Chapter 2.5 Vasopressin and oxytocin

Techniques in the Behavioral and Neural Sciences

Volumn 15, Issue PART 1, 2005, Pages 205-229

  Douglas, A J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645949814     PISSN: 09210709     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0921-0709(05)80014-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (249)

1. Adan R.A., van Leeuwen F.W., Sonnemans M.A., Brouns M., Hoffman G., Verbalis J.G., and Burbach J.P. Rat oxytocin receptor in brain, pituitary, mammary gland, and uterus: partial sequence and immunocytochemical localization. Endocrinology 136 (1995) 4022-4028
2. Aguilera G. Regulation of pituitary ACTH secretion during chronic stress. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 15 (1994) 321-350
3. Aguilera G., and Rabadan-Diehl C. Vasopressinergic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: implications for stress adaptation. Reg. Peptides 96 (2000) 23-29
4. Aguilera G., and Rabadan-Diehl C. Regulation of vasopressin V-1b receptors in the anterior pituitary gland of the rat. Exp. Physiol. 85 (2000) 19S-26S
5. Altemus M., Redwine L.S., Leong Y.M., Frye C.A., Porges S.W., and Carter C.S. Responses to laboratory psychosocial stressors in postpartum women. Psychosom. Med. 63 (2001) 814-821
6. Antoni F.A. Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 14 (1993) 76-122
7. Aravich P.F., and Sladek J.R. Aging of rodentvasopressin systems: morphometric and functional considerations. In: Gash D.M., and Boer G.J. (Eds). Vasopressin: Principles and Properties (1987), Plenum Press, New York 579-610
8. Arletti R., and Bertolini A. Oxytocin acts as an antidepressant in two animal models of depression. Life Sci. 41 (1987) 1725-1730
9. Bartanusz V., Aubry J.M., Jezova D., Baffi J., and Kiss J.Z. Up-regulation of vasopressin mRNA in paraventricular hypophysiotrophic neurons after acute immobilization stress. Neuroendocrinology 58 (1993) 625-629
10. Bartanusz V., Jezova D., Bertini L.T., Tilders F.J.H., Aubry J., and Kiss J.Z. Stress-induced increases in vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor expression in hypophysiotropic paraventricular neurons. Endocrinology 132 (1993) 895-902
11. Bertini L.T., and Kiss J.Z. Hypophysiotropic neurons are capable of altering the ratio of co-packaged neurohormones. Neuroscience 42 (1991) 237-244
12. Bicknell R.J., Leng G., Russell J.A., Dyer R.G., Mansfield S., and Zhao B.G. Hypothalamic opioid mechanisms controlling oxytocin neurones during parturition. Brain Res. Bull. 20 (1988) 743-749
13. Bilezikjian L.M., Woodgett J.R., Hunter T., and Vale W.W. Phorbol ester-induced down-regulation of protein kinase C abolishes vasopressin-mediated responses in rat anterior pituitary cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 1 (1987) 555-560
14. Boccia M.L., and Pedersen C.A. Brief vs. long maternal separations in infancy: contrasting relationships with adult maternal behavior and lactation levels of aggression and anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26 (2001) 657-672
15. 3 H]Oxytocin binding sites in the rat brain demonstrated by quantitative light microscopic autoradiography. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 102 (1984) 365-367
16. Broad K.D., Levy F., Evans G., Kimura T., Keverne E.B., and Kendrick K.M. Previous maternal experience potentiates the effect of parturition on oxytocin receptor mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 3725-3737
17. Brownstein M.J., Russel J.T., and Gainer H. Synthesis, transport and release of posterior pituitary hormones. Science 207 (1980) 373-378
18. Bruhn T.O., Sutton S.W., Plotsky P.M., and Vale W.W. Central administration of corticosterone-releasing factor modulates oxytocin secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 119 (1986) 1558-1563
19. Buijs R.M., Kalsbeek A., Vanderwoude T.P., Vanheerikhuize J.J., and Shinn S. Suprachiasmatic nucleus lesion increases corticosterone secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (1993) R1186-R1192
20. Buijs R.M., Markman M., Nunescardoso B., Hou Y.X., and Shinn S. Projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to stress-related areas in the rat hypothalamus - a light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 335 (1993) 42-54
21. Buma P., and Nieuwenhuys R. Ultrastructural demonstration of oxytocin and vasopressin release sites in the neural lobe and median eminence of the rat by tannic acid and immunogold methods. Neurosci. Lett. 74 (1987) 151-157
22. Burke Z.D., Ho M.Y., Morgan H., Smith M., Murphy D., and Carter D. Repression of vasopressin gene expression by glucocorticoids in transgenic mice: evidence of a direct mechanism mediated by proximal 5′ flanking sequence. Neuroscience 78 (1997) 1177-1185
23. Caffe A.R., Van Leeuwen F.W., and Luiten P.G.M. Vasopressin cells of the medial amygdala project to the lateral septum and ventral hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 261 (1987) 237-252
24. Callahan M.F., Thore C.R., Sundberg D.K., Gruber K.A., O'Steen K., and Morris M. Excitotoxin paraventricular nucleus lesions: stress and endocrine reactivity and oxytocin mRNA levels. Brain Res. 597 (1992) 8-15
25. Carter C.S., and Altemus M. Integrative functions of lactational hormones in social behavior and stress management. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 807 (1997) 164-174
26. Carter D.A., and Lightman S.L. Opiod control of oxytocin secretion: evidence of distinct regulatory actions of two opiate receptor types. Life Sci. 40 (1987) 2289-2296
27. Carter D.A., and Lightman S.L. Oxytocin responses to stress in lactating and hyperprolactinaemic rats. Neuroendocrinology 46 (1987) 532-537
28. Carvallo P., and Aguilera G. Protein kinase C mediates the effects of vasopressin in pituitary corticotrophs. Mol. Endocrinol. 3 (1989) 1935-1943
29. Chan R.K.W., Brown E.R., Ericsson A., Kovacs K.J., and Sawchenko P.E. A comparison of 2 immediate-early genes, c-fos and NGFIB, as markers for functional activation in stress-related neuroendocrine circuitry. J. Neurosci. 13 (1993) 5126-5138
30. Chini B., and Fanelli F. Molecular basis of ligand binding and receptor activation in the oxytocin and vasoressin receptor family. Exp. Physiol. 85S (2000) 59-66
31. Crine A.F., and Buijs R.M. Electric footshocks differentially affect plasma and spinal cord vasopressin and oxytocin levels. Peptides 8 (1987) 243-246
32. Cross B.A. Neurohormonal mechanisms in emotional inhibition of milk ejection. J. Endocrinol. 12 (1955) 29-37
33. da Costa A.P., Wood S., Ingram C.D., and Lightman S.L. Region-specific reduction in stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression during pregnancy and lactation. Brain Res. 742 (1996) 177-844
