Adaptation and acclimation of photosynthetic microorganisms to permanently cold environments

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 222-252

  Morgan Kiss, Rachael M ^a,f   Priscu, John C ^b   Pocock, Tessa ^c   Gudynaite Savitch, Loreta ^d   Huner, Norman P A ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c MID SWEDEN UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FATTY ACID; FERREDOXIN NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE; ICE; MEMBRANE LIPID; QUINONE DERIVATIVE; SNOW;

ACCLIMATIZATION; ALGA; ALTITUDE ACCLIMATIZATION; ANTARCTICA; ARCHAEBACTERIUM; BACTERIAL GROWTH; CLIMATE; COLD ACCLIMATIZATION; CYANOBACTERIUM; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENERGY BALANCE; EUKARYOTE; FREEZING; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HEAT SENSITIVITY; LAKE ECOSYSTEM; LIGHT HARVESTING SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHOTOSYSTEM I; PHOTOSYSTEM II; PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIUM; PHYLOGENY; PHYTOPLANKTON; POND; REVIEW; SEASONAL VARIATION; STOICHIOMETRY; THAWING; THYLAKOID; ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION;

ACCLIMATIZATION; ALGAE, GREEN; COLD; ECOSYSTEM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYTOPLANKTON;

ALGAE; ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EUKARYOTA; NEGIBACTERIA; PHOTOBACTERIA; POSIBACTERIA;

EID: 33645112699     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.70.1.222-252.2006     Document Type: Review

References (284)

1. Achenback, L. A., J. Carey, and M. T. Madigan. 2001. Photosynthetic and phylogenetic primers for detection of anoxygenic phototrophs in natural environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2922-2926.
2. Aguilar, P. S., J. E. Cronan, and D. deMendoza. 1998. A Bacillus subtillus gene induced by cold shock encodes a membrane phospholipid desaturase. J. Bacteriol. 180:2194-2200.
3. Aizawa, K., and Y. Fujita. 1997. Regulation of synthesis of PS1 in the cyanophytes Synechocystis PCC6714 and Plectonema boryanum during the acclimation of the photosystem stoichiometry to the light quality. Plant Cell Physiol. 38:319-326.
4. Allen, J. F., and T. Pfannschmidt. 2000. Balancing the two photosystems: photosynthetic electron transfer governs transcription of reaction centre genes in chloroplasts. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 355:1351-1359.
5. 6f complex: dynamic molecular organization, function and acclimation. Photosynth. Res. 34:341-357.
6. Armond, P. A., O. Björkman, and L. A. Staehelin. 1980. Dissociation of supramolecular complexes in chloroplast membranes. A. Manifestation of heat damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 601:433-442.
7. Aro, E., I. Virgin, and B. Andersson. 1993. Photoinhibition of photosystem II. Inactivation, protein damage and turnover. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1143:113-134.
8. Aro, E.-M., S. McCaffery, and J. M. Anderson. 1993. Photoinhibition and D1 protein degradation in peas acclimated to different growth irradiances. Plant Physiol. 103:835-843.
9. Asada, K., U. Heber, and U. Schreiber. 1993. Electron flow to the inter-system chain from stromal components and cyclic electron flow in maize chloroplasts, as detected in intact leaves by monitoring redox change of P700 and chlorophyll fluorescence. Plant Cell Physiol. 34:39-50.
10. Azuara, M. P., and P. J. Aparicio. 1983. In vivo blue-light activation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nitrate reductase. Plant Physiol. 71:286-290.
11. Baldisserotto, C., L. Ferroni, I. More, M. P. Fasulo, and S. Pancaldi. 2005. Modulations of the thylakoid system in snow xanthophycean alga cultured in the dark for two months: comparison between microspectrofluorimetric responses and morphological aspects. Protoplasma 226:125-135.
12. Bell, E. M., and J. Laybourn-Parry. 1999. Annual plankton dynamics in an Antarctic saline lake. Freshwater Biol. 41:507-519.
13. Belzile, C., W. F. Vincent, J. A. E. Gibson, and P. Van Hove. 2001. Biooptical characteristics of the snow, ice and water column of a perennially ice-covered lake in the high Arctic. Can. J. Fish Aqu. Sci. 58:2405-2418.
14. Bidigare, R. R., M. E. Ondrusek, M. C. Kennicutte, I. I., R. Iturriaga, H. R. Harvey, R. W. Hoham, and S. Macko. 1993. Evidence for a photoprotective function for secondary carotenoids of snow algae. J. Phycol. 29:437-438.
15. Blumthaler, M., A. R. Webb, G. Seckmeyer, A. F. Bais, M. Huber, and B. Mayer. 1994. Simultaneous spectroradiometry: a study of solar UV irradiance at two altitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21:2805-2808.
16. Bonilla, S., V. Villenenve, and W. F. Vincent. 2005. Benthic and planktonic algal communities in a high arctic lake: pigment structure and contrasting responses to nutrient enrichment. J. Phycol. 41:1120-1130.
17. Bravo, L. A., N. Ulloa, G. E. Zuniga, A. Casanova, L. J. Corcuera, and M. Alberdi. 2001. Cold resistance in Antarctic angiosperms. Physiol. Plant. 111:55-65.
18. o: a time-resolved analysis. Photosynth. Res. 48:189-196.
19. Butler, W. L. 1978. Energy distribution in the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29:345-378.
20. Canfield, D. E., and W. J. Green. 1985. The cycling of nutrients in a closed-basin Antarctic Lake: Lake Vanda. Biogeochemistry 1:223-256.
21. Cao, J., and Govindjee. 1990. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient as an indicator of active and inactive Photosystem II in thylakoid membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1015:180-188.
22. Carreto, J. I., M. O. Carignan, G. Daleo, and S. G. De Marco. 1990. Occurrence of mycosporine-like amino acids in the red tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium excavatum:UV-photoprotective compounds? J. Plankton Res. 12:909-921.
23. Charlson, R. J., J. E. Loverlock, M. O. Andreae, and S. G. Warren. 1987. Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326:655-661.
24. Chen, Y.-B., D. G. Durnford, M. I. Koblizek, and P. G. Falkowski. 2004. Plastid Regulation of Lhcb1 Transcription in the Chlorophyte alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. Plant Physiol. 136:3737-3750.
25. Christner, B. C, B. H. Kvitko II, and J. N. Reeve. 2003. Molecular identification of bacteria and Eukarya inhabiting an Antarctic cryoconite hole. Extremophiles 7:177-183.
26. Clow, G. D., C. P. McKay, G. M. J. Simmons, and R. A. J. Wharton. 1988. Climatological observations and predicted sublimation rates at Lake Hoare. Ant. J. Clim. 1:715-718.
27. Conovitz, P. A., D. M. McKnight, L. H. MacDonald, A. G. Fountain, and H. R. House. 1998. Hydrologic processes influencing streamflow variation in Fryxell Basin, Antarctica, p. 93-108. In J. Priscu (ed.), Ecosystem dynamics in a polar desert: the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series vol. 72. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
28. Cooley, J. W., C. A. Howitt, and W. F. Vermaas. 2000. Succinate:quinol oxidoreductases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: presence and function in metabolism and electron transport. J. Bacteriol. 182:714-722.
29. Cooley, J. W., and W. F. Vermaas. 2001. Succinate dehydrogenase and other respiratory pathways in thylakoid membranes of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: capacity comparisons and physiological function. J. Bacteriol. 183:4251-4258.
30. Cossins, A. R., P. A. Murray, A. Y. Gracey, J. Logue, S. Policy, M. Caddick, S. Brooks, T. Postle, and N. Maclean. 2002. The role of desaturases in cold-induced lipid restructuring. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30:1082-1086.
