Transgenic cattle applications: The transition from promise to proof

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 125-150

  Laible, Gotz ^a   Wells, David N ^a  

^a RUAKURA RESEARCH CENTRE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TRANSGENICS;

VIRUS VECTOR;

CATTLE; DAIRY PRODUCT; DNA MODIFICATION; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE TRANSFER; GENETIC MANIPULATION; HEALTH STATUS; LIVESTOCK; METHODOLOGY; MICROINJECTION; MILK; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; TRANSGENICS;

ANIMALIA; BOS TAURUS;

EID: 33645974885     PISSN: 02648725     EISSN: 20465556     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2006.10648068     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Baguisi, A., Behboodi. E., Melican, D.T. et al. (1999). Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature Biotechnology 17. 456–461
2. Boland, M.J., Hill, J.P. and Creamer. L.K. (1992). Genetic manipulation of milk proteins and its consequences for (he dairy industry. Australasian Biotechnology2, 355–360
3. Bourchis, D., Le Bourhis, D., Patin. D. et al. (2001). Delayed and incomplete reprogramming of chromosome methylation patterns in bovine cloned embryos. Current Biology11, 1542–1546
4. Brackett. B.G. Baranska, W., Sawicki, W. and Koprowski. H. (1971). Uptake of heterologous genome by mammalian spermatozoa and its transfer to ova through fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America68,353–357.
5. Briggs, R. and King, T.J. (1952). Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs’ eggs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America38, 455–463
6. Brinster, R.L., Chen, H.Y., Trumbauer, M., Senear. A.W., Warren. R. and Palmiter. R.D. (1981). Somatic expression of herpes thymidine kinase in mice following injection of a fusion gene into eggs. Cell 27. 223–23 3
7. Brinster, R.L. Sandgren. E.P., Behringer. R.R. and Palmiter. R.D. (1989). No simple solution for making transgenic mice. Cell59, 239–241
8. Briskin, M.J., Hsu, R.Y., Boggs, T., Schultz, J.A., RlSHELl, W. and Bosselman, R.A. (1991). Heritable retroviral transgencs are highly expressed in chickens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America88, 1736–1740
9. Brophy. B., Smolenski, G., Wheeler. T., Wells. D., L’ Huillier. P. and Laible, G. (2003). Cloned transgenic cattle produce milk with higher levels of beta-casein and kappa-casein. Nature Biotechnology21, 157–162
10. Bueler, H., Aguzzi, A., Sailer, A. et al. (1993). Mice devoid of PrP are resistant to scrapie. Cell 73, 1339–1347
11. Campbell. K.H., Mcwhir.J., Ritchie. W, A. and Wilmut.I. (1996). sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature380, 64–66
12. Carver. A., Wright, G., Cottom, D. et al. (1992). Expression of human alpha 1 antitrypsin in transgenic sheep. Cytotechnology9. 77–84
13. Chan, A.W., Homan, E.J., Ballou, L.U., Burns, J.C. and Bremel, R.D. (1998). Transgenic cattle produced by reverse-transcribed gene transfer in oocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America95, 14028–14033.
14. Chang. K., Qian, J.T Jiang, M. et al. (2002). Effective generation of transgenic pigs and mice by linkerbased sperm-mediated gene transfer. BMC biotechnology [Electronic Resource] 2.5.
15. CibellJ. J, B., Stice.S.L., Golueke. P.J. et al. (1998). cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science280, 1256–1258
16. Clark, A.J. (1998). The mammary gland as a biorcaclor:expression, processing, and production of recombinant proteins. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia3, 337–350
17. Clark. A.J., Burl. S., Denning, C. and Dlckinson, P. (2000). Gene targeting in livestock:a preview. Transgenic Research 9. 263–275
18. Clark, A.J., Ferrier. P., Aslam, S. et al. (2003). Proliferative lifespan is conserved after nuclear transfer. Nature Cell Biology5, 535–538
19. Costantini, F. and Lacy, E. (1981). Introduction of a rabbit beta-globin gene into the mouse germ line. Nature294, 92–94
20. Dai, Y., Vaught, T.D., Boone, J. et al. (2002). Targeted disruption of the alphal.3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs. Nature Biotechnology20, 251–255
21. Darvasi. A. (2003). Genomics:gene expression meets genetics. Nature422, 269–270
22. Dean, W., Santos. F., Stojkovic M. et al. (2001). Conservation of methyl at ion reprogram-ming in mammalian development:aberrant reprogramming in cloned embryos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America98, 13734–13738
23. Denning, C. Burl. S., Ainslie. A. et al. (2001). Deletion of the alpha(1.3) galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nature Biotechnology19, 559–562
24. Dl Berardino. M.A. (2001). Animal cloning-the route to new genomics in agriculture and medicine. Differentiation68, 67–83
25. Dyck. M.K., Gagne, D., Ouellet. M. et al. (1999). Seminal vesicle production and secretion of growth hormone into seminal fluid. Nature Biotechnology17, 1087–1090
26. FAO/WHO (2000). Safety aspects of genetically modified foods of plant origin. Rome.Italy:Food and Agriculture Organization. United Nations
27. FAO/WHO (2001 a). Evaluation of the allergenicity of genetically modified foods. Rome. Italy:Food and Agriculture Organization. United Nations.