34. da Costa A.P.C., Kampa R.J., Windle R.J., Ingram C.D., and Lightman S.L. Region-specific immediate-early gene expression following the administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone in virgin and lactating rats. Brain Res. 770 (1997) 151-162
35. da Costa A.P.C., Ma X.M., Ingram C.D., Lightman S.L., and Aguilera G. Hypothalamic and amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH receptor-1 mRNA expression in the stress- hyporesponsive late pregnant and early lactating rat. Mol. Brain Res. 91 (2001) 119-130
36. Dallman M.F., Bhatnagar S., and Viau V. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. In: Fink G. (Ed). Enclyclopedia of Stress Vol. 2 (2000), Academic Press, New York 468-476
37. de Groeij D.C.E., Dijkstra H., and Tilders F.J.H. Stress-induced increases in vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor expression in hypophysiotrophic paraventricular neurons. Endocrinology 131 (1992) 847-853
38. DeVries A.C., Young W.S., and Nelson R.J. Reduced aggressive behaviour in mice with targeted disruption of the oxytocin gene. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 (1997) 363-368
39. Diamond M.I., Miner N.J., Yoshinaga S.K., and Yamamoto K.R. Transcription factor regulation interactions; selector of positive and negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science 249 (1990) 1266-1272
40. Douglas A.J., Clarke G., MacMillan S.J.A., Bull P.M., Neumann I., Way S.A., Wright D.M., McGrory B.G., and Russell J.A. Effects of the kapp-opioid agonist U50,488 on parturition in rats. Br. J. Pharm. 109 (1993) 251-258
41. Douglas A.J., Neumann I., Meeren H.K.M., Leng G., Johnstone L.E., Munro G., and Russell J.A. Central endogenous opioid inhibition of supraoptic oxytocin neurons in pregnant rats. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 5049-5057
42. Douglas A.J., Johnstone H.A., Wigger A., Landgraf R., Russell J.A., and Neumann I.D. The role of endogenous opioids in neurohypophysial and hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis hormone secretory responses to stress in pregnant rats. J. Endocrinol. 158 (1998) 285-293
43. Douglas A.J., Johnstone H., Brunton P., and Russell J.A. Sex-steroid induction of endogenous opioid inhibition on oxytocin secretory responses to stress. J. Neuroendocrinol. 12 (2000) 343-350
44. Douglas A.J., Brunton P.J., Russell J.A., and Neumann I.D. Greater attenuation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress responses in pregnant vs lactating mice. BNA Abstracts 16 (2001) 30.02
45. Douglas A.J., Russell J.A., and Neumann I.D. Investigation of mechanisms regulating the attenuated secretory stress responses in pregnant mice. Reproduction Abstract Series 27 (2001) 6
46. (Suppl.). Douglas A.J., Bosch O., Toschi N., and Neumann I.D. Stress hyporesponsiveness during parturition in the rat: antagonising brain oxytocin does not reveal an inhibitory influence. Stress 5 (2002) P025
47. Douglas A.J., Leng G., and Russell J.A. The importance of oxytocin mechanisms in the control of mouse parturition. Reproduction 123 (2002) 543-552
48. Ebner K., Wotjak C.T., Holsboer F., Landgraf R., and Engelmann M. Vasopressin released within the septal brain area during swim stress modulates the behavioural stress response in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 997-1002
49. Ebner K., Wotjak C.T., Landgraf R., and Engelmann M. A single social defeat experience selectively stimulates the release of oxytocin, but not vasopressin, within the septal brain area of male rats. Brain Res. 872 (2000) 87-92
50. Ebner K., Wotjak C.T., Landgraf R., and Engelmann M. Forced swimming triggers vasopressin release within the amygdala to modulate stress-coping strategies in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15 (2002) 384-388
51. Engelmann M., Ebner K., Landgraf R., Holsboer F., and Wotjak C.T. emotional stress triggers intrahypothalamic but not peripheral release of oxytocin in male rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 (1999) 867-872
52. Engelmann M., Ebner K., Landgraf R., and Wotjak C.T. Swim stress triggers the release of vasopressin within the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male rats. Brain Res. 792 (1998) 343-347
53. Engelmann M., Ludwig M., Singewald N., Ebner K., Sabatier N., Lubec G., Landgraf R., and Wotjak C.T. Taurine selectively modulates the secretory activity of vasopressin neurons in conscious rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14 (2001) 1047-1055
54. Engelmann M., Wotjak C.T., Ebner K., and Landgraf R. Behavioural impact of intraseptally released vasopressin and oxytocin in rats. Exp. Physiol. 85 (2000) 125S-130S
55. Everts H.G., and Koolhaas J.M. Differential modulation of lateral septal vasopressin receptor blockade in spatial learning, social recognition, and anxiety-related behaviors in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 99 (1999) 7-16
56. Feldman S., and Weidenfeld J. Neural mechanisms involved in the corticosteroid feedback effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Prog. Neurobiol. 45 (1995) 129-141
57. Ferguson J.N., Aldag J.M., Insel T.R., and Young L.J. Oxytocin in the medial amygdala is essential for social recognition in the mouse. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 8278-8285
58. Francis D.D., Young L.J., Meaney M.J., and Insel T.R. Naturally occurring differences in maternal care are associated with the expression of oxytocin and vasopressin (V1a) receptors: gender differences. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14 (2002) 349-353
59. Geelen G., and Corman B. Relationshiup between vasopressin and renal concentrating ability in aging rats. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (1992) R826-R833
60. Geenen V., Kecha O., and Martens H. Thymic expression of neuroendocrine self-peptide precursors: role in T cell survival and self-tolerance. J. Neuroendocrinol. 10 (1998) 811-822
61. Gibbs D.M. Dissociation of oxytocin, vasopressin and corticotropin secretion during different types of stress. Life Sci. 35 (1984) 487-491
62. Gilbert C.L., Goode J.A., and McGrath T.J. Pulsatile secretion of oxytocin during parturition in the pig: temporal relationship with fetal expulsion. J. Physiol. 475 (1994) 129-137
63. Gillies G.E., Linton E.A., and Lowry P.J. Corticotropin-releasing activity of the new CRH is potentiated several times by vasopressin. Nature 229 (1982) 355-357