31. Cota, G. F. 1985. Photoadaptation of high arctic ice algae. Nature 315:219-222.
32. Cota, G. F., and R. E. H. Smith. 1991. Ecology of bottom ice algae: III Comparative physiology. J. Mar. Syst. 2:297-315.
33. Cota, G. F., and C. W. Sullivan. 1990. Photoadaptation, growth and production of bottom ice algae in the Antarctic. J. Phycol. 26:399-411.
34. Crawford, D. L., and D. A. Powers. 1992. Evolutionary adaptation to different thermal environments via transcriptional regulation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9:806-813.
35. Cybulski, L. E., G. del Solar, P. O. Craig, M. Espinosa, and D. de Mendoxa. 2004. Bacillus subtilis DesR functions as a phosphorylation-activated switch to control membrane lipid fluidity. J. Biol. Chem. 279:39340-39347.
36. Dalsgaard, J., M. St John, G. Kattner, D. Muller-Navarra, and W. Hagen. 2003. Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment. Adv. Mar. Biol. 46:225-340.
37. Deininger, W. P., W. P. Krooger, U. Hegemann, F. Lottspeich, and P. Hegiemann. 1995. Chlamyrhodopsin represents a new type of sensory photoreceptor. EMBO J. 14:5849-5858.
38. Delosme, R., J. Olive, and F. Wollman. 1996. Changes in light energy distribution upon state transitions: an in vivo photoacoustic study of the wild type and photosynthesis mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1273:150-158.
39. Demmig-Adams, B., and W. W. Adams III. 1992. Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:599-626.
40. Demmig-Adams, B., W. Adams, V. Ebbert, and B. A. Logan. 1999. Ecophysiology of the xanthophyll cycle, p. 245-269. In H. A. Frank, A. J. Young, G. Britton, and R. J. Cogdell (ed.), Advances in photosynthesis: the photochemistry of carotenoids. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
41. Demmig-Adams, B., and W. W. Adams III. 2002. Antioxidants in photosynthesis and human nutrition. Science 298:2149-2153.
42. Devos, N., M. Ingouff, R. Loppes, and R. Matagne. 1998. RUBISCO adaptation to low temperatures: a comparative study in psychrophilic and mesophilic unicellular algae. J. Phycol. 34:665-669.
43. Dickson, D. M. J., and G. O. Kirst. 1986. The role of B-dimethylsulphiopropionate, glycine betaine and homarine in the osmoacclimation of Platymonas subcordiformis. Planta 167:536-543.
44. Dillon, J. G., C. M. Tatsumi, P. G. Tandingan, and R. W. Castenholz. 2002. Effect of environmental factors on the synthesis of scytonemin, a UV-screening pigment, in a cyanobacterium (Chroococcidiopsis sp.). Arch. Microbiol. 177:322-331.
45. DiTullio, G. R., R. Giacomo, D. L. Garrison, and S. Mathot. 1996. Dimethylsulfoniopropioate in sea ice algae from the Ross Sea Polynya, p. 1-18. In M. P. Lizotte and K. R. Arrigo (ed.), Antarctic sea ice: biological processes, interactions and variability. AGU Press, Washington, D.C.
46. DiTullio, G. R., O. Walker, and G. A. Smith. 1995. Relationship between dimethylsulfide and phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. 42:873-892.
47. Domergue, F., P. Spiekermann, J. Lerchl, C. Beckmann, O. Kilian. P. G. Kroth, W. Boland, U. Zahringer, and E. Heinz. 2003. New insight into Phaeodactylum tricomuium fatty acid metabolism. Cloning and functional characterization of plastidal and microsomal delta12-fatty acid desaturases. Plant Physiol. 131:1648-1660.
48. Doran, P. T., C. H. Fritsen, C. P. McKay, J. C. Priscu, and E. E. Adams. 2003. Formation and character of an ancient 19-m ice cover and underlying trapped brine in an "ice-sealed" east Antarctic lake. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:26-31.
49. Doran, P. T, J. C. Priscu, W. B. Lyons, J. E. Walsh, A. G. Fountain, D. M. McKnight, D. L. Moorhead, R. A. Virginia, D. H. Wall, G. D. Clow, C. H. Fritsen, C. P. McKay, and A. N. Parsons. 2002. Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response. Nature 415:517-520.
50. Dore, J. E., and J. C. Priscu. 2001. Phytoplankton phosphorus deficiency and alkaline phosphatase activity in the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes, Antarctica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46:1331-1346.
51. Duval, B., K. Shetty, and W. H. Thomas. 2000. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties in the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis after exposure to UV light. J. Appl. Phycol. 11:559-566.
52. Eddy, B. P. 1960. The use and meaning of the term 'psychrophillic'. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 23:189-190.
53. Eicken, H. 1992. The role of sea ice in structuring Antarctic ecosystems. Polar Biol. 12:3-12.
54. Escoubas, J., M. Lomas, J. LaRoche, and P. G. Falkowski. 1995. Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signalled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:10237-10241.
55. Falkowski, P. G., and Y.-B. Chen. 2003. Photoacclimation of light harvesting systems in eukaryotic algae, p. 423-447. In B. R. Green and W. W. Parson (ed.), Advances in photosynthesis and respiration: light harvesting systems in photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
56. Feller, G., and C. Gerday. 2003. Psychrophilic enzymes: hot topics in cold adaptation. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 1:200-208.
57. Feller, G., E. Narinx, J. L. Arpigny, Z. Zekhnini, J. Swings, and C. Gerday. 1994. Temperature dependence of growth, enzyme secretion and activity of psychrophilic Antarctic bacteria. App. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41:477-479.
58. Foreman, C. M., C. F. Wolf, and J. C. Priscu. 2004. Impact of episodic warming events on the physical, chemical and biological relationships of lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Aquat. Geochem. 10:239-268.
59. Fountain, A. G., W. B. Lyons, M. B. Burkins, g. L. Dana, P. T. Doran, L. K. J., D. M. McKnight, D. L. Moorhead, A. N. Parsons, J. C. Priscu, D. H. Wall, R. A. J. Wharton, and R. A. Virginia. 1999. Physical controls on the Taylor Valley Ecosystem, Antarctica. Bioscience 49:961-971.
60. Fritsen, C. H., V. I. Lytle, S. F. Ackley, and C. W. Sullivan. 1994. Autumn bloom of Antarctic pack-ice algae. Science 266:782-784.
61. Fritsen, C. H., and J. C. Priscu. 1998. Cyanobacterial assemblages in permanent ice covers of Antarctic lakes: distribution, growth rate, and temperature response of photosynthesis. J. Phycol. 34:587-597.
62. Fritsen, C. H., and J. C. Priscu. 1999. Seasonal change in the optical properties of the permanent ice cover on Lake Bonney, Antarctica: consequences for lake productivity and dynamics, Limnol. Oceanogr. 44:447-454.
63. 6/f complex. Plant Cell Physiol. 28:1547-1553.
64. Fujita, Y., A. Murakami, K. Ohki, and N. Hagiwara. 1988. Regulation of photosystem composition in cyanobacterial photosynthetic system: evidence indicating that photosystem I formation is controlled in response to the electron transport state. Plant Cell Physiol. 29:557-564.
65. Gaevskii, N. A., G. A. Sorokina, V. M. Gol'd, V. G. Ladygin, and A. V. Gekhman. 1986. Use of Chlamydomonas reinhardii mutants to study heat-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. Fiziol. Restenii 32:674-680.