28. FAO/WHO (2001b). Safety assessment of food derived from genetically modified micro-organisms. Rome, Italy:Food and Agriculture Organization. United Nations.
29. Gagne. M.B., Pothier, F. and Sirard. M.A. (1991). Electroporation of bovine spermatozoa to can v foreign DNA in oocytes. Molecular Reproduction and Development29, 6–15
30. Gandolfi. F. (2000). Sperm-mediated transgencsis. Theriogenology53, 127–137
31. Gilboa, E., Eglitis. M.A., Kantoff, P.W. and Anderson, W.F. (1986). Transfer and expression of cloned genes using retroviral vectors. Bioteclmiques 4. 504–512
32. Golovan. S.P., Meidfnger, R.G., Ajakaiye. A. et al. (2001). Pigs expressing salivary phytasc produce low-phosphorus manure. Nature Biotechnology19, 741–745
33. Gordon, J.W., Scangos. G.A., Plotkin. D.J., Barbosa. J.A. and Ruddle. F.H. (1980). Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjection of purified DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America77, 7380–7384
34. Gruenbaum. Y., Revel. E., Yarus. S. and Fainsod. A. (1991). Sperm cells as vectors for the generation of transgenic chickens. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Supplement 15, E. 194.
35. Gurdon, J.B. (1999). Genetic reprogramming following nuclear transplantation in amphibia. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology10, 239–243
36. Gutierrez-Adan. A., Maga. E.A., Meade. H. et al. (1996). Alterations of the physical characteristics of milk from transgenic mice producing bovine kappa-casein. Journal of Dairy Science79, 791–799
37. Hammer, R.E., Pursel, V.G., Rexroad, C.E., Jr. et al. (1985). Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection. Nature315, 680–683
38. Harris, A. (1997). Towards an ovine model of cystic fibrosis. Human Molecular Genetics6, 2191–2194
39. Harrison. S.J., Guidolin. A., Faast. R. et al. (2002). Efficient generation of alpha (1.3) galactosyltransferase knockout porcine fetal fibroblasts for nuclear transfer. Transgenic Research11, 143–150
40. Heyman. Y., Zhou. Q., Lebourehs, D., Chavatte-Palmer, P., Renard. J.P. and Vignon. X. (2002). Novel approaches and hurdles to somatic cloning in cattle. Cloning Stem Cells4, 47–55
41. Hiripi, L., Baranyi. M., Szabo. L. et al. (2000). effect of rabbit kappa-casein expression on the properties of milk from transgenic mice. Journal of Dairy Research67, 541–550
42. Hitchin. E., Stevenson. E.M., Clark, A.J., McClenaghan. M. and Leaver. J. (1996). Bovine beta-casein expressed in transgenic mouse milk is phosphorylated and incorporated into micelles. Protein Expression and Purification7, 247–252
43. Hofmann, A., Kessler, B., Ewerling, S. et al. (2003). Efficient transgencsis in farm animals by lentivirai vectors. EMBO Reports4, 1054–1060
44. Hofmann, A., Zakhartchenko, V., Weppert, M. et al. (2004). Generation of transgenic cattle by lentiviral gene transfer into oocytes. Biology of Reproduction71,405–409.