64. Gutkowska J., Jankowski M., Lambert C., Mukaddam-Daher S., Zingg H.H., and McCann S.M. Oxytocin releases atrial natriuretic peptide by combining with oxytocin receptors in the heart. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 11704-11709
65. Haanwinckel M.A., Elias L., Favoretto A.L., Gutkowska J., McCann S.M., and Antunes-Rodrigues J. Oxytocin mediates atrial natriuretic peptide release and natriuresis after volume expansion in the heart. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 7902-7906
66. Hashiguchi H., Ye S.H., Morris M., and Alexander N. Single and repeated environmental stress: effect on plasma oxytocin, corticosterone, catecholamines, and behavior. Physiol. Behav. 61 (1997) 731-736
67. Hatzinger M., Wotjak C.T., Naruo T., Simchen R., Keck M.E., Landgraf R., Holsboer F., and Neumann I.D. Endogenous vasopressin contributes to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical alterations in aged rats. J. Endocrinol. 164 (2000) 197-205
68. Hedegaard M., Henriksen T.B., Sabroe S., and Secher N.J. Psychological distress in pregnancy and preterm delivery. Brit. Med. J. 307 (1993) 234-239
69. Hedegaard M., Henriksen T.B., Secher N.J., Hatch M.C., and Sabroe S. Do stressful life events affect duration of gestation and risk of preterm delivery?. Epidemiology 7 (1996) 339-345
70. Heinrichs M., Neumann I., and Ehlert U. Lactation and stress: protective effects of breast-feeding in humans. Stress 5 (2002) 195-203
71. Herman J.P. In situ hybridization analysis of vasopressin gene transcription in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat: regulation by stress and glucocorticoids. J. Comp. Neurol. 363 (1995) 15-27
72. Herman J.P., Cullinan W.E., Young E.A., Akil H., and Watson S.J. Selective forebrain fiber tract lesions implicate ventral hippocampal structures in tonic regulation of paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) messenger RNA expression. Brain Res. 592 (1992) 228-238
73. Herman J.P., Adams D., and Prewitt C. Regulatory changes in neuroendocrine stress integrative ciruitry produced by a variable stress paradigm. Neuroendocrinology 61 (1995) 180-190
74. Higuchi T., Tadokoro Y., Honda K., and Negoro H. Detailed analysis of blood oxytocin levels during suckling and parturition in the rat. J. Endocrinol. 110 (1986) 251-256
75. Higuchi T., Honda S., Takano S., and Negoro H. Reduced oxytocin response to osmotic stimulus and immobilisation stress in lactating rats. J. Endocrinol. 116 (1988) 225-230
76. Hisano S., Li S., Kagotani Y., and Daikoku S. Synaptic associations between oxytocin-containing magnocellular neurons and neurons containing corticotropinreleasing factor in the rat magnocellular paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 576 (1992) 311-318
77. Holsboer F. Neuroendocrinology of mood disorders. In: Bloom F.E., and Kupfer D.J. (Eds). Psycholpharmacology: the fourth generation of progress (1995), Raven Press, San Diego 957-968
78. Hoogendijk J.E., Fliers E., Swaab D.F., and Verwer R.W.H. Activation of vasopresin neurons in the human supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus in senescence and senile dementia. J. Neurol. Sci. 69 (1985) 291-299
79. Ingram C.D., Adams T.S., Jiang Q.B., Terenzi M.G., Lambert R.C., Wakerley J.B., and Moos F. Limbic regions mediating central actions of oxytocin on the milkejection reflex in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 7 (1995) 1-13
80. Insel T.R. Regional changes in brain oxytocin receptors post-partum: time-course and relationship to maternal behaviour. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2 (1990) 539-545
81. Insel T.R. Oxytocin - a neuropeptide for affiliation: evidence from behavioral, receptor autoradiographic, and comparative studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 17 (1992) 3-35
82. Jankowski M., Hajjar F., Kawas S.A., Mukaddam-Daher S., Hoffman G., McCann S.M., and Gutkowska J. Rat heart: a site of oxytocin production and action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 14558-14563
83. Jarvis S., Lawrence A.B., McLean K.A., Deans L.A., Chirnside J., and Calvert S.K. The effect of environment on behavioural activity, ACTH, beta-endorphin and cortisol in pre-farrowing gilts. Animal Sci. 65 (1997) 465-472
84. Jarvis S., Lawrence A.B., McLean K.A., Deans L.A., Chirnside J., and Calvert S.K. The effect of piglet expulsion in the sow on plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin. Reprod. Dom. Animals 34 (1999) 89-94
85. Jia L.-G., Canny B.J., and Leong D.A. Paracrine communication regulates adrenocorticotropin secretion. Endocrinology 130 (1992) 534-539
86. Jingami H., Matsukura S., Numa S., and Imura H. Effects of adrenalectomy and dexanmethasone administration on the level of preprocorticotropin-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropin/b-lipotropin precursor mRNA in the pituitary in rats. Endocrinology 117 (1985) 1314-1320
87. Jirikowski G.F., McGimsey W.C., Caldwell J.D., and Sar M. Distribution of oxytocinergic glucocorticoid target neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Horm. Metab. Res. 25 (1993) 543-544
88. Johnson A.G., Crawford G.A., Kelly D., Nguyen T.V., and Gyory A.Z. Arginine vasopressin and osmolality in the elderly. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 42 (1994) 399-404
89. Johnstone H.A., Wigger A., Douglas A.J., Neumann I.D., Landgraf R., Seckl J.R., and Russell J.A. Attenuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress responses in late pregnancy: changes in feedforward and feedback mechanisms. J. Neuroendocrinol. 12 (2000) 811-822
90. Kalin N.H., Gibbs D.M., Barksdale C.M., Shelton S.E., and Carnes M. Behavioral stress decreases plasma oxytocin concentrations in primates. Life Sci. 36 (1985) 1275-1280
91. Kalsbeek A., Palm I.F., and Buijs R.M. Central vasopressin systems and steroid hormones. Prog. Br. Res. 139 (2002) 57-73
92. Kalsbeek A., vanderVliet J., and Buijs R.M. Decrease of endogenous vasopressin release necessary for expression of the circadian rise in plasma corticosterone: a reverse microdialysis study. J. Neuroendocrinol. 8 (1996) 299-307
93. Kasting N.W. Simultaneous and independent release of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 66 (1988) 22-26
94. 2 -induced c-Fos expression in hypothalamic vasopressin containing neurons. Resp. Physiol. 129 (2002) 289-296
95. Keck M.E., Hatzinger M., Wotjak C.T., Landgraf R., Holsboer F., and Neumann I.D. Ageing alters intrahypothalamic release patterns of vasopressin and oxytocin in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 (2000) 1487-1494