66. Garcia-Pichel, F., N. D. Sherry, and R. W. Castenholz. 1992. Evidence for an ultraviolet sunscreen role of the extracellular pigment scytonemin in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis sp. Photochem. Photobiol. 56:17-23.
67. Gerday, C., M. Aittaleb, J. L. Arpigny, E. Baise, J. P. Chessa, G. Garsoux, I. Petrescu, and G. Feller. 1997. Psychrophilic enzymes: a thermodynamic challenge. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1342:119-131.
68. Gilmore, A. M. 1997. Mechanistic aspects of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in higher plant chloroplasts and leaves. Physiol. Plant. 99:197-209.
69. Glazer, A. N. 1994. Adaptive variations in phycobilisome structure, p. 119-149. In J. Barber (ed.), Advances in molecular cell biology, vol. 10. JAI Press, London, United Kingdom.
70. Gombos, Z., E. Kanervo, N. Tsvetkova, T. Sakamoto, E. M. Aro, and N. Murata. 1997. Genetic enhancement of the ability to tolerate photoinhibition by introduction of unsaturated bonds into membrane glycerolipids. Plant Physiol. 115:551-559.
71. Gordon, D. A., J. C. Priscu, and S. Giovannoni. 2000. Distribution and phytogeny of bacterial communities associated with mineral particles in Antarctic lake ice. Microb. Ecol. 39:197-202.
72. Gorton, H. L., and T. C. Vogelmann. 2003. Ultraviolet radiation and the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis (Bauer) Wille. Photochem. Photobiol. 77:608-615.
73. Gosselin, M. L., L. Leggendre, S. Demers, and R. G. Ingram. 1985. Physical control of the horizontal patchiness of sea ice microalgae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29:289-298.
74. Green, B. R., and D. G. Durnford. 1996. The chlorophyll-carotenoid proteins of oxygenic photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:685-714.
75. Grinde, B. 1983. Vertical distribution of the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis (Chlorophyta, Volvocales). Polar Biol. 2:159-162.
76. Grossman, A. R., M. R. Schaefer, G. G. Chiang, and J. L. Collier. 1994. The responses of cyanobacteria to environmental conditions: light and nutrients, p. 641-675. In D. A. Bryant (ed.), Advances in photosynthesis: the molecular biology of cyanobacteria Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
77. Grossman, A. R., L. G. Waasenbergen, and D. M. Kehoe. 2003. Environmental regulation of phycobilisome biosynthesis, p. 471-493. B. G. Green and W. Parson (ed.) Advances in photosynthesis and respiration: light-harvesting antennas in photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
78. Gudynaite-Savitch, L., M. Gretes, R. M. Morgan-Kiss, L. V. Savitch, J. Simmonds, S. E. Kohalmi, and N. P. A. Huner. 2005. Cytochrome f from the Antarctic psychrophile, Chlamydomonas raudensis UWO 241: structure, sequence, and complementation in the mesophile, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Genet. Genomics, in press.
79. Gudynaite-Savitch, L., S. E. Kohalmi, and N. P. A. Huner. 2001. Structural analysis of cytochrome f from the psychrophilic green alga Chlamydomonas subcaudata. Presented at the 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, Brisbane, Australia.
80. Hagen, C., W. Baune, and F. Greulich. 1993. Functional aspects of secondary carotenoids in Haematococcus lacustris (Girod) Rostafinski (Volvocales) IV. Protection from photodynamic damage. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 20:153-160.
81. Hamamoto, T., N. Takata, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi. 1995. Characteristic presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine psychrophilic vibrios. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 129:51-56.
82. Harrison, M. A., and A. Melis. 1992. Organization and stability of polypeptides associated with the chlorophyll a-b light-harvesting complex of photosystem-II. Plant Cell Physiol. 33:627-637.
83. Havaux, M. 1993. Characterization of thermal damage to the photosynthetic electron transport system in potato leaves. Plant Sci. 94:19-33.
84. Hazel, J. R. 1984. Effects of temperature on the structure and metabolism of cell membranes in fish. Am. J. Physiol. 246:R460-470.
85. Henderson, R. J., E. N. Hegseth, and M. T. Park. 1998. Seasonal variation in lipid and fatty acid composition of ice algae from the Barents Sea. Polar Biol. 20:48-55.
86. Hoehn, R. C., B. C. Parker, R. D. Fortner, B. L. Weand, J. A. Craft, L. S. Lane, R. W. Stravos, H. G. Sugg, and J. T. Whithurst. 1977. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability to plankton and benthic communities in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Adaptations. Presented at the Within Antarctic Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Third SCAR Symposium on Antarctic Biology.
87. Hoffman, P. F., and D. P. Schrag. 2000. Snowball Earth. Sci. Am. 282:68-75.
88. Holloway, G., and T. Sou. 2002. Has Arctic sea ice rapidly thinned? J. Clim. 15:1691-1701.
89. Horton, P., A. V. Ruban, and R. G. Walters. 1996. Regulation of light harvesting in green plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:655-684.
90. Horton, P., A. V. Ruban, and A. J. Young. 1999. Regulation of the structure and function of the light harvesting complexes of photosystem II by the xanthophyll cycle, p. 271-291. In H. A. Frank, A. J. Young, G. Britton, and R. J. Cogdell (ed.), Advances in photosynthesis, vol. 8: the photochemistry of carotenoids. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
91. Horvath, I., A. Glatz, V. Varvasovszki, Z. Torok, T. Pali, G. Balogh, E. Kovacs, L. Nadasdi, S. Benko, F. Joo, and L. Vigh. 1998. Membrane physical state controls the signaling mechanism of the heat shock response in Synechocystis PCC 6803: identification of hsp17 as a "fluidity gene." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3513-3518.
92. Howard-Williams, C., and W. F. Vincent. 1989. Microbial communities in southern Victoria Land streams (Antarctica). 1. Photosynthesis. Hydrobiol. 172:27-38.
93. Huner, N. P. A., G. Öquist, and A. Melis. 2003. Photostasis in plants, green algae and cyanobacteria: the role of light harvesting antenna complexes, p. 401-421. B. R. Green and W. W. Parson (ed.), Advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol. 13: light harvesting systems in photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
94. Huner, N. P. A., G. Öquist, and F. Sarhan. 1998. Energy balance and acclimation to light and cold. Trends Plant Sci. 3:224-230.
95. Huybrechts, P., and J. Oerlemans. 1990. Response of the Antarctic ice sheet to future greenhouse wanning. Clim. Dynam. (Historical Archive) 5:93-102.
96. Ikeya, T., Y. Kashino, S. Kudoh, S. Imura, K. Watanabe, and M. Fukuchi. 2000. Acclimation of photosynthetic properties in psychrophilic diatom isolates under different light intensities. Polar Biosci. 13:43-54.
97. Ivanov, A. G., E. Miskiewicz, A. K. Clarke, B. M. Greenberg, and N. P. Huner. 2000. Protection of photosystem II against UV-A and UV-B radiation in the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum: the role of growth temperature and growth irradiance. Photochem. Photobiol. 72:772-779.
98. Ivanov, A. G., Y. I. Park, E. Miskiewicz, J. A. Raven, N. P. Huner, and G. Öquist. 2000. Iron stress restricts photosynthetic imersystem electron transport in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. FEBS Lett. 485:173-177.
99. Ivanov, A. G., and M. Y. Velitchkova. 1990. Heat-induced changes in the efficiency of P700 photo-oxidation in pea chloroplast membranes. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 4:307-320.
100. Kamiya, A., I. Ikegami, and E. Hase. 1983. Effects of light on chlorophyll formation in cultured tobacco cells. II. Blue light effect on 5-aminolevulinic acid formation. Plant Cell Physiol. 24:799-809.