45. Humpherys, D., Eggan. K., Akutsu, H. et al. (2002). Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived from embryonic stem cell and cumulus cell nuclei. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America99, 12889–12894
46. Ikeno, M., Grimes, B., Okazaki, T. et al. (1998). Construction of YAC-based mammalian artificial chromosomes. Nature Biotechnology16, 431–439
47. Ivarie, R. (2003). Avian transgenesis:progress towards the promise. Trends in Biotechnology21, 14–19
48. Jaenrsch, R. (1976). Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of the exogenous Moloney leukaemia virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America73, 1260–1264
49. Jaenisch, R. and Mintz, B. (1974). Simian virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America71, 1250–1254
50. Jaenisch, R., Fan, H. and Croker, B. (1975). Infection of preimplantation mouse embryos and of newborn mice with leukaemia virus:tissue distribution of viral DNA and RNA and leukaemogenesis in the adult animal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America72, 4008–4012.
51. Jimenez-Flores, R. and Richardson, T. (1988). Genetic engineering of the caseins to modify the behaviour of milk during processing:a review. Journal of Dairy Science71, 2640–2654
52. Jost, B., Vilotte, J.L., Duluc. I., Rodeau, J.L. and Freund, J.N. (1999). Production of low-lactose milk by ectopic expression of intestinal lactase in the mouse mammary gland. Nature Biotechnology17, 160–164
53. Kambadur, R., Sharma, M., Smith, T.P. and Bass, J.J. (1997). Mutations in myosiatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle. Genome Research7,910–916
54. Kang, Y.K., Koo, D.B., Park, J.S. et al. (2001). Aberrant methylation of donor genome in cloned bovine embryos. Nature Genetics28, 173–1777
55. Karatzas.C.N. (2003). Designer milk from transgenic clones. Nature Biotechnology21,138–139
56. Kerr. D.E., Plaut, K., Bramley. A.J. et al. (2001). Lysostaphin expression in mammary glands confers protection against staphylococcal infection in transgenic mice. Nature Biotechnology19, 66–70
57. Kolb. A.F. (2002). Genome engineering using site-specific recombinases. Cloning and Stem Cells4, 65–80
58. Krimpenfort, P., Rademakers, A., Eyestone, W. et al. (1991). Generation of transgenic dairy cattle using ‘in vitro’ embryo production. Bio-Technology9, 844–847
59. Kubisch, H.M., Larson. M.A., Eichen. P.A., Wilson. J.M. and Roberts, R.M. (1997). Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer by perivitelline microinjection of mouse, rat, and cow embryos. Biology of Reproduction56, 1 19–124
60. Kuroiwa, Y., Kasinathan, P., Choi. Y.J. et al. (2002). Cloned transchromosomic calves producing human immunoglobulin. Nature Biotechnology20, 889–894
61. Kuroiwa. Y., Kasinathan, P., Matsushita, H. et al. (2004). Sequential targeting of the genes encoding immunoglobulin-mu and prion protein in cattle. Nature Genetics36, 775–780
62. Lai. L., Kolber-Simonds, D., Park. K.-W. et al. (2002). Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science295, 1089–1092
63. Lane. N., Dean. W., Erhardt. S. et al. (2003). Resistance of lAPs to methylation reprogramming may provide a mechanism for epigenetic inheritance in the mouse. Genesis (New York)35, 88–93
64. Lanza, R.P., Cibellu, J.B., Faber, D. et al. (2001). Cloned cattle can be healthy and normal Science294, 1893–1894
65. Laugesen. M. and Elliott. R. (2003). Ischaemic heart disease, Type 1 diabetes, and cow milk Al beta-casein. New Zealand Medical Journal116, U295.