96. Keck M.E., Wigger A., Welt T., Muller M.B., Gesing A., Reul J.M.H.M., Holsboer F., Landgraf R., and Neumann I.D. Vasopressin mediates the response of the combined dexamethasone/CRH test in hyper-anxious rats: implications for pathogenesis of affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (2002) 94-105
97. Kim J.K., Summer S.N., Wood W.M., and Schrier R.W. Role of glucocorticoid hormones in arginine vasopressin gene regulation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 289 (2001) 1252-1256
98. King M.G., Brown R., and Kusnecov A. An increase in startle response in rats administered oxytocin. Peptides 6 (1985) 567-568
99. Kiss J.Z., Mezey E., and Skirboll L. Corticotropinreleasing factor-immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nucleus become vasopressin positive after adrenalectomy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 1854-1858
100. Klavdieva M.M. The history of neuropeptides II. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 17 (1996) 126-153
101. Koolhaas J.M., Everts H., De Ruiter A.J., de Boer S.F., and Bohus B. Coping with stress in rats and mice: differential peptidergic modulation of the amygdalalateral septum complex. Prog. Br. Res. 119 (1998) 437-448
102. Kovacs K., and Mezey E. Dexamethasone inhibits corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Neuroendocrinology 46 (1987) 365-368
103. Kovacs K., Kiss J.Z., and Makara G.B. Glucocorticoid implants around the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus prevent the increase of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin immunostaining induced by adrenalectomy. Neuroendocrinology 44 (1986) 229-234
104. Kovacs K.J., and Sawchenko P.E. Sequence of stress-induced alterations in indices of synaptic and transcriptional activation in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 262-273
105. Kovacs K.J., and Sawchenko P.E. Regulation of stress-induced transcriptional changes in the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons. J. Mol. Neurosci. 7 (1996) 125-133
106. Kovacs K.J., Foldes A., and Sawchenko P.E. Glucocorticoid negative feedback selectively targets vasopressin transcription in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 3843-3852
107. Krukoff T.L., MacTavish D., and Jhamandas J.H. Activation by hypotension of neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 385 (1997) 285-296
108. Landgraf R. Neuropeptides and anxiety-related behavior. Endocr. J. 48 (2001) 517-533
109. Landgraf R., Gerstberger R., Montkowski A., Probst J.C., Wotjak C.T., Holsboer F., and Engelmann M. V1 vasopressin receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into septum reduces vasopressin binding, social discrimination abilities, and anxiety-related behavior in rats. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 4250-4258
110. Landgraf R., Wigger A., Holsboer F., and Neumann I.D. Hyper-reactive hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in rats bred for high anxiety-related behaviour. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 (1999) 405-407
111. Lang R.E., Heil J.W., Ganten D., Hermann K., Unger T., and Rascher W. Oxytocin unlike vasopressin is a stress hormone in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 37 (1983) 314-316
112. Larsen P.J., Vrang N., Moller M., Jessop D.S., Lightman S.L., Chowdrey H.S., and Mikkelsen J.D. The diurnal expression of genes encoding vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide within the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus is influenced by circulating glucocorticoids. Mol. Brain Res. 27 (1994) 342-346
113. Lau C. Effects of stress on lactation. Pediatric Clinics of North America 48 (2001) 221-234
114. Lawrence A.B., Petherick J.C., McLean K., Gilbert C.L., Chapman, and Russell J.A. Naloxone prevents interruption of parturition and increases plasma oxytocin following environmental disturbance in parturient sows. Physiol. Behav. 52 (1992) 917-923
115. Lawrence A.B., Petherick J.C., McLean K.A., Deans L., Chirnside J., Vaughan A., Gilbert C.L., Forsling M.L., and Russell J.A. The effects of chronic enviornmental stress on parturition and on oxytocin and vasopressin secretion in the pig. Animal Reprod. Sci. 38 (1995) 251-264
116. Leng G. Oxytocin. In: Fink G. (Ed). Enclyclopedia of Stress (2000), Academic Press, New York 109-114
117. Leng G., Mansfield S., Bicknell R.J., Blackburn R.E., Brown D., Chapman C., Dyer R.G., Hollingsworth S., Shibuki K., Yates J.O., and Way S. Endogenous opioid actions and effects of environmental disturbance on parturition and oxytocin secretion in rats. J. Reprod. Fertil. 84 (1988) 345-356
118. Leng G., Mansfield S., Bicknell R.J., Brown D., Chapman C., Hollingsworth S., Ingram C.D., Marsh M.I., Yates J.O., and Dyer R.G. Stress-induced disruption of parturition in the rat may be mediated by endogenous opioids. J. Endocrinol. 114 (1987) 247-252
119. Levis M.C., and Sawchenko P.E. Neuropeptide co-expressionin the magnocellular neurosecretory system of the female rat: evidence for differential modulation by estrogen. Neuroscience 54 (1993) 1001-1018
120. Liberzon I., and Young E.A. Effects of stress and glucocorticoids on CNS oxytocin receptor binding. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22 (1997) 411-422
121. Liberzon I., Chalmers D.T., Mansour A., Lopez J.F., Watson S.J., and Young E.A. Glucocoticoid regulation of hippocampal oxytocin receptor binding. Brain Res. 650 (1994) 317-322
122. Liebsch G., Montkowski A., Holsboer F., and Landgraf R. Behavioral profiles of two wistar rat lines selectively bred for high or low anxiety-related behaviour. Behav. Brain Res. 94 (1998) 301-310
123. Liebsch G., Wotjak C.T., Landgraf R., and Engelmann M. Septal vasopressin modulates anxiety-related behaviour in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 217 (1996) 101-104
124. Light K.C., Smith T.E., Johns J.M., Brownley K.A., Hofheimer J.A., and Amico J.A. Oxytocin responsivity in mothers of infants: a preliminary study of relationships with blood pressure during laboratory stress and normal ambulatory activity. Health Psychol. 19 (2000) 560-567
125. Lightman S.L. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary responsiveness during lactation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 652 (1992) 340-346
126. Lightman S.L. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness during lactation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 689 (1993) 340-346
127. Lightman S.L., and Young W.S. Vasopressin, oxytocin, dynorphin, enkephalin and corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA stimulation in the rat. J. Physiol. 394 (1987) 23-39