101. Kamiya, R., and G. B. Witman. 1984. Submicromolar levels of calcium control the balance of beating between the two flagella in demembranated models of Chlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol. 98:97-107.
102. Kanervo, E., Y. Tasaka, N. Murata, and E. M. Aro. 1997. Membrane lipid unsaturation modulates processing of the photosystem II reaction-center protein Dl at low temperatures. Plant Physiol. 114:841-849.
103. Karasova-Lipovova, P., H. Strnad, V. Spiwok, S. Mala, B. Kralova, and N. J. Russell. 2003. The cloning, purification and characterisation of a cold-active β-galactosidase from the psychrotolerant Antarctic bacterium Arthrobacter sp. C2-2. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 33:836-844.
104. Karl, D. M., D. F. Bird, K. Bjorkman, T. Houlihan, R. Shackelford, and L. Tupas. 1999. Microorganisms in the accreted ice of Lake Vostok, Antarctica. Science 286:2144-2147.
105. Karpinski, S., H. Reynolds, B. Karpinska, G. Wingsle, G. Creissen, and P. Mullineaux. 1999. Systemic signaling and acclimation in response to excess excitation energy in Arabidopsis. Science 284:654-657.
106. Karr, E. A., W. M. Sattley, D. O. Jung, M. T. Madigan, and L. A. Achenbach. 2003. Remarkable diversity of phototrophic purple bacteria in a permanently frozen Antarctic lake. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:4910-4914.
107. Kashino, Y., K. Fujimoto, A. Akamatsu, H. Koioke, K. Satoh, T. Ikeya, S. Imura, K. Watanabe, and S. Kudoh. 1999. Acclimation of ice algae to higher irradiance, p. 2237-2240. In G. Garab (ed.), Photosynthesis, vol. III: mechanisms and effects. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
108. Kashino, Y., K. Fujimoto, A. Akamatsu, H. Koioke, K. Satoh, and S. Kudoh. 1998. Photosynthetic pigment composition of ice algal and phytoplankton assemblages in early spring in Saroma Ko lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan. Presented at the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology.
109. Keren, N., and I. Ohad. 1998. State transitions and photoinhibition, p. 569-596. In J.-D.Rochaix, M. Goldschmidt, and S. Merchant (ed.), Advances in photosynthesis, vol. 7: molecular biology of chloroplasts and mitochondria in Chlamydomonas. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
110. Kirst, G. O. 1990. Salt tolerance of eukaryotic marine algae. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 41:21-53.
111. Kirst, G. O., and C. Wiencke. 1995. Ecophysiology of polar algae. J. Phycol. 31:181-199.
112. Koob, D. D., and G. L. Leister. 1972. Primary productivity and associated physical, chemical and biological characteristics of Lake Bonney: a perennially ice-covered lake in Antarctica. Antarct. Res. Ser. 20:51-68.
113. A redox state and excitation energy fluxes. Photosynth. Res. 79:209-218.
114. Krause, G. H., and E. Weis. 1991. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basics. Annu. Rev. Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:313-349.
115. Krause, G. H., and Weis, E. 1988. The photosynthetic apparatus and chlorophyll fluorescence, an introduction, p. 3-11. In H. K. Lichtenthaler (ed.), Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
116. Kudoh, S., S. Imura, and Y. Kashino. 2003. Xanthophyll-cycle of ice algae on the sea ice bottom in Saroma Ko lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan. Polar Biosci. 16:86-97.
117. Kudoh, S., B. Robineau, Y. Suzuki, Y. Fujiyoshi, and M. Takahashi. 1997. Photosynthetic acclimation and the estimation of temperature ice algal primary production in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Japan. J. Mar. Syst. 11:93-109.
118. LaRoche, J., A. Mortain-Bertrand, and P. G. Falkowski. 1991. Light intensity-induced changes in cab mRNA and light harvesting complex II apoprotein levels in the unicellular chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta. Plant Physiol. 97:147-153.
119. Laybourn-Parry, J. 2002. Survival mechanisms in Antarctic lakes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 357:863-869.
120. Lee, P. A., J. A. Mikucki, C. M. Foreman, J. C. Priscu, G. R. DiTullio, S. F. Riseman, S. J. deMora, C. F. Wold, and L. Rester. 2004. Thermodynamic constraints on microbially mediated processes in lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Geomicrobiol. J. 21:1-17.
121. Lee, P. A., J. C. Priscu, G. R. DiTullio, S. F. Riseman, N. Tursich, and S. J. deMora. 2004. Elevated levels of dimethylated-sulfur compounds in Lake Bonney, a poorly ventilated Antarctic lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49:1044-1055.
122. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, J. L. Wang, T. L. Delworth, K. W. Dixon, and A. J. Broccoli. 2001. Anthropogenic warming of Earth's climate system. Science 292:267-270.
123. Lisle, J. T., and J. C. Priscu. 2004. The occurrence of lysogenic bacteria and microbial aggregates in the lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Microb. Ecol. 47:427-439.
124. Lizotte, M. P. 2001. The contributions of sea ice algae to Antarctic marine primary production. Am. Zool. 41:57-73.
125. Lizotte, M. P., and J. C. Priscu. 1998. Distribution, succession and fate of phytoplankton in the dry valley lakes of Antarctica, based on pigment analysis, p. 229-240. In J. C. Priscu (ed.), Ecosystem dynamics in a polar desert: the McMurdo Dry Valleys, vol. 72. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
126. Lizotte, M. P., and J. C. Priscu. 1994. Natural fluorescence and quantum yields in vertically stationary phytoplankton from perennially ice-covered lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39:1399-1410.
127. Lizotte, M. P., and J. C. Priscu. 1990. Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in phytoplankton from Lake Bonney. Antarc. J. U.S. 25:223-224.
128. Lizotte, M. P., and J. C. Priscu. 1992. Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in phytoplankton from the physically stable water column of a perennially ice-covered lake (Lake Bonney, Antarctica). J. Phycol. 28:179-185.
129. Lizotte, M. P., and J. C. Priscu. 1992. Spectral irradiance and bio-optical properties in perennially ice-covered lakes of the dry valleys (McMurdo Sound, Antarctica). Ant. Res. Set. 57:1-14.
130. Lomas, M. W., and P. M. Gilbert. 1999. Temperature regulation of nitrate uptake: a novel hypothesis about nitrate uptake and reduction in cool-water diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44:556-572.
131. Long, S. P., S. Humphries, and P. G. Falkowski. 1994. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in nature. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45:633-662.
132. Lopez-Figueroa, F., and W. Rudiger. 1991. Stimulation of nitrate uptake and reduction by red and blue light and reversion by far-red light in the green alga Ulva rigida. J. Phycol. 27:389-394.
133. Loppes, R., N. Devos, S. Willem, P. Barthelemy, and R. Matagne. 1996. Effect of temperature on two enzymes from a psychrophilic Chloromonas (CHLOROPHYTA). J. Phycol. 32:276-278.
134. Los, D. A., and N. Murata. 2004. Membrane fluidity and its roles in the perception of environmental signals. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1666:142-157.
135. Los, D. A., and N. Murata. 1998. Structure and expression of fatty acid desaturases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1394:3-15.
136. Lunde, C., P. E. Jensen, A. Haldrup, J. Knoetzel, and H. V. Scheller. 2000. The PSI-H subunit of photosystem I is essential for state transitions in plant photosynthesis. Nature 408:613-615.