66. Lavitrano. M., Camaioni, A., Fazio. V.M., Dolci, S., Farace. M.G. and Spadafora. C. (1989). Sperm cells as vectors for introducing foreign DNA intoeggs:genetic transformation of mice. Cell57, 717–723
67. Lois, C., hong, E.J., Pease, S., Brown, E.J. and Baltimore, D. (2002). Germlinc transmission and tissue-specific expression of transgenes delivered by lentiviral vectors. Science295, 868–872
68. Lopez-Vlllalobos, N., Garrick, DJ. and Holmes, C.W. (2002). Genetic opportunities to improve milk value in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production62, 90–94
69. Maga, E.A., Anderson, G.B. and Murray, J.D. (1995). The effect of mammary gland expression of human lysozyme on the properties of milk from transgenic mice. Journal of Dairy Science78, 2645–2652
70. Maga. E.A., Anderson, G.B., Cullor, J.S., Smith. W. and Murray, J.D. (1998). Antimicrobial properties of human lysozyme transgenic mouse milk. Journal of Food Protection61, 52–56
71. Massoud, M., Attal, J., Thepot, D. et al. (1996). The deleterious effects of human erythropoietin gene driven by the rabbit whey acidic protein gene promoter in transgenic rabbits. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development36, 555–563
72. McCormick, S.P. and Nielsen, L.B. (1998). Expression of large genomic clones in transgenic mice:new insights into apolipoprotein B structure, function and regulation. Current Opinion in Lipidology9, 103–111
73. McCreath, K.J., Howcroft, J., Campbell, K.H., Colman, A., Schnieke, A.E. and Kind, A.J. (2000). Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. Nature405, 1066–1069
74. McGrath, J. and Solter. D. (1983). Nuclear transplantation in the mouse embryo by microsurgery and cell fusion. Science220, 1300–1302
75. McLachlan. C.N. (2001).Beta-cascin Al ischaemic heart disease mortality, and other illnesses. Medical Hypotheses56, 262–272
76. Monaco. A.P. and Larin, Z. (1994). YACs, BACs, PACs and MACs:artificial chromosomes as research tools. Trends in Biotechnology12, 280–286
77. Muller, M. and Brem. G. (1998). Transgenic approaches to the increase of disease resistance in farm animals. Revue Scientifiqueet Technique (International office of Epizootics) 17, 365–378
78. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (2002).Animal biotechnology:Science-based concerns.Washington DC, USA:National Academic Press (http://search.nap.edu/openbook/0309084393/html/index.html/).
79. Nottle, M.B., Nagashima, H., Verma, P.J. et al. (1999). Production and analysis of transgenic pigs containing a metallothionein porcine growth hormone gene construct.New York, USA:CABI Publishing.
80. Oback, B. and Wells, D. (2002). Donor cells for nuclear cloning:many are called, but few are chosen. Cloning and Stem Cells4, 147–168
81. Pace, M.M., Augenstein, M.L., Betthauser, J.M. et al (2002). Ontogeny of cloned cattle to lactation. Biology of Reproduction67, 334–339
82. Pages. J.C. and Bru, T. (2004). Toolbox for retrovectorologists. Journal of Gene Medicine6, S67–S82
83. Perry, A.C., Wakayama. T., Kishikawa. H. et al. (1999). Mammalian transgenesis by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Science 284, 1180–1183
84. Persuy. M, A., Legrain, S., Printz, C. et al (1995). high-level, stage-and mammary-tissue-specific expression of a caprine kappa-casein-encoding minigene driven by a beta-casein promoter in transgenic mice. Gene165, 291–296
85. Peterson. K.R., Clegg. C.H., Li. Q. and Stamatoyannopoulos. G. (1997). Production of transgenic mice with yeast artificial chromosomes. Trends in Genetics13, 61–66
86. Pfeifer. A. and Verma. J.M. (2001). Gene therapy:promises and problems. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 2, 177–211
87. Pfeifer, A., Ikawa, M., Dayn, Y. and Verma, I.M. (2002). Transgenesis by lentivirai vectors:lack of gene silencing in mammalian embryonic stem cells and prcimplantation embryos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America99, 2140–2145
88. Phelps, C.J., Koike, C. Vaught, T.D. et al. (2003). Production of alpha 1.3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs. Science 299, 411–414
89. Piedrahita, J.A. (2000). Gene targeting in domestic species:a new beginning. Transgenic Research9, 26 1–262
90. Piedrahita. J.A., Dunne, P., Lee. C.-K., Moore, K., Rucker, E. and Vazquez. J.C. (1999). Use of embryonic and somatic cells for production of transgenic domestic animals. Cloning1, 73–88
91. Polejaeva, I.A., Chen, S.H., Vaught, T.D. et al, (2000). Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature407, 86–90
92. Prelle, K., Zink, N. and Wolf. E. (2002). Pluripotent stem cells-model of embryonic development, tool for gene targeting, and basis of cell therapy. Anatomia, Histologic Embryologia31, 169–186
93. Pursel, V.G. and R. Rexroad, C.E., JR. (1993). Status of research with transgenic farm animals. Journal of Animal Science71, 10–19
94. Pursel, V.G., Pinkert, C.A., Miller. K.F. et al. (1989). Genetic engineering of livestock. Science244, 1281–1288
95. Pursel. V.G., Wall. R.J., Mitchell. A.D. et al. (1999). Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 in skeletal muscle of transgenic swine. In:Transgenic animals in agriculture. Eds, J.D. Murray, G.B. Anderson. A.M. Oberbauer and M.M.McGloughin. pp 131–144. Oxon. UK:CABI Publishing.