128. Lightman S.L., and Young W.S. Corticotrophin-releasing factor, vasopressin and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA responses to stress and opiates in the rat. J. Physiol. 403 (1988) 511-523
129. Lightman S.L., Windle R.J., Wood S.A., Kershaw Y.M., Shanks N., and Ingram C.D. Peripartum plasticity within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Prog. Br. Res. 133 (2001) 111-129
130. Lincoln D.W., and Wakerley J.B. Electrophysiological evidence for the activation of supraoptic neurones during the release of oxytocin. J. Physiol. 242 (1974) 544-553
131. Lincoln D.W., Hill A., and Wakerley J.B. The milkejection reflex of the rat: an intermittent function not abolished by surgical levels of anaesthesia. J. Endocrinol. 57 (1973) 459-467
132. Lindow S.W., van der Spuy Z.M., Hendricks M.S., Rosselli A.P., Lombard C., and Leng G. The effect of morphine and naloxone administration on plasma oxytocin concentrations in the first stage of labour. Clin. Endocrinol. 37 (1992) 349-353
133. Lucassen P.J., Ravid R., Gonatas N.K., and Swaab D.F. Activation of the human supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus neurons with aging and in Alzheimer's disease as judged from increasing size of the golgi apparatus. Brain Res. 632 (1993) 105-113
134. Luckman S.M., Antonijevic I., Leng G., Dye S., Douglas A.J., Russell J.A., and Bicknell R.J. The maintenance of normal parturition in the rat requires neurohypophysial oxytocin. J. Neuroendocrinol. 5 (1993) 7-12
135. Ludwig M. Dendritic release of vasopressin and oxytocin. J. Neuroendocrinol. 10 (1998) 881-895
136. Ma S., Shipston M., and Russell J.A. Vasopressin and the attenuated ACTH responses to stressors during pregnancy in rats. WCNH proceedings Bordeaux (2001) 2-4
137. Ma X.M., and Aguilera G. Transcriptional responses of the vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone genes to acute and repeated intraperitoneal hypertonic saline injection in rats. Mol. Brain Res. 68 (1999) 129-140
138. Ma X.M., and Aguilera G. Differential regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin transcription by glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 140 (1999) 5642-5650
139. Ma X.-M., Levy A., and Lightman S.L. Rapid changes in heteronuclear RNA for corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in response to acute stress. J. Endocrinol. 152 (1997) 81-89
140. Ma X.-M., Levy A., and Lightman S.L. Rapid changes of heteronuclear RNA for arginine vasopressin but not for corticotropin releasing hormone in response to acute corticosterone administration. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 (1997) 723-728
141. Ma X.-M., Levy A., and Lightman S.L. Emergence of an isolated arginine vasopressin (AVP) response to stress after repeated restraint: a study of both AVP and corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) and heteronuclear RNA. Endocrinology 138 (1997) 4351-4357
142. Makino S., Schulkin J., Smith M.A., Pacak K., Palkovits M., and Gold P.W. Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat brain and pituitary by glucocorticoids and stress. Endocrinology 136 (1995) 4517-4525
143. Makino S., Smith M.A., and Gold P.W. Increased expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid (messenger RNA) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus during repeated stress-association with reduction in glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA levels. Endocrinology 136 (1995) 3299-3309
144. McCarthy M.M., McDonald C.H., Brooks P.J., and Goldman D. An anxiolytic action of oxytocin is enhanced by estrogen in the mouse. Physiol. Behav. 60 (1996) 1209-1215
145. Meaney M.J., O'Donnell D., Rowe W., Tannenbaum B., Steverman A., Walker M., Nair N.P., and Lupien S. Individual differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal acitivity in later life and hippocampal aging. Exp. Gerontol. 30 (1995) 229-251
146. Miller M. Increased vasopressin secretion: an early life manifestation of aging in the rat. J. Gerontol. 42 (1987) 3-7
147. Miyata S., Itoh T., Lin S.H., Ishiyama M., Nakashima T., and Kiyohara T. Temporal changes of c-fos expression in oxytocinergic magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of the rat hypothalamus with restraint stress. Brain Res. Bull. 37 (1995) 391-395
148. Mohr E., and Schmitz E. Functional characterization of estrogen and glucocorticoid responsive elements in the rat oxytocin gene. Brain Res. Mol., Brain Res. 9 (1991) 293-298
149. Muller M.B., Landgraf R., Preil J., Sillaber I., Kresse A.E., Keck M.E., Zimmermann S., Holsboer F., and Wurst W. Selective activation of the hypothalamic vasopressinergic system in mice deficient for the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 is dependent on glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 141 (2000) 4262-4269
150. Murphy H.M., Wideman C.H., and Nadzam G.R. The role of vasopressin in modulating circadian rhythm responses to phase shifts. Peptides 19 (1998) 1191-1208
151. Neumann I.D. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide effects on the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Methods-A Companion to Methods in Enzymology 22 (2000) 227-237
152. Neumann I.D. Involvement of the brain oxytocin system in stress coping: interactions with the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis. Prog. Br. Res. 139 (2002) 147-162
153. Neumann I., Douglas A.J., Pittman Q.J., Russell J.A., and Landgraf R. Oxytocin released within the supraoptic nucleus of the rat brain by positive feedback action is involved in parturition-related events. J. Neuroendocrinol. 8 (1996) 227-233
154. Neumann I.D., Johnstone H.A., Hatzinger M., Liebsch G., Shipston M., Russell J.A., Landgraf R., and Douglas A.J. Attenuated neuroendocrine responses to emotional and physical stressors in pregnant rats involve adenohypophysial changes. J. Physiol. 508 (1998) 289-300
155. Neumann I.D., Kromer S.A., Toschi N., and Ebner K. Brain oxytocin inhibits the (re)activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rats: involvement of hypothalamic and limbic brain regions. Reg. Peptides 96 (2000) 31-38
156. Neumann I., Russell J.A., and Landgraf R. Oxytocin and vasopressin release within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of pregnant, parturient and lactating rats: a microdialysis study. Neuroscience 53 (1993) 65-75
157. Neumann I.D., Torner L., and Wigger A. Brain oxytocin: differential inhibition of neuroendocrine stress responses and anxiety-related behaviour in virgin, pregnant and lactating rats. Neuroscience 95 (2000) 567-575
158. Neumann I.D., Toschi N., and Douglas A.J. No response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to airpuff stress in parturient rats: lack of involvement of brain oxytocin. Endocrinology 144 6 (2003) 2473-2479
