Snyder J, Chabris CF, Clark J, et al. 2004. Activation of the fusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces. Neuroimage 22:1141-50
57. Happe F, Ehlers S, Fletcher P, Frith U, Johansson M, et al. 1996. "Theory of mind" in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome. Neuroreport 8:197-201
58. Happe FGE. 1994. An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 24:129-54
59. Hardan AY, Minshew NJ, Mallikarjuhn M, Keshavan MS. 2001. Brain volume in autism. J. Child Neurol. 16:421-24
60. Hermelin B. 2001. Bright Splinters of the Mind. A Personal Story of Research with Autistic Savants. London: Jessica Kingsley
61. Hermelin B, O'Connor N. 1970. Psychological experiments with autistic children. Oxford, UK: Pergamon
62. Hobson RP. 1993. Autism and the Development of Mind. Hove, UK: Erlbaum
63. Hobson RP, Ouston J, Lee A. 1988a. Emotion recognition in autism: coordinating faces and voices. Psychol. Med. 18:911-23
64. Hobson RP, Ouston J, Lee A. 1988b. What's in a face? The case of autism. Br. J. Psychol. 79:441-53
65. Hobson RP, Ouston J, Lee A. 1989. Naming emotion in faces and voices: abilities and disabilities in autism and mental retardation. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 7:237-50
66. Horner RH, Carr EG, Strain PS, Todd AW, Reed HK. 2000. Problem behavior interventions for young children with autism: a research synthesis. Presented at Second Workshop Comm. Educ. Interv. Child. Autism, Natl. Res. Counc., Apr. 12
67. Hornig M, Chian D, Lipkin W. 2004. Neurotoxic effects of postnatal thimerosal are mouse strain dependent. Mol. Psychiatry 9:833-45
68. Hornig M, Lipkin W. 2001. Infectious and immune factors in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: epidemiology, hypotheses, and animal models. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 7:200-10
69. Howlin P, Goode S, Hutton J, Rutter M. 2004. Adult outcome for children with autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 45:212-29
70. Hubl D, Bolte S, Feineis-Matthews S, Lanfermann H, Federspiel A, et al. 2003. Functional imbalance of visual pathways indicates alternative face processing strategies in autism. Neurology 61:1232-37
71. Hultman CM, Sparen P, Cnattingius S. 2002. Perinatal risk factors for infantile autism. Epidemiology 13:417-23
72. Hviid A, Stellfeld M, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. 2003. Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism. JAMA 290:1763-66
73. Jarrold C, Butler DW, Cottington EM, Jimenez F. 2000. Linking theory of mind and central coherence bias in autism and in the general population. Dev. Psychol. 36:126-38
74. Joseph RM, Tanaka J. 2003. Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 44:529-42
75. Just MA, Cherkassky VL, Keller TA, Minshew NJ. 2004. Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of under-connectivity. Brain 127:1811-21
76. Kanner L. 1943. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child 2:217-50.
77. Reprinted 1973 in Childhood Psychosis: Initial Studies and New Insights, L. Kanner, pp. 1-43. Washington, DC: Winston
78. Kanner L, Eisenberg L. 1956. Early infantile autism: 1943-1955. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 26:55-65
79. Kanner L, Eisenberg L. 1957. Early infantile autism: 1943-1955. Psychiatric Res. Rep. 7:55-65
80. Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM. 1997. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17:4302-11
81. Kasari C. 2000. Assessing change in early intervention programs for children with autism. Presented at Second Workshop Comm. Educ. Interv. Child. Autism, Natl. Res. Counc., Apr. 12
82. Kasari C, Freeman S, Paparella T. 2005. Joint attention and symbolic play in young children with autism: a randomized controlled intervention study. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. In press
83. Kemper TL, Bauman ML. 1993. The contribution of neuropathologic studies to the understanding of autism. Neurol. Clin. 11:175-87
84. Klin A, Sparrow SS, de Bildt A, Cicchetti DV, Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR. 1999. A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 29:499-508
85. Koegel RL, Koegel LK. 1995. Teaching Children with Autism: Strategies for Initiating Positive Interactions and Improving Learning Opportunities. Baltimore, MD: Brookes
86. Koshino H, Carpenter PA, Minshew NJ, Cherkassky VL, Keller TA, Just MA. 2005. Functional connectivity in an fMRI working memory task in high-functioning autism. Neuroimage 24:810-21
87. Lainhart JE, Piven J, Wzorek M, Landa R, Santangelo SL, et al. 1997. Macrocephaly in children and adults with autism. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 36:282-90
88. Langdell T. 1978. Recognition of faces: an approach to the study of autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 19:255-68
89. Larsson HJ, Eaton WW, Madsen KM, Vestergaard M, Olesen AV, et al. 2005. Risk factors for autism: perinatal factors, parental psychiatric history, and socioeconomic status. Am. J. Epidemiol. 161:916-25; disc. 926-28
90. Le Couteur A, Bailey A, Goode S, Pickles A, Robertson S, et al. 1996. A broader phenotype of autism: the clinical spectrum in twins. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 37:785-801
91. Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH Jr, Leventhal BL, et al. 2000. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 30:205-23
92. Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. 1994. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 24:659-85
93. Lovaas OI. 1987. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol 55:3-9
94. Loveland KA, Landry SH. 1986. Joint attention and language in autism and developmental language delay. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 16:335-49
95. Luna B, Minshew NJ, Garver KE, Lazar NA, Thulborn KR, et al. 2002. Neocortical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory. Neurology 59:834-40
96. Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, et al. 2002. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N. Engl. J. Med. 347:1477-82
97. Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Thorsen P, Plesner AM, et al. 2003. Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data. Pediatrics 112:604-6
98. Maestro S, Muratori F, Cavallaro MC, Pei F, Stern D, et al. 2002. Attentional skills during the first 6 months of age in autism spectrum disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 41:1239-45
99. McConnell SR. 1999. Interventions to facilitate social interaction for young children with autism: review of available research and recommendations for future research. Presented at First Workshop Comm. Educ. Interv. Child. Autism, Natl. Res. Counc., Dec. 13-14
100. McGovern CW, Sigman M. 2005. Continuity and change from early childhood to adolescence in autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 46:401-8
101. Meltzoff AN, Moore MK. 1983. Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Dev. 54:702-9
102. Minshew NJ, Goldstein G, Siegel DJ. 1997. Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: profile of a complex information processing disorder. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 3:303-16
103. Mundy P, Sigman M. 1989. The theoretical implications of joint-attention deficits in autism. Dev. Psychopathol. 1:173-83
104. Mundy P, Sigman M, Ungerer J, Sherman T. 1986. Defining the social deficits of autism: the contribution of non-verbal communication measures. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 27:657-69
105. Nieminen-von Wendt T, Metsahonkala L, Kulomaki T, Aalto S, Autti T, et al. 2003. Changes in cerebral blood flow in Asperger syndrome during theory of mind tasks presented by the auditory route. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 12:178-89
106. Osterling JA, Dawson G. 1994. Early recognition of children with autism: a study of first birthday home videotapes. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 24:247-57
107. Osterling JA, Dawson G, Munson JA. 2002. Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Dev. Psychopathol. 14:239-51
108. Ozonoff S, Jensen J. 1999. Brief report: specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 29:171-77
109. Pelphrey KA, Sasson NJ, Reznick JS, Paul G, Goldman BD, Piven J. 2002. Visual scanning of faces in autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 32:249-61
110. Pickles A, Bolton P, Macdonald H, Bailey A, Le Couteur A, et al. 1995. Latent-class analysis of recurrence risks for complex phenotypes with selection and measurement error: a twin and family history study of autism. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:717-26
111. Pierce K, Muller RA, Ambrose J, Allen G, Courchesne E. 2001. Face processing occurs outside the fusiform "face area" in autism: evidence from functional MRI. Brain 124:2059-73
112. Piggot J, Kwon H, Mobbs D, Blasey C, Lotspeich L, et al. 2004. Emotional attribution in high-functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorder: a functional imaging study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 43:473-80
113. Piven J, Simon J, Chase GA, Wzorek M, Landa R, et al. 1993. The etiology of autism: pre-, peri- and neonatal factors. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 32:1256-63
114. Premack D, Woodruff G. 1978. Chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension. Science 202:532-35
115. Reddy V, Hay D, Murray L, Trevarthen C. 1997. Communication in infancy: mutual regulation of affect and attention. In Infant Development: Recent Advances, ed. G Bremner, A Slater, G Butterworth, pp. 247-74. Hove, UK: Psychol. Press
116. Rincover A, Newsom CD, Lovaas OI, Koegel RL. 1977. Some motivational properties of sensory stimulation in psychotic children. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 24:312-23
117. Ring HA, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Williams SC, Brammer M, et al. 1999. Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism: a functional MRI study of embedded figures task performance. Brain 122:1305-15
118. Risch N, Spiker D, Lotspeich L, Nouri N, Hinds D, et al. 1999. A genomic screen of autism: evidence for a multilocus etiology. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65:493-507
119. Ritvo ER, Freeman BJ, Mason-Brothers A, Mo A, Ritvo AM. 1985. Concordance for the syndrome of autism in 40 pairs of afflicted twins. Am. J. Psychiatry 142:74-77
120. Ritvo ER, Ritvo R, Freeman BJ. 1991. Debate and argument. Concordance for the syndrome of autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 32:1031-34
121. Rogers S. 1999. An examination of the imitation deficit in autism. In Imitation in Infancy, ed. J Nadel, G Butterworth, pp. 255-83. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