96. Rakyan, V.K., Chong, S., Champ, M.E. et al. (2003). Transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic states at the murine Axin(Fu)allele occurs after maternal and paternal transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America100, 2538–2543.
97. Renard, J. P., Zhou, Q., Lebourhis, D. et al. (2002). Nuclear transfer technologies:between successes and doubts. Theriogenology57, 203–222
98. Rideout. W.M., 3RD. Wakayama. T., Wutz. A. et al. (2000). Generation of mice from wild-type and targeted ES cells by nuclear cloning. Nature Genetics24, 109–110.
99. Rideout, W.M., 3RD. Eggan. K. and Jaenisch. R. (2001) Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome. Science293, 1093–1098
100. Rieth, A., Pothier, F. and Sirard. M.A. (2000). Electroporation of bovine spermatozoa to carry DNA containing highly repetitive sequences into oocytes and detection of homologous recombination events. Molecular Reproduction and Development57, 338–345
101. Robl, J.M., Kasinathan. P., Sullivan. E., Kuroiwa. Y., Tomizuka. K. and Ishida. I. (2003). Artificial chromosome vectors and expression of complex proteins in transgenic animals. Theriogenology59, 107–113.
102. Roemer, I., Reik. W., Dean, W. and Klose. J. (1997). Epigenetic inheritance in the mouse. Current Biology7, 277–280
103. Rottmann, O., Antes, R., Hofer, P. et al. (1996). Liposome-mediated gene transfer via sperm cells-high transfer efficiency and persistence of transgenes by use of liposomes and sperm cellsand a murine amplification element. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics113, 401–411
104. Rudolph, N.S. (1999). Biopharmaceutical production in transgenic livestock. Trends in Biotechnology17, 367–374
105. Sahi, T. (1994). Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement 202, 7–20
106. Santos. F., Zakhartchenko, V., Stojkovic. M. et al. (2003). Epigenetic marking correlates with developmental potential in cloned bovine preimplantation embryos. Current Biology13, 1116–1121
107. Scherer. L.J. and Rossi J.J. (2003). Approaches for the sequence-specific knockdown of mRNA. Nature Biotechnology21, 1457–1465
108. Schnieke. A.E., Kind, A.J., Ritchie, W.A. et al. (1997). Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science278, 2130–2133
109. Sedivy. J.M. and Dutriaux. A. (1999). Gene targeting and somatic cell genetics-a rebirth or a coming of age? Trends in Genetics15, 88–90
110. Seyfert, M.-M., Henke, M., Interthal, H. et al (1996). Defining candidate genes for mastitis resistance in cattle:the role of lactoferrin and lysoyme. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics113, 269–276
111. Shemesh, M., Gurevich, M., Harel-Markowstz. E., Benvenisti. L., Shore. L.S. and Stram, Y. (2000). Gene integration into bovine sperm genome and its expression in transgenic offspring. Molecular Reproduction and Development56, 306–308
112. Shimozawa, N., Ono, Y., Kimoto, S. et al. (2002). Abnormalities in cloned mice arc not transmitted to the progeny. Genesis34, 203–207
113. Solter. D. (2000). Mammalian cloning:advances and limitations. Nature Reviews Genetics1, 199–207
114. Sperandio, S., Lulli, V., Bacci, M.L. et al. (1996). Sperm-mediated DNA transfer in bovine and swine species. Animal Biotechnology7, 59–77
115. Stinnakre, M.G., Vilotte. J.L., Soulier, S. and Mercier. J.C. (1994). Creation and phenotypic analysis of alpha-lactalbumin-deficient mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America91, 6544–6548
116. Suchyta, S.P., Sipkovsky, S., Kruska, R. et al. (2003). Development and testing of a high-density cDNA microarray resource for cattle. Physiological Genomics15, 158–164
117. Sullivan. E.J., Kasinathan, S., Kasinathan, P., Robl, J.M. and Collas. P. (2004). Cloned calves from chromatin remodeled in vitro. Biology of Reproduction70, 146–153
118. Tamashiro, K.L.K., Wakayama, T., Akutsu, H. et al. (2002). Cloned mice have an obese phenotype not transmitted to their offspring. Nature Medicine8, 262–267