159. Neumann I.D., Toschi N., Ohl F., Torner L., and Kromer S.A. Maternal defence as an emotional stressor in female rats: correlation of neuroendocrine and behavioural parameters and involvement of brain oxytocin. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13 (2001) 1016-1024
160. Neumann I.D., Wigger A., Torner L., Holsboer F., and Landgraf R. Brain oxytocin inhibits basal and stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in male and female rats: partial action within the paraventricular nucleus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 12 (2000) 235-243
161. Newton N., Peeler D., and Newton M. Effect of disturbance on labor an experiment with 100 mice with dated pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 101 (1968) 1096-1102
162. Nishioka T., Anselmo-Franci J.A., Li P., Callahan M.F., and Morris M. Stress increases oxytocin release within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 781 (1998) 57-61
163. Onaka T., and Yagi K. Effects of novelty stress on vasopressin and oxytocin secretion by the pituitary in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 5 (1993) 365-369
164. Ozawa H., Nishimura A., Xie C.X., Akiyama K., and Kawata M. Influence of aging on the vasopressin and oxytocin neurons of the rat hypothalamus. WCNH proceedings Bordeaux (2001) P2-P14
165. Pardon M.C., Gerardin P., Joubert C., Perez-Diaz F., and Cohen-Salmon C. Influence of prepartum chronic ultramild stress on maternal pup care behavior in mice. Biol. Psychiatry 47 (2000) 858-863
166. Patchev V.K., Schlosser S.F., Hassan A.H., and Almeida O.F. Oxytocin binding sites in rat limbic and hypothalamic structures: site-specific modulation by adrenal and gonadal steroids. Neuroscience 57 (1993) 537-543
167. Patel H., Chowdrey H.S., and Lightman S.L. Lactation abolishes corticotropin-releasing factor-induced oxytocin secretion in the conscious rat. Endocrinology 128 (1991) 725-727
168. Pearce D., Matsui W., Miner J.N., and Yamamoto M. Glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity determined by spacing of receptor and non-receptor DNA sites. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 30081-30085
169. Petersson M. Cardiovascular effects of oxytocin. Prog. Br. Res. 139 (2002) 281-288
170. Petersson M., Alster P., Lundeberg T., and Uvnas-Moberg K. Oxytocin increases nociceptive thresholds in a long term perspective in female and male rats. Neurosci. Lett. 212 (1996) 87-90
171. Petersson M., Hulting A.-L., and Uvnas-Moberg K. Oxytocin causes a sustained decrease in plasma levels of corticosterone in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 264 (1999) 41-44
172. Pinnock S.B., and Herbert J. Corticosterone differentially modulates expression of corticotropin releasing factor and arginine vasopressin mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following either acute or repeated restraint stress. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13 (2001) 576-584
173. Plotsky P.M., Bruhn T.O., and Vale W. Central modulation of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor secretion by arginine vasopressin. Endocrinology 115 (1984) 1639-1641
174. Purba J.S., Hoogendijk W.J.G., Hofman M.A., and Swaab D.F. Increased number of vasopressin and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53 (1996) 137-143
175. Quinones-Jenab V., Jenab S., Ogawa S., Adan R.A.M., Burbach J.P.H., and Pfaff D.W. Effects of estrogen on oxytocin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the uterus, pituitary, and forebrain of the female rat. Neuroendocrinology 65 (1997) 9-17
176. Raadsheer F.C., Sluiter A.A., Ravid R., Tilders F.J., and Swaab D.F. Localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus: age-dependent colocalization with vasopressin. Brain Res. 615 (1993) 50-62
177. Rabadan-Diehl C., and Aguilera G. Glucocorticoids increase vasopressin V1b receptor coupling to phospholipase C. Endocrinology 139 (1998) 3220-3226
178. Renaud L.P. Vasopressin. In: Fink G. (Ed). Enclyclopedia of Stress (2000), Academic Press, San Diego 650-656
179. Rene P., and De Keyzer Y. The vasopressin receptor of corticotroph pituitary cells. Prog. Br. Res. 139 (2002) 346-357
180. Rivier C., Rivier J., Mormede P., and Vale W. Studies of the nature of the interaction between vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor on adrenocorticotropin release in the rat. Endocrinology 115 (1984) 882-886
181. Roberts M.M., Robinson A.G., Fitzsimmons M.D., Grant F., Lee W.S., and Hoffman G.E. c-fos expression in vasopressin and oxytocin neurons reveals functional heterogeneity within magnocellular neurons. Neuroendocrinology 57 (1993) 388-400
182. Roozendaal B., Wiersma A., Driscoll P., Koolhaas J.M., Bohus B., and Wiersma A. Vasopressinergic modulation of stress responses in the central amygdala of the roman high-avoidance and low-avoidance rat. Brain Res. 596 (1992) 35-40
183. ICE 2000 Abstracts: P7. Russell J.A., Ma S., Shipston M.J., Landgraf R., Wigger A., Neumann I.D., Douglas A.J., and Brunton P.J. Global reduction in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress responses in pregnant rats: attenuated feedforward mechanisms (2000)
184. Saameli K. The circulatory actions of the neurohypophysical hormones. In: Berde B. (Ed). Neurohypophysial hormones and similar polypeptides (1968), Springer-Verlag, San Diego 545-612
185. Sapolsky R.M. Do glucocorticoid concentrations rise with age in the rat?. Neurobiol. Aging 13 (1991) 171-174
186. Saridaki E., and Lightman S.L. Naloxone increases the oxytocin response to stress in lactating rats. In: Thorn N.A., Vilhardt H., and Treiman M. (Eds). Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Neurohypophysis (2003), Oxford University Press, Berlin 32-34
187. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W., and Vale W.W. Co-expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin immunoreactivity in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the adrenalectomized rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 1883-1887
188. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W., and Vale W.W. Corticotropin-releasing factor: co-expression within distinct subsets of oxytocin-, vasopressin-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of male rats. J. Neurosci. 4 (1984) 1118-1129
189. Sawchenko P.E., Arias C.A., and Mortrund M.T. Local tetrodotoxin blocks chronic stress effects on corticotrophin releasing factor and vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid in hypophysiotrophic neurons. J. Neuroendocrinol. 5 (1993) 341-348