137. Lyons, W. B., C. Howard-Williams, and I. Hawes. 1997. Ecosystem processes in Antarctic ice-free landscapes, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
138. Lyons, W. B., K. A. Welch, K. Neumann, J. K. Toxey, R. McArthur, and C. Williams. 1998. Geochemical linkages among glaciers, streams, and lakes within the Taylor Valley, Antarctica, p. 77-92. In J. C. Priscu (ed.), Ecosystem dynamics in a polar desert: the McMurdo Dry Valleys. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
139. Macartney, A. I., B. Maresca, and A. R. Cossins. 1994. Acyl-CoA desaturases and the adaptive regulation of membrane lipid composition, p. 129-139. In A. R. Cossins (ed.), Temperature adaptation of biological membranes. Portland Press, London, United Kingdom.
140. Madigan, M. T., D. O. Jung, C. R. Woese, and L. A. Achenbach. 2000. Rhodoferax antarcticus sp. nov., a moderately psychrophilic purple nonsulfur bacterium isolated from an Antarctic microbial mat. Arch. Microbiol. 173:269-277.
141. Makarevich, P. R., and D. G. Matishov. 2000. Spring production cycle of phytoplankton in the Kara Sea. Dokl. Biol. Sci. 375:627-629.
142. Mansilla, M. C., and D. de Mendoza. 2005. The Bacillus subtilis desaturase: a model to understand phospholipid modification and temperature sensing. Arch. Microbiol. 183:229-235.
143. Marshall, W., and J. Laybourn-Parry. 2002. The balance between photosynthesis and grazing and Antarctic mixotrophic cryptophytes during summer. Freshwater Biol. 47:2060-2070.
144. Marshall, W. A., and M. O. Chalmers. 1997. Airborne dispersal of Antarctic algae and cyanobacteria. Ecography 20:585-594.
145. Masuda, T., A. Tanaka, and A. Melis. 2003. Chlorophyll antenna size adjustments by irradiance in Dunaliella satina involve coordinate regulation of chlorophyll a oxygenase (CAO) and Lhcb gene expression. Plant Mol. Biol. 51:757-771.
146. Maxwell, D. P., S. Falk, and N. Huner. 1995. Photosystem II excitation pressure and development of resistance to photoinhibition. I. light-harvesting complex II abundance and zeaxanthin content in Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 107:687-694.
147. Maxwell, D. P., S. Falk, C. G. Trick, and N. Huner. 1994. Growth at low temperature mimics high-light acclimation in Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 105:535-543.
148. Maxwell, D. P., D. E. Laudenbach, and N. Huner. 1995. Redox regulation of light-harvesting complex II and cab mRNA abundance in Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol. 109:787-795.
149. Maykut, C. A., and T. C. Grenfell. 1975. The spectral distribution of light beneath first-year sea ice in the Arctic Icelab. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20:554-563.
150. McBean, G. A. 1994. Global change models: A physical perspective. Ambio 23:13-18.
151. McCarthy, J. J., and M. C. McKenna. 2000. How earth's ice is changing. Environment 42:8-18.
152. McKay, C. P., D. Andersen, W. H. Pollard, J. L. Heldmann, P. T. Doran, C. H. Fritsen, and J. C. Priscu. 2005. Polar lakes, streams, and springs as analogs for the hydrological cycle on Mars, p. 219-233. In T. Tokano (ed.), Water on Mars and life. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
153. McKay, C. P., G. D. Clow, and R. A. J. Wharton. 1985. Thickness of ice of perennially frozen lakes. Nature 313:561-562.
154. McKnight, D. M., B. L. Hower, C. D. Taylor, and D. D. Goehringer. 2000. Phytoplankton dynamics in a stably stratified Antarctic lake during winter darkness. J. Phycol. 36:852-861.
155. Melis, A. 1998. Photostasis in plants: mechanisms and regulation, p. 207-221. In W. A. Thistle (ed.), Photostasis and related phenomena. Lenum Press, New York, NY.
156. Melis, A. 1999. Photosystem-11 damage and repair cycle in chloroplasts: what modulates the rate of photodamage in vivo? Trends Plant Sci. 4:130-135.
157. Metz, J. G., P. Roessler, D. Facciotti, C. Levering, F. Dittrich, M. Lassner, R. Valentine, K. Lardizabal, F. Domergue, A. Yamada, K. Yazawa, V. Knauf, and J. Browse. 2001. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by polyketide synthases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Science 293:290-293.
158. Mikucki, J. A., C. M. Foreman, J. C. Prisai, W. B. Lyons, B. Sattler, and K. A. Welch. 2004. Geomicrobiology of Blood Falls: a saline, iron-rich subglacial feature of Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. Aquat. Geochem. 10:199-220.
159. Miskiewicz, E., A. G. Ivanov, and N. P. Huner. 2002. Stoichiometry of the photosynthetic apparatus and phycobilisome structure of the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum UTEX 485 are regulated by both light and temperature. Plant Physiol. 130:1414-1425.
160. Miskiewicz, E., A. G. Ivanov, J. P. Williams, M. U. Khan, S. Falk, and N. P. Huner. 2000. Photosynthetic acclimation of the filamentous cyanobacterium, Plectonema boryanum UTEX 485, to temperature and light. Plant Cell Physiol. 41:767-775.
161. Mock, T., and H. Hock. 2005. Long-term temperature acclimation of photosynthesis in steady-state cultures of the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Photosynth. Res. 85:307-317.
162. Mock, T., and B. M. Kroon. 2002. Photosynthetic energy conversion under extreme conditions. I: important role of lipids as structural modulators and energy sink under N-limited growth in Antarctic sea ice diatoms. Phytochemistry 61:41-51.
163. Mock, T., and B. M. Kroon. 2002. Photosynthetic energy conversion under extreme conditions. II: the significance of lipids under light limited growth in Antarctic sea ice diatoms. Phytochemistry 61:53-60.
164. Mock, T., and K. Valentin. 2004. Photosynthesis and cold acclimation: molecular evidence from a polar diatom. J. Phycol. 40:732-741.
165. Moorhead, D. L., P. T. Doran, A. G. Fountain, W. B. Lyons, D. M. McKight, J. Priscu, R. A. Virginia, and D. H. Wall. 1999. Ecological legacies: impacts on ecosystems of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Bioscience 49:1009-1019.
166. Morgan, R. M., A. G. Ivanov, J. C. Priscu, D. P. Maxwell, and N. P. A. Huner. 1998. Structure and composition of the photochemical apparatus of the Antarctic green alga, Chlamydomonas subcaudata. Photosynth. Res. 56:303-314.
167. Morgan-Kiss, R., A. G. Ivanov, J. Williams, K. Mobashsher, and N. P. Huner. 2002. Differential thermal effects on the energy distribution between photosystem II and photosystem I in thylakoid membranes of a psychrophilic and a mesophilic alga. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1561:251-265.
168. Morgan-Kiss, R. M., A. G. Ivanov, and N. P. Huner. 2002. The Antarctic psychrophile, Chlamydomonas subcaudata, is deficient in state I-state II transitions. Planta 214:435-445.
169. Morgan-Kiss, R. M., A. G. Ivanov, T. Pocock, M. Krol, L. Gudynaite-Savitch, and N. P. Huner. 2005. The Antarctic psychrophile, Chlamydomonas raudensis Ettl (UWO241) (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) exhibits a limited capacity to photoacclimate to red light. J. Phycol. 41:791-800.
170. Morita, R. Y. 1975. Psychrophilic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 39:144-167.
171. Mueller, D. R., W. F. Vincent, S. Bonilla, and I. Laurion. 2005. Extremophiles, extremotrophs and broadband pigmentations strategies in a high arctic ice shelf ecosystem. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 53:73-87.