119. Tomizuka. K., Shinohara. T., Yoshida. H. et al. (2000). Double trans-chromosomic mice:maintenance of two individual human chromosome fragments containing Ig heavy and kappa loci and expression of fully human antibodies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America97, 722–727
120. Tsukui, T., Kanegae. Y., Saito, I. and Toyoda, Y. (1996) Transgencsis by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into mouse zona-free eggs. Nature Biotechnology14, 982–985
121. Tucker, F., Eichenlaub. M., Miller, A. et al. (2004). Increased cattle cloning efficiency with scrum-starved compared to Gl somatic donor cells. Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Vancouver, Canada. August 1–4. Abstract 577
122. Van Reenen, C.G., Meuwissen, T.H., Hopster, H., Oldenbroek, K., Kruip, T.H. and Blokhuis, H.J. (2001).Transgenesis may affect farm animal welfare:acase for systematic risk assessment. Journal of Animal Science79, 1763–1779
123. Wagner, E.F., Stewart, T.A. and Mintz, B. (1981a). The human beta-globin gene and a functional viral thymidine kinase gene in developing mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America78, 5016–5020
124. Wagner. T.E., Hoppe. P.C., Jollick. J.D., Scroll. D.R., Hodinka. R.L. and Gault. J.B. (1981b). Microinjection of a rabbit beta-globin gene into zygotes and its subsequent expression in adult mice and their offspring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America78, 6376–6380
125. Wall. R.J. (1996). Transgenic livestock:progress and prospects for the future. Theriogenology45, 57–68
126. Wall, R.J., Kerr. D.E. and Bondioli K.R. (1997). Transgenic dairy cattle:genetic engineering on a large scale. Journal of Dairy Science80, 2213–2224
127. Ward, K.A. (2000). Transgene-mediated modifications to animal biochemistry. Trends in Biotechnology18, 99–102
128. nd 1. 267–280
129. Wells, D.N., Laible, G., Tucker. F.C. et al. (2003a). Coordination between donor cell type and cell cycle stage improves nuclear cloning efficiency in cattle. Theriogenology59, 45–59.
130. Wells, D.N., Oback, B. and Laible, G. (2003b). Cloning livestock:a return to embryonic cells. Trends in Biotechnology21, 428–432
131. Wells. D.N., Forsyth. J.T., McMillan. V. and Oback. B. (2004). Review:the health of somatic cell cloned cattle and their offspring. Cloning and Stem Cells6, 101–110
132. Wells, K., Moore, K. and Wall, R. (1999). Transgene vectors go retro. Nature Biotechnology17, 25–26
133. Wheeler. M.B., Bleck. G.T. and Donovan. S.M. (2001). Transgenic alteration of sow milk to improve piglet growth and health. Reproduction (Cambridge. England) Supplement 58, 313–324
134. Whitelaw.C.B. (2004). Transgenic livestock made easy. Trends in Biotechnology22, 157–159; discussion 159–160
135. Willadsen. S.M. (1986). Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos. Nature320, 63–65
136. Wilmut. I., Archibald, A.L., Harris. S. et al. (1990). Modification of milk composition. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 41, 135–146
137. Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A.E., Mcwhir, J., Kind, A.J. and Campbell, K.H. (1997). Viable offspring derived from fetal and aduit mammalian cells. Nature385, 810–813
138. Wilmut, I., Beaujean. N., De Sousa. P.A. et al. (2002). Somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature419, 583–586
139. Wolfgang, M.J., Eisele, S.G., Browne, M.A. et al. (2001). Rhesus monkey placental transgene expression after lentiviral gene transfer into preimplanlalion embryos. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of America98, 10728–10732
140. Wrenzycki. C, Wells. D., Herrmann, D. et al. (2001). Nuclear transfer protocol affects messenger RNA expression patterns in cloned bovine blastocysts. Biology of Reproduction65, 309–317
141. Xue, F., Tian, X.C., Du. F. et al. (2002). Aberrant patterns of X chromosome inactivation in bovine clones. Nature Genetics31, 216–220
142. Zuelke. K.A. (1998). Transgenic modification of cows milk for value-added processing. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development10, 671–676