190. Scaccianoce S., di Sciullo A., and Angelicci L. Age-related changes in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 52 (1990) 150-155
191. Scaccianoce S., Muscolo L.A., Cigliana G., Navarra D., Nicolai R., and Angelucci L. Evidence for a specific role of vasopressin in sustaining pituitary-adrenocortical stress response in the rat. Endocrinology 128 (1991) 3138-3143
192. Schule R., Rangarajan P., Kliewer S., Ransone L.J., Bolado J., Yang N., Verma I.M., and Evans R.M. Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-jun and the glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 62 (1990) 1217-1226
193. Seeman T.E., and Robbins J. Aging and hypothalamopituitary-adrenal response to challenge in humans. Endocr. Rev. 15 (1994) 233-260
194. Shen E., Dun S.L., Ren C., Bennettclarke C., and Dun N.J. Hypotension preferentially induces c-fos immuno-reactivity in supraoptic vasopressin neurons. Brain Res. 593 (1992) 136-139
195. Silverman W.F., Aravich P.F., Sladek J.R., and Sladek C. Physiological and biochemical indices of neurohypophyseal function in aging the Fischer rat. Neuroendocrinology 52 (1990) 181-190
196. Stachowiak A., Macchi C., Nussdorfer G.G., and Malendowicz L.K. Effects of oxytocin on the function and morphology of the rat adrenal cortex:in vitro and in vivo investigations. Res. Exp. Med. 195 (1995) 265-274
197. Stauber C., Altschmeid J., Akerblom I.E., Marron J.L., and Mellon P.L. Mutual cross-reference between glucocorticoid receptor and CREB inhibits transactivation in placental cells. New Biologist 4 (1990) 527-540
198. Summerlee A.J.S. Relaxin, opioids and the timing of birth in rats. In: Dyer R.G., and Bicknell R.J. (Eds). Brain Opioid Systems in Reproduction (1989), Oxford University Press, Oxford 257-270
199. Swanson L.W., and Simmons D.M. Differential steroid hormone and neural influences on peptide mRNA levels in CRH cells of the paraventricular nucleus: a hybridization histochemical study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 285 (1989) 413-435
200. Terwel D., Markerink M., and Jolles J. Age-related changes in concentrations of vasopressin in the central nervous system and plasma of the male Wistar rat. mech. Ageing Devel. 65 (1992) 127-136
201. Torner L., Thrivikraman K.V., Toschi N., Holsboer F., Plotsky P.M., and Neumann I.D. Effect of adrenalectomy and corticosterone on hypothalamic and peripheral release of oxytocin and behavioral stress coping in male rats. Soc. Neuroscience Abstracts 30 (2000) P153.12
202. Toufexis D.J., Tesolin S., Huang N., and Walker C.D. Altered pituitary sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin participates in the stress hyporesponsiveness of lactation in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 (1999) 757-764
203. Tribollet E., Barberis C., and Jard S. Localization and pharmacological characterization of high affinity binding sites for vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat brain by light microscopic autoradiography. Brain Res. 442 (1988) 105-118
204. Turner R.A., Altemus M., Yip D.N., Kupferman E., Fletcher D., Bostrom A., Lyons D.M., and Amico J.A. Effects of emotion on oxytocin, prolactin and ACTH in women. Stress 5 (2002) 269-276
205. Uht R.M., McKelvy J.F., Harrison R.W., and Bohn M.C. Demonstration of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity in glucocorticoid-sensitive vasopressin and corticotropin releasing factor neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J. Neurosci. Res. 19 (1988) 405-411
206. Unlap T., and Jope R.S. Dexamethasone attenuates kainate-induced AP-1 activation in rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 24 (1994) 275-282
207. Ur E., and Grossman A. The neuroregulation of corticotropin secretion. In: Imura H. (Ed). The Pitutiary Gland (1994), Raven Press 309-330
208. Uvnas-Moberg K. Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 (1998) 819-836
209. Uvnas-Moberg K. Anti-stress pattern induced by oxytocin. News Physiol. Sci. 13 (1998) 22-26
210. Uvnas-Moberg K., Ahlenius S., Hillegaart V., and Alster P. High doses of oxytocin cause sedation and low doses cause an anxiolytic-like effect in male rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 49 (1994) 101-106
211. van Bardeleben U., and Holsboer F. Effect of age on the cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing hormone ion depressed patients pretreated with dexamethasone. Biol. Psychiatry 29 (1991) 1042-1050
212. Van der Woude P.F., Goudsmit E., Wierda M., Purba J.S., Hofman M.A., Bogte H., and Swaab D.F. No vasopressin cell loss in the human hypothalamus in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 16 (1995) 11-18
213. van Eekelen J.A.M., Rots N.Y., Sutanto W., and De Kloet E.R. The effect of aging on stress responsiveness and central corticosteroid receptors in the Brown Norway rat. Neurobiol. Aging 13 (1991) 159-170
214. van Londen L., Goekoop J.G., van Kempen G.M., Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel A.C., Wiegant V.M., van, d. V., and De Wied D. Plasma levels of arginine vasopressin elevated in patients with major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 17 (1997) 284-292
215. Vellucci S.V., and Parrott R.F. Vasopressin and oxytocin gene expression in the porcine forebrain under basal conditions and following acute stress. Neuropeptides 31 (1997) 431-438
216. Vellucci S.V., and Parrott R.F. Expression of mRNAs for vasopressin, oxytocin and corticotrophin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus and of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 in the cerebral vasculature, of endotoxin challenged pigs. Neuropeptides 32 (1998) 439-446
217. Verbalis J.G., Baldwin E.F., Ronnekleiv O.K., and Robinson A.G. In vitro release of vasopressin and oxytocin from rat median eminence tissue. Neuroendocrinology (1986) 42
218. Verbalis J.G., Mangione M.P., and Stricker E.M. Oxytocin produces natriuresis in rats at physiological plasma concentrations. Endocrinology 128 (1991) 1317-1322
219. Viau V. Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal axes. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14 (2002) 506-513
220. Viau V., Chu A., Soriano L., and Dallman M.F. Independent and overlapping effects of corticosterone and testosterone on corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin mrna expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and stress-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone release. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 6684-6693