172. Mueller, D. R., W. F. Vincent, and M. O. Jeffries. 2003. Break-up of the largest Arctic ice shelf and associated loss of an epishelf lake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30:2031.
173. 172a. Mueller, D. R., W. F. Vincent, W. H. Pollard, and C. H. Fritsen. 2001. Glacial cryoconite ecosystems: a bipolar composition of algal communities and habitats. Algae and extreme environments. Nova Hedwigia 123:173-197.
174. Murakami, A., Y. Fujita, J. A. Nemson, and A. Melis. 1997. Chromatic regulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: time course of photosystem stoichiometry adjustment following a shift in growth light quality. Plant Cell Physiol. 38:188-193.
175. Murata, N., and H. Wada. 1995. Acyl-lipid desaturases and their importance in the tolerance and acclimatization to cold of cyanobacteria. Biochem. J. 308:1-8.
176. Nadeau, T.-L., C. Howard-Williams, and R. Castenholz. 1999. Effects of solar UV and visible irradiance on photosynthesis and vertical migration of Oscillatoria sp, (Cyanobacteria) in an Antarctic microbial mat. Aquat. Microbial. Ecol. 20:231-243.
177. Nadeau, T.-L., E. C. Milbrandt, and R. W. Castenholz. 2001. Evolutionary relationships of cultivated Antarctic oscillatorians (cyanobacteria). J. Phycol. 37:650-654.
178. Nakamura, K., D. F. Bray, J. W. Costerton, and E. B. Wagnaar. 1973. The eyespot of Chlamydomonas eugametos: a freeze-etch study. Can. J. Bot. 51:817-819.
179. Napolitano, M. J., and D. H. Shain. 2005. Distinctions in adenylate metabolism among organisms inhabiting temperature extremes. Extremophiles 9:93-98.
180. Napolitano, M. J., and D. H. Shain. 2004. Four kingdoms on glacier ice: convergent energetic processes boost energy levels as temperatures fall. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271:273-276.
181. Neale, P. J., and J. C. Priscu. 1998. Fluorescence quenching in phytoplankton of the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes (Antarctica): implications for the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus, p. 241-253. In J. C. Priscu (ed.), Ecosystem dynamics in a polar desert: the McMurdo Dry Valleys. AGU, Washington, D.C.
182. Neale, P. J., and J. C. Priscu. 1995. The photosynthetic apparatus of phytoplankton from a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake: acclimation to an extreme shade environment. Plant Cell Physiol. 36:253-263.
183. Neale, P. J., and J. C. Priscu. 1990. Structure and function of the photochemical apparatus in the phytoplankton of ice-covered Lake Bonney. Antarc. J. U.S. 25:225-226.
184. Nichols, D. S., M. R. Miller, N. W. Davies, A. Goodchild, M. Raftery, and R. Cavicchioli. 2004. Cold adaptation in the Antarctic archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii involves membrane lipid unsaturation. J. Bacteriol. 186:8508-8515.
185. Nichols, D. S., P. D. Nichols, and C. W. Sullivan. 1993. Fatty acid, sterol and hydrocarbon composition of Antarctic sea ice diatom communities during the spring bloom in McMurdo Sound. Antarct. Sci. 5:217-278.
186. Nichols, D. S., J. Olley, H. Garda, R. R. Brenner, and T. A. McMeekin. 2000. Effect of temperature and salinity stress on growth and lipid composition of Shewanella gelidimarina. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2422.
187. Nichols, D. S., A. C. Palmisano, A. C. Rayner, G. A. Smith, and D. C. White. 1989. Changes in the lipid composition of Antarctic sea-ice diatom communities during a spring bloom: an indication of community physiological status. Antarct. Sci. 1:133-144.
188. 25 diunsaturated alkene and high neutral lipid content in Antarctic sea-ice diatom communities. J. Phycol. 24:90-96.
189. Nishida, I., and N. Murata. 1996. Chilling sensitivity in plants and cyanobacteria: the crucial contribution of membrane lipids. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:541-568.
190. Reference deleted.
191. Nultsch, W. G., I. Throm, and V. Rimscha. 1971. Phototaktische untersuchen an Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard in homokontinuierlicher Kultur. Arch. Microbiol. 80:351-369.
192. Odom, O. W., D. L. Shenkenberg, J. A. Garcia, and D. L. Herrin. 2004. A horizontally acquired group II intron in the chloroplast psbA gene of a psychrophilic Chlamydomonas: in vitro self-splicing and genetic evidence for maturase activity. RNA 10:1097-1107.
193. Öquist, G., and N. P. Huner. 2003. Photosynthesis of overwintering evergreen plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54:329-355.
194. Ort, D. R. 2001. When there is too much light. Plant Physiol. 125:29-32.
195. Paerl, H. W., and J. C. Priscu. 1998. Microbial phototrophic, heterotrophic, and diazotrophic activities associated with aggregates in the permanent ice cover of Lake Bonney, Antarctica. Microb. Ecol. 36:221-230.
196. Palmisano, A. C., and D. L. Garrison. 1993. Microorganisms in Antarctic sea ice, p. 167-218. In E. I. Friedmann (ed.), Antarctic microbiology. Wiley-Liss Publishers, New York, N.Y.
197. Palmisano, A. C., J. B. SooHoo, and C. W. Sullivan. 1985. Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in sea ice microalgae from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. J. Phycol. 21:341-345.
198. Palmisano, A. C., and C. W. Sullivan. 1985. Pathways of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in sea-ice microalgae from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 30:674-678.
199. Parker, M. S., and E. V. Armbrust. 2005. Synergistic effects of light, temperature, and nitrogen source on transcription of genes for carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol. 41:1142-1153.
200. Perez-Torres, E., A. Gargia, J. Dinamarca, M. Alberdi, A. Gutierrez, M. Gidekel, A. G. Ivanov, N. Huner, L. J. Corcuera, and L. A. Bravo. 2004. The role of photochemical quenching and antioxidants in photoprotection of Deschampsia antarctica. Funct. Plant Biol. 31:731-741.
201. Pfannschmidt, T. 2003. Chloroplast redox signals: how photosynthesis controls its own genes. Trends Plant Sci. 8:33-41.
202. Pfannschmidt, T., A. Nilsson, and J. F. Allen. 1999. Photosynthetic control of chloroplast gene expression. Nature 397:625-628.
203. Pfannschmidt, T., K. Schutze, M. Brest, and R. Oelmuller. 2001. A novel mechanism of nuclear photosynthesis gene regulation by redox signals from the chloroplast during photosystem stoichiometry adjustment. J. Biol. Chem. 276:36125-36133.
204. Pfannschmidt, T., K. Schutze, V. Fey, I. Sherameti, and R. Oelmuller. 2003. Chloroplast redox control of nuclear gene expression-a new class of plastid signals in interorganellar communication. Antioxid. Redox Signal 5:95-101.
205. Pocock, T. 2004. Phytogeny, photoinhibition and recovery of a new Antarctic psychrophile Chlamydomonas raudensis (UWO 241). Ph.D. thesis. University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
206. Pocock, T., M.-A. Lachance, T. Proschold, J. C. Priscu, S. Kim, and N. P. A. Huner. 2004. Identification of a psychrophilic green alga from Lake Bonney antarctica: Chlamydomonas raudensis ETTL. (UWO 241) (Chlorophyceae). J. Phycol. 40:1138-1148.
207. Pocock, T., D. Rosso, S. Falk, and N. P. A. Huner. 2005. Recovery from photoinhibition in the low light adapted green alga, Chlamydomonas raudensis Ettl (UWO241), p. 525-527. In A. van der Est and D. Bruce (ed.), Photosynthesis, vol. 1: fundamental aspects to global perspectives. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
208. Poreda, R. J., A. G. Hunt, W. B. Lyons, and K. A. Welch. 2005. The helium isotopic chemistry of Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctic: timing of lake holocene climate change in Antarctica. Aquat. Geochem. 10:353-371.
209. Powles, S. B. 1984. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:14-44.
210. Priscu, J. C. 1997. The biogeochemistry of nitrous oxide in permanently ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Global Change Biol. 3:301-305.
211. Priscu, J. C. 1998. Ecosystem dynamics in a polar desert: the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, vol. 72. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
212. Priscu, J. C. 1995. Phytoplankton nutrient deficiency in lakes of the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica. Freshwater Biol. 34:215-227.
213. Priscu, J. C., E. E. Adams, W. B. Lyons, M. A. Voytek, D. W. Mogk, R. L. Brown, C. P. McKay, C. D. Takacs, K. A. Welch, C. F. Wolf, J. D. Kirshtein, and R. Avci. 1999. Geomicrobiology of subglacial ice above Lake Vostok, Antarctica. Science 286:2141-2144.
214. Priscu, J. C., M. T. Downes, and C. P. McKay. 1996. Extreme supersaturation of nitrous oxide in a poorly ventilated Antarctic lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41:1544-1551.
215. Priscu, J. C., C. H. Fritsen, E. E. Adams, S. J. Giovannoni, H. W. Paerl, C. P. McKay, P. T. Doran, D. A. Gordon, B. D. Lanoil, and J. L. Pinckney. 1998. Perennial Antarctic lake ice: an oasis for life in a polar desert. Science 280:2095-2098.
216. Priscu, J. C., C. H. Fritsen, E. E. Adams, H. W. Paerl, J. T. Lisle, J. E. Dore, C. F. Wolf, and J. A. Mikucki. 2005. Perennial Antarctic lake ice: a refuge for cyanobactsria in an extreme environment, p. 22-49. In J. D. Castello and S. O. Rogers (ed.), Life in ancient ice. Princeton Press, Princeton, N.J.
217. Priscu, J. C., M. P. Lizotte, G. F. Cota, A. C. Palmisano, and C. W. Sullivan. 1991. Diel patterns of photosynthesis and nitrogen uptake by Antarctic sea ice microalgae: response to continuous but variable irradiance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 70:201-210.
218. Priscu, J. C., and P. J. Neale. 1995. Phototactic response of phytoplankton forming discrete layers within the water column of Lake Bonney, Antarctica. Antarct. J. US 30:301-303.
219. Priscu, J. C., A. C. Palmisano, L. R. Priscu, and C. W. Sullivan. 1989. Temperature dependence of inorganic nitrogen uptake and assimilation in Antarctic sea-ice microalgae. Polar Biol. 9:442-446.
220. Priscu, J. C., L. R. Priscu, A. C. Palmisano, and C. W. Sullivan. 1990. Estimation of neutral lipid levels by nile red fluorescence in Antarctic sea-ice microalgae. Antarc. Sci. 2:149-155.
221. Priscu, J. C., W. F. Vincent, and C. Howard-Williams. 1989. Inorganic nitrogen uptake and regeneration in lakes Fryxell and Vanda, Antarctic. J. Plankton Res. 11:335-351.
222. Priscu, J. C., C. F. Wolf, C. D. Takacs, C. H. Fritsen, J. Laybourn-Parry, J. K. M. Roberts, and W. Berry-Lyons. 1999. Carbon transformations in the water column of a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake. Bioscience 49:997-1008.
223. Proteau, P. J., W. H. Gerwick, F. Garcia-Pichel, and R. Castenholz. 1993. The structure of scytonemin, an ultraviolet sunscreen pigment from the sheaths of cyanobacteria. Experientia 49:825-829.
224. Quesada, A., W. F. Vincent, and D. R. S. Lean. 1999. Community and pigment structural of Arctic cyanobacterial assemblages: the occurrence and distribution of UV-absorbing compounds. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 28:315-323.
225. Ralph, P. J., A. McMin, K. G. Ryan, and C. Ashworth. 2005. Short-term effect of temperature on the photokinetics of microalgae from the surface layers of Antarctic pack ice. J. Phycol. 41:763-769.
226. Raven, J. A., J. E. Kubler, and J. Beardall. 2000. Put out the light, and then put out the light. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 80:1-25.
227. Reay, D. S., D. B. Nedwell, J. Priddle, and J. C. Ellis-Evans. 1999. Temperature dependence of inorganic nitrogen uptake: reduced affinity for nitrate at suboptimal temperatures in both algae and bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2577-2584.
228. Reitan, K. I., J. O. Rainuzzo, and Y. Olsen. 1994. Effect of nutrient limitation on fatty acid and lipid content of marine microalgae. J. Phycol. 30:972-979.
229. Roos, J. C., and W. F. Vincent. 1998. Temperature dependence on UV radiation effects on Antarctic cyanobacteria. J. Phycol. 34:118-125.
230. Routaboul, J. M., S. F. Fischer, and J. Browse. 2000. Trienoic fatty acids are required to maintain chloroplast function at low temperatures. Plant Physiol. 124:1697-1705.
231. Russell, N. J. 1997. Psychrophilic bacteria-molecular adaptations of membrane lipids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 118A:489-493.
232. Russell, N. J., and D. S. Nichols. 1999. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine bacteria-a dogma rewritten. Microbiology 145:767-779.
233. 4 plants and some implications for photosynthetic performance at high and low temperature. J. Exp. Bot. 53:609-620.
234. Sakamoto, T., and D. A. Bryant. 1998. Growth at low temperature causes nitrogen limitation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Arch. Microbiol. 169:10-19.
235. Sakamoto, T., S. Higashi, H. Wada, N. Murata, and D. A. Bryant. 1997. Low-temperature-induced desaturation of fatty acids and expression of desaturase genes in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 152:313-320.
236. Sakamoto, T., G. Shen, S. Higashi, N. Murata, and D. A. Bryant. 1998. Alteration of low-temperature susceptibility of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 by genetic manipulation of membrane lipid unsaturation. Arch. Microbiol. 169:20-28.
237. Salvucci, M. E., and S. J. Crafts-Brandner. 2004. Relationship between the heat tolerance of photosynthesis and the thermal stability of rubisco acti-vase in plants from contrasting thermal environments. Plant Physiol. 134:1460-1470.
238. Sane, P. V., T. S. Desai, V. G. Tatake, and Govindjee. 1984. Heat induced reversible increase in Photosystem 1 emission in algae, leaves and chloroplasts: spectra, activities, and relation to state changes. Photosynthetica 18:439-444.
239. Sattler, B., H. Puxbaum, and R. Psenner. 2001. Bacterial growth in super-cooled cloud droplets. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28:239-242.
240. Scherer, S. 1990. Do photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains share redox proteins? Trends Biochem. Sci. 15:458-462.
241. 239a. Seaburg, K. G., B. C. Parker, G. W. Prescott, and L. A. Whitford. 1979. The algae of Southern Victorialand, Antarctica. A taxonomic and distributional study. J. Cramer Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
242. Shifrin, M. S., and S. W. Chisholm. 1981. Phytoplankton lipids: interspecific differences and effects of nitrate, silicate and light-dark cycles. J. Phycol. 17:374-384.
243. Sidler, W. A. 1994. Phycobilisome and phycobiliprotein structures, p. 139-216. In D. A. Bryant (ed.), Advances in photosynthesis, vol. 1: the molecular biology of cyanobacteria. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
244. Siegert, M. J., J. C. Ellis-Evans, M. Tranter, C. Mayer, J. R. Petit, A. Salamatin, and J. C. Priscu. 2001. Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes. Nature 414:603-609.
245. Smetacek, V., and U. Passow. 1990. Spring bloom initiation and Sverdrup's critical-depth model. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:228-234.
246. Spigel, R. H., and J. C. Priscu. 1996. Evolution of temperature and salt structure of Lake Bonney, a chemically stratified Antarctic lake. Hydrobiology 321:177-190.
247. Spigel, R. H., and J. C. Priscu. 1998. Physical limnology of the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes. In J. C. Priscu (ed.), Ecosystem dynamics in a polar desert: the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series vol. 72. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
248. Sukenik, A., J. Bennett, and P. G. Falkowski. 1988. Changes in the abundance of individual apoproteins of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complexes of photosystem I and II with growth irradiance in the marine chlorophyte Dunaliella lertiolecla. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 932:206-215.
249. Takahashi, S., T. Nakamura, M. Sakamizu, R. van Woesik, and H. Yamasaki. 2004. Repair machinery of symbiotic photosynthesis as the primary target of heat stress for reef-building corals. Plant Cell Physiol. 45:251-255.
250. Tanaka, A., and A. Melis. 1997. Irradiance-dependent changes in the size and composition of the chlorophyll a-b light-harvesting complex in the green alga Dunaliella salina. Plant Cell Physiol. 38:17-24.
251. Tang, E. P. Y., R. Tremblay, and W. F. Vincent. 1997. Cyanobacterial dominance of polar freshwater ecosystems; are high-latitude mat-formers adapted to low temperature? J. Phycol. 33:171-181.
252. Tchernov, D., M. Y. Gorbunov, C. de Vargas, S. Narayan Yadav, A. J. Milligan, M. Haggblom, and P. G. Falkowski. 2004. Membrane lipids of symbiotic algae are diagnostic of sensitivity to thermal bleaching in corals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:13531-13535.
253. Thomas, D. J., and Detckmann. 2002. Antarctic sea ice: a habitat for extremophiles. Science 295:641-644.
254. Thomashow, M. F. 1998. Role of cold-responsive gene in plant freezing tolerance. Plant Physiol. 118:1-7.
255. Thompson, P. A., P. J. Harrison, and J. N. C. Whyte. 1990. Influence of irradiance on the fatty acid composition of phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 26:278-288.
256. Thomson, P. G., S. W. Wright, C. J. S. Bolch, P. D. Nichols, J. H. Skerratt, and A. McMinn. 2004. Antarctic distribution, pigment and lipid composition, and molecular identification of the brine dinoflagellate Polarella glacialis (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 40:867-873.
257. Tiku, P., A. Y. Gracey, A. I. Macarteney, R. J. Beynon, and A. R. Cossins. 1996. Cold-induced expression of delta-9-desaturase in carp by transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Science 271:815-818.
258. Tranter, M., A. G. Fountain, C. H. Fritsen, W. B. Lyons, J. C. Priscu, P. Statham, and K. A. Welch. 2004. Extreme hydrochemical conditions in natural microcosms entombed within Antarctic ice. Hydrol. Proc. 18:379-387.
259. Tranter, M., A. G. Fountain, C. H. Fritsen, W. B. Lyons, J. C. Priscu, P. J. Stratham, and K. A. Welch. 2005. Perturbation of hydrochemical conditions in natural microcosms entombed within Antarctic ice. Ice Clim. News 6:22-23.
260. Trodahl, H. J., and R. G. Buckley. 1989. Ultraviolet levels under sea ice during the Antarctic spring. Science 245:194-195.
261. Tullberg, A., K. Alexciev, T. Pfannschmidt, and J. F. Allen. 2000. Photosynthetic electron flow regulates transcription of the psaB gene in pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts through the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Plant Cell Physiol. 41:1045-1054.
262. 2). Mutat. Res. 145:129-136.
263. Vaughan, D. G., and J. R. Spouge. 2002. Risk estimation of collapse of the west Antarctic ice sheet. Clim. Change 52:65-91.
264. Vincent, W. F., M. T. Downes, R. Castenholz, and C. Howard-Williams. 1993. Community structure and pigment organisation of cyanobacteria-dominated microbial mats in Antarctica. Eur. J. Phycol. 28:213-221.
265. Vincent, W. F., J. A. Gibson, R. Pienitz, V. Villeneuve, P. A. Broady, P. B. Hamilton, and C. Howard-Williams. 2000. Ice shelf microbial ecosystems in the high arctic and implications for life on snowball earth. Naturwissenschaften 87:137-141.
266. Vincent, W. F., and C. Howard-Williams. 2000. Life on snowball earth. Science 287:2421.
267. Reference deleted.
268. Vincent, W. F., D. R. Mueller, and S. Bonilla. 2004. Ecosystems on ice: the microbial ecology of Markham Ice Shelf in the high Arctic. Cryobiology 48:103-112.
269. Vincent, W. F., R. Rae, I. Laurion, C. Howard-Williams, and J. C. Priscu. 1997. Transparency of Antarctic ice-covered lakes to solar UV radiation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43:618-624.
270. Vincent, W. F., and S. Roy. 1993. Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and aquatic primary production: damage, protection, and recovery. Environ. Rev. 1:1-12.
271. Virginia, R. A., and D. H. Wall. 1999. How soils structure communities in the Antarctic dry valleys. Bioscience 49:973-983.
272. Walsh, J. J., D. A. Dieterle, W. Maslowski, and T. E. Whitledge. 2004. Decadal shifts in biophysical forcing of Arctic marine food webs: numerical consequences. J. Geophys. Res. 109:1-31.
273. Weiss, R. L. 1983. Fine structure of the snow alga (Chlamydomonas nivalis) and associated bacteria. J. Phycol. 19:200-204.
274. White, P. L., D. D. Wynn-Williams, and N. J. Russell. 2000. Diversity of thermal responses of lipid composition in the membranes of the dominant culturable members of an Antarctic fellfield soil bacterial community. Antarc. Sci. 12:386-393.
275. Wiencke, C., and G. Fischer. 1990. Growth and stable carbon isotope composition of cold-water macroalgae in relation to light and temperature. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 65:283-292.
276. Williams, W. E., H. L. Gorton, and T. C. Vogelmann. 2003. Surface gas-exchange processes of snow algae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:562-566.
277. Wilson, K. E., and N. P. Huner. 2000. The role of growth rate, redox-state of the plastoquinone pool and the trans-thylakoid ΔpH in photoacclimation of Chlorella vulgaris to growth irradiance and temperature. Planta 212:93-102.
278. Wilson, K. E., M. Krol, and N. P. Huner. 2003. Temperature-induced greening of Chlorella vulgaris. The role of the cellular energy balance and zeaxanthin-dependent nonphotochemical quenching. Planta 217:616-627.
279. Woese, C. R., O. Kandler, and M. L. Wheelis. 1990. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4576-4579.
280. 6f mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii which lack quinone-binding proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1017:235-241.
281. Xiong, F. S., C. T. Ruhland, and T. A. Day. 1999. Photosynthetic temperature response of the Antarctic vascular plants Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica. Physiol. Plant 106:276-286.
282. Yayanos, A. A. 1995. Microbiology to 10,500 meters in the deep sea. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49:777-805.
283. 2 specificity of Rubisco on the carboxyterminus of the large subunit at different temperatures. Photosynth. Res. 57:71-79.
284. Zito, F., G. Finazzi, R. Delosme, W. Nitschke, D. Picot, and F.-A. Wollman. 1999. The Oo site of cytochrome b6f complexes controls the activation of the LHCII kinase. EMBO J. 18:2961-2969.