122. Russell J. 1997. Autism as an Executive Disorder. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
123. Rutherford MD, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. 2002. Reading the mind in the voice: a study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 32:189-94
124. Rutter M, Schopler E. 1978. Autism: A Reappraisal of Concepts and Treatments. New York: Plenum
125. Rutter M, Silberg J, O'Connor T, Simonoff E. 1999. Genetics and child psychiatry: II. Empirical research findings. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 40:19-55
126. Schultz RT, Gauthier I, Klin A, Fulbright RK, Anderson AW, et al. 2000. Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57:331-40
127. Serra M, Althaus M, de Sonneville LM, Stant AD, Jackson AE, Minderaa RB. 2003. Face recognition in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 33:303-17
128. Shah A, Frith U. 1993. Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task? J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 34:1351-64
129. Shallice T. 1988. From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
130. Sigman M, Capps L. 1997. Children with Autism: A Developmental Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
131. Sigman M, McGovern CW. 2005. Improvement in cognitive and language skills from preschool to adolescence in autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 35:15-23
132. Sigman M, Ruskin E, Arbeile S, Corona R, Dissanayake C, et al. 1999. Continuity and change in the social competence of children with autism, Down syndrome, and developmental delays. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 64:1-114
133. Siller M, Sigman M. 2002. The behavior of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 32:77-89
134. Siller M, Sigman M. 2004. Modeling longitudinal change in the language abilities of young children with autism: the shared task of managing joint attention. Presented at Collab. Prog. Excell. Autism/STAART Meet., Bethesda, MD
135. Smith T, Groen A, Wynn J. 2000. Randomized trial of intensive early intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorder. Am. J. Ment. Retard. 105:269-85
136. Spence SJ. 2004. The genetics of autism. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 11:196-204
137. Steffenburg S, Gillberg C, Hellgren L, Andersson L, Gillberg IC, et al. 1989. A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 30:405-16
138. Stone WL, Yoder PJ. 2001. Predicting spoken language in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Autism 5:341-61
139. Tager-Flusberg GH, Calkins S, Nolin T, Baumberger T, Anderson M, et al. 1990. A longitudinal study of language acquisition in autistic and Down syndrome children. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 20:1-21
140. Tantam D, Monaghan L, Nicholson H, Stirling J. 1989. Autistic children's ability to interpret faces: a research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 30:623-30
141. Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, Petropoulos MC, Favot-Mayaud I, et al. 1999. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet 353:2026-29
142. Trepagnier C, Sebrechts MM, Peterson R. 2002. Atypical face gaze in autism. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 5:213-17
143. Tronick E, Als H, Adamson L, Wise S, Brazelton TB. 1978. The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 17:1-13
144. Van Lancker DR, Cornelius C, Kreiman J. 1989. Recognition of emotional-prosodic meanings in speech by autistic, schizophrenic, and normal children. Dev. Neuropsychol. 5:207-26
145. Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, Zimmerman AW, Pardo CA. 2005. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann. Neurol. 57:67-81
146. Verstraeten T, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Lieu TA, Rhodes PH, et al. 2003. Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases. Pediatrics 112:1039-48
147. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, et al. 1998. Ileal-lymphoidnodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 351:637-41
148. Wang AT, Dapretto M, Hariri AR, Sigman M, Bookheimer SY. 2004. Neural correlates of facial affect processing in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 43:481-90
149. Wassink TH, Piven J, Patil SR. 2001. Chromosomal abnormalities in a clinic sample of individuals with autistic disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 11:57-63
150. Wimmer H, Perner J. 1983. Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103-28
151. Wing L, Gould J. 1979. Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 9:11-29
152. World Health Organization, 1993. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Org.
153. Yeargin-Allsopp M, Rice C, Karapurkar T, Doernberg N, Boyle C, Murphy C. 2003. Prevalence of autism in a U.S. metropolitan area. JAMA 289:49-55
154. Yirmiya N, Gamliel I, Pilowsky T, Feldman R, Baron-Cohen S, et al. 2005. The development of siblings of children with autism at 4 and 14 months: social engagement, communication, and cognition. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. In press
155. Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Rogers T, Roberts W, Brian J, Szatmari P. 2005. Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 23:143-52