221. Viau V., Soriano L., and Dallman M.F. Androgens alter corticotropin releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin mRNA within forebrain sites known to regulate activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J. Neuroendocrinol. 13 (2001) 442-452
222. Wadhwa P.D., Porto M., Garite T.J., Chicz-DeMet A., and Sandman C.A. Maternal corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in the early third trimester predict length of gestation in human pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 179 (1998) 1079-1085
223. Wadhwa P.D., Sandman C.A., and Garite T.J. The neurobiology of stress in human pregnancy:implications for prematurity and development of the fetal central nervous system. Prog. Br. Res. 133 (2001) 131-142
224. Wakerley J.B., and Lincoln D.W. The milk-ejection reflex of the rat: a 20- to 40-fold acceleration in the firing of paraventricular neurones during oxytocin release. J. Endocrinol. 57 (1973) 477-493
225. Walker C.D. Neuroendocrine changes associated with the adrenocortical system during lactation in the rat. Annal. Endocrinol. 56 (1995) 169-172
226. Walker C.-D., Toufexis D.J., and Burlet A. Hypothalamic and limbic expression of CRH and vasopressin during lactation:implications for the control of ACTH secretion and stress hyporesponsiveness. Prog. Br. Res. 133 (2001) 99-110
227. Walker C.D., Tilders F.J.H., and Burlet A. Increased colocalization of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin in paraventricular neurones of the hypothalamus in lactating rats:evidence from immunotargeted lesions and immunohistochemistry. J. Neuroendocrinol. 13 (2001) 74-85
228. Watanabe T., Oki Y., and Orth D.N. Kinetic actions and interactions of arginine vasopressin, angiotensin-II and oxytocin on adrenocorticotropin secretion by rat anterior pituitary cells in the microperifusion system. Endocrinology 125 (1989) 1921-1931
229. Webster J.C., and Cidlowski J.A. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated repression of gene expression. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 1 (1999) 396-402
230. Weinstock M. Does prenatal stress impair coping and regulation of hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis?. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21 (1997) 1-10
231. Whitnall M.H. Regulation of the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory system. Prog. Neurobiol. 40 (1993) 573-629
232. Wigger A., and Neumann I.D. Endogenous opioid regulation of stress-induced oxytocin release within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is reversed in late pregnancy: a microdialysis study. Neuroscience 112 (2002) 121-129
233. Wigger A., Lorscher P., Oehler I., Keck M.E., Naruo T., and Neumann I.D. Nonresponsiveness of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis to parturition-related events: inhibitory action of endogenous opioids. Endocrinology 140 (1999) 2843-2849
234. Windle R.J., Herlihy Y.M., Wood S.A., Shanks N., and Lightman S.L. Central actions of oxytocin and vasopressin on behavioural and endocrine responses to stress in rats. J. Physiol. 505 (1997) 11-12
235. Windle R.J., Shanks N., Lightman S.L., and Ingram C.D. Central oxytocin administration reduces stress-induced corticosterone release and anxiety behavior in rats. Endocrinology 138 (1997) 2829-2834
236. Winslow J.T., and Insel T.R. The social deficits of the oxytocin knockout mouse. Neuropeptides 36 (2002) 221-229
237. Winslow J.T., Hearn E.F., Ferguson J., Young L.J., Matzuk M.M., and Insel T.R. Infant vocalization, adult aggression and fear behavior of an oxytocin null mutant mouse. Hormones Behav. 37 (2000) 145-155
238. Wolfson B., Manning R.W., Davis L.G., Arentzen R., and Baldino J.F. Co-localization of corticotrophin-releasing factor and vasopressin mrna in neurons after adrenalectomy. Nature 315 (1985) 59-61
239. Wotjak C.T., Ganster J., Kohl G., Holsboer F., Landgraf R., and Engelmann M. Dissociated central and peripheral release of vasopressin, but not oxytocin, in response to repeated swim stress: new insights into the secretory capacities of peptidergic neurons. Neuroscience 85 (1998) 1209-1222
240. Wotjak C.T., Kubota M., Engelmann M., Neumann I., and Landgraf R. Physical and emotional stressors stimulate the release of vasopressin within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats: a microdialysis study. Soc. Neuroscience Abstracts 21 (1995) 806.7
241. Wotjak C.T., Kubota M., Kohl G., and Landgraf R. Release of vasopressin from supraoptic neurons within the median eminence in vivo. a combined microdialysis and push-pull perfusion study in the rat. Brain Res. 726 (1996) 237-241
242. Wotjak C.T., Kubota M., Liebsch G., Montkowski A., Holsboer F., Neumann I., and Landgraf R. Release of vasopressin within the rat paraventricular nucleus in response to emotional stress: a novel mechanism of regulating adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion?. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 7725-7732
243. Wotjak C.T., Ludwig M., Ebner K., Russell J.A., Singewald N., Landgraft R., and Engelmann M. Vasopressin from hypothalamic magnocelleular neurons has opposite actions at the adenohypophysis and in the supraoptic nucleus on ACTH secretion. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16 (2002) 477-485
244. Wotjak C.T., Naruo T., Muraoka S., Landgraf R., and Engelmann M. Swim stress alters the expression of vasopressin and oxytocin mRNAs in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10 (1998) 11625
245. Wotjak C.T., Naruo T., Muraoka S., Simchen R., Landgraf R., and Engelmann M. Forced swimming stimulates the expression of vasopressin and oxytocin in magnocellular neurons of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13 (2001) 2273-2281
246. Yang-Yen H.-F., Chambard J.-C., Sun Y.-L., Smeal T., Schmidt T.J., Drouin J., and Karin M. Transcriptional interference between c-jun and the glucocorticoid receptor:mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell 62 (1990) 1205-1215
247. Young L.J., Muns S., Wang Z.X., and Insel T.R. Changes in oxytocin receptor mRNA in rat brain during pregnancy and the effects of estrogen and interleukin-6. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 (1997) 859-865
248. Young W.S., Mezey E., and Siegel R.E. Vasopressin and oxytocin mRNAs in adrenalectomized and brattleboro rats: analysis by quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry. Brain Res. 387 (1986) 231-241
249. Young W.S., Mezey E., and Siegel R.E. Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry reveals increased levels of corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA after adrenalectomy in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 70 (1986) 198-203