Epidemiology of dialysis patients and heart failure patients

Seminars in Nephrology

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 118-133

  Kalantar Zadeh, Kamyar ^a   Abbott, Kevin C ^b   Kronenberg, Florian ^b   Anker, Stefan D ^b   Horwich, Tamara B ^b   Fonarow, Gregg C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Cachexia; Chronic heart failure; Dialysis; Homocysteine; Malnutrition inflammation complex syndrome; Protein energy malnutrition; Reverse epidemiology

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; FERRITIN; IRON; LEPTIN;

CACHEXIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIALYSIS; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MALNUTRITION; MORTALITY; OBESITY; OVERNUTRITION; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW;

EID: 33644840660     PISSN: 02709295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2005.09.005     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. United States Renal Data System Excerpts from the USRDS 2004 annual data report Am J Kidney Dis 45 suppl 1 2005 S1 S280
2. United States Renal Data System USRDS 2001 Annual Data Report; Atlas of End Stage Renal Diseases in the United States 2001 National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD
3. United States Renal Data System USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report; Atlas of End Stage Renal Diseases in the United States 2003 National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD
4. The United States Renal Data System 2002 Annual Data Report 2002 US Department of Public Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health Bethesda
5. Morbidity and mortality of dialysis NIH Consens Statement 11 1993 1 33
6. T. Symonds, R. Berzon, P. Marquis Clinical Significance Consensus Meeting G. The clinical significance of quality-of-life results: Practical considerations for specific audiences Mayo Clin Proc 77 2002 572 583
7. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, R.D. Kilpatrick, N. Kuwae Reverse epidemiology A spurious hypothesis or a hardcore reality? Blood Purif 23 2005 57 63
8. M.E. Suliman, P. Stenvinkel, A.R. Qureshi Hyperhomocysteinemia in relation to plasma free amino acids, biomarkers of inflammation and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease starting dialysis therapy Am J Kidney Dis 44 2004 455 465
9. National Kidney Foundation I Kidney-Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 45 suppl 1 2005
10. C. Wanner, V. Krane, W. Marz Randomized controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes on hemodialysis (4D study) Demographic and baseline characteristics Kidney Blood Press Res 27 2004 259 266
11. C. Wanner, V. Krane, W. Marz Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis N Engl J Med 353 2005 238 248
12. E.M. Wrone, J.M. Hornberger, J.L. Zehnder Randomized trial of folic acid for prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease J Am Soc Nephrol 15 2004 420 426
13. G. Eknoyan, G.J. Beck, A.K. Cheung Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis N Engl J Med 347 2002 2010 2019
14. R. Paniagua, D. Amato, E. Vonesh Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial J Am Soc Nephrol 13 2002 1307 1320
15. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, R.D. Kilpatrick, C.J. McAllister Reverse epidemiology of hypertension and cardiovascular death in the hemodialysis population The 58th annual fall conference and scientific sessions Hypertension 45 2005 811 817
16. R. Agarwal Hypertension and survival in chronic hemodialysis patients - past lessons and future opportunities Kidney Int 67 2005 1 13
17. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, R.D. Kilpatrick, J.D. Kopple Reverse epidemiology of blood pressure in dialysis patients Kidney Int 67 2005 2067 2068
18. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, G. Block, M.H. Humphreys Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients Kidney Int 63 2003 793 808
19. Y. Nishizawa, T. Shoji, E. Ishimura Paradox of risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in uremia Is a higher cholesterol level better for atherosclerosis in uremia? Am J Kidney Dis 38 2001 S4 S7
20. E.H. Fleischmann, J.D. Bower, A.K. Salahudeen Risk factor paradox in hemodialysis Better nutrition as a partial explanation ASAIO J 47 2001 74 81
21. A.K. Salahudeen Obesity and survival on dialysis Am J Kidney Dis 41 2003 925 932
22. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J. Kopple Malnutrition as a cause of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients J. Kopple S. Massry Nutritional Management of Renal Disease (ed 2) 2004 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia
23. J.D. Kopple Nutritional status as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in maintenance dialysis patients ASAIO J 43 1997 246 250
24. F. Fung, D.J. Sherrard, D.L. Gillen Increased risk for cardiovascular mortality among malnourished end-stage renal disease patients Am J Kidney Dis 40 2002 307 314
25. J.D. Kopple The phenomenon of altered risk factor patterns or reverse epidemiology in persons with advanced chronic kidney failure Am J Clin Nutr 81 2005 1257 1266
26. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, G. Block, T. Horwich Reverse epidemiology of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 43 2004 1439 1444
27. M. Rauchhaus, A.L. Clark, W. Doehner The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 42 2003 1933 1940
28. J. Stevens, J. Cai, E.R. Pamuk The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality N Engl J Med 338 1998 1 7
29. S. Yeh, S.Y. Wu, D.M. Levine Quality of life and stimulation of weight gain after treatment with megestrol acetate Correlation between cytokine levels and nutritional status, appetite in geriatric patients with wasting syndrome J Nutr Health Aging 4 2000 246 251
30. F. Landi, G. Onder, G. Gambassi Body mass index and mortality among hospitalized patients Arch Intern Med 160 2000 2641 2644
31. F.C. Chao, B. Efron, P. Wolf The possible prognostic usefulness of assessing serum proteins and cholesterol in malignancy Cancer 35 1975 1223 1229
32. R. Roubenoff Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting, functional performance, and quality of life Am J Manag Care 6 2000 1003 1016
33. D.O. Wilson, R.M. Rogers, E.C. Wright The National Institutes of Health Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing Trial Body weight in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 139 1989 1435 1438
34. E.E. Calle, M.J. Thun, J.M. Petrelli Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults N Engl J Med 341 1999 1097 1105
35. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, T.A. Ikizler, G. Block Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients Causes and consequences Am J Kidney Dis 42 2003 864 881
36. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J.D. Kopple Relative contributions of nutrition and inflammation to clinical outcome in dialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 38 2001 1343 1350
37. J. Bergstrom Inflammation, malnutrition, cardiovascular disease and mortality in end-stage renal disease Pol Arch Med Wewn 104 2000 641 643
38. A.R. Qureshi, A. Alvestrand, J.C. Divino-Filho Inflammation, malnutrition, and cardiac disease as predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 13 suppl 1 2002 S28 S36
39. P. Stenvinkel Malnutrition and chronic inflammation as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure Blood Purif 19 2001 143 151
40. P. Stenvinkel, S.H. Chung, O. Heimburger Malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in peritoneal dialysis patients Perit Dial Int 21 suppl 3 2001 S157 S162
41. O. Ifudu, J. Uribarri, I. Rajwani Low hematocrit may connote a malnutrition-inflammation syndrome in hemodialysis patients Dial Transplant 31 2002 845 878
42. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, C.J. McAllister, R.S. Lehn Effect of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome on EPO hyporesponsiveness in maintenance hemodialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 42 2003 761 773
43. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D.L. Regidor, A.R. Nissenson Association between changes in hemoglobin over time and survival in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 489A (abstract)
44. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D.L. Regidor, A.R. Nissenson Association between changes in hemoglobin over time and survival in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Neph 16 2005 489A (abstract)
45. J.D. Kopple McCollum Award Lecture, 1996 Protein-energy malnutrition in maintenance dialysis patients Am J Clin Nutr 65 1997 1544 1557
46. J.D. Kopple Pathophysiology of protein-energy wasting in chronic renal failure J Nutr 129 1999 247S 251S
47. R. Mehrotra, J. Kopple Causes of protein-energy malnutrition in chronic renal failure J. Kopple S. Massry Nutritional Management of Renal Disease (ed 2) 2003 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia
48. A.R. Qureshi, A. Alvestrand, A. Danielsson Factors predicting malnutrition in hemodialysis patients A cross-sectional study Kidney Int 53 1998 773 782
49. J. Bergstrom Why are dialysis patients malnourished? Am J Kidney Dis 26 1995 229 241
50. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J. Kopple Inflammation in renal failure B. Rose UpToDate (since Oct 2002) 2003 UpToDate, Inc Wellesley, MA
51. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, G. Block, C.J. McAllister Appetite and inflammation, nutrition, anemia and clinical outcome in hemodialysis patients Am J Clin Nutr 80 2004 299 307
52. K. Kalantar-Zadeh Recent advances in understanding the malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in CKD patients What is next? Semin Dial 18 2005 365 369 (in press)
53. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, P. Stenvinkel, R. Bross Kidney insufficiency and nutrient-based modulation of inflammation Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8 2005 388 396
54. S.D. Anker, A. Negassa, A.J. Coats Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibitors An observational study Lancet 361 2003 1077 1083
55. S.D. Anker, T.P. Chua, P. Ponikowski Hormonal changes and catabolic/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia Circulation 96 1997 526 534
56. S.D. Anker, W. Steinborn, S. Strassburg Cardiac cachexia Ann Med 36 2004 518 529
57. D.O. Okonko, M. Crosato, P.R. Kalra Association of deranged adrenal steroid metabolism with anemia in chronic heart failure Am J Cardiol 96 2005 101 103
58. T.B. Horwich, G.C. Fonarow, M.A. Hamilton Anemia is associated with worse symptoms, greater impairment in functional capacity and a significant increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2002 1780 1786
59. R. Sharma, D.P. Francis, B. Pitt Haemoglobin predicts survival in patients with chronic heart failure A substudy of the ELITE II trial Eur Heart J 25 2004 1021 1028
60. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Braglia, J. Chow An anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant nutritional supplement for hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients A pilot/feasibility study J Ren Nutr 15 2005 318 331
61. K. Kalantar-Zadeh The latest addition to the inflammatory homeboys in chronic kidney disease Interleukin-8 Nephron Clin Pract 102 2005 c59 c60
62. M. Rammohan, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Liang Megestrol acetate in moderate dose for the treatment of malnutrition-inflammation complex in maintenance dialysis patients J Ren Nutr 15 2005 345 355
63. P.M. Ridker, N. Rifai, L. Rose Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events N Engl J Med 347 2002 1557 1565
64. P.M. Ridker, C.P. Cannon, D. Morrow C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy N Engl J Med 352 2005 20 28
65. P. Stenvinkel, M. Ketteler, R.J. Johnson IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha Central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia - the good, the bad, and the ugly Kidney Int 67 2005 1216 1233
66. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J.D. Kopple, M.H. Humphreys Comparing outcome predictability of markers of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in haemodialysis patients Nephrol Dial Transplant 19 2004 1507 1519
67. V. Panichi, D. Taccola, J. Manca Rizza Interleukin 8 is a powerful prognostic predictor of all cause and cardiovascular mortality in dialytic patients Nephron Clin Pract 102 2005 c51 c58
68. M. Rauchhaus, W. Doehner, D.P. Francis Plasma cytokine parameters and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure Circulation 102 2000 3060 3067
69. P. Stenvinkel, P. Barany, O. Heimburger Mortality, malnutrition, and atherosclerosis in ESRD What is the role of interleukin-6? Kidney Int suppl 1 2002 103 108
70. J. Zimmermann, S. Herrlinger, A. Pruy Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 55 1999 648 658
71. R.M. Bologa, D.M. Levine, T.S. Parker Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 32 1998 107 114
72. K. Iseki, M. Yamazato, M. Tozawa Hypocholesterolemia is a significant predictor of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 61 2002 1887 1893
73. E.G. Lowrie, N.L. Lew Death risk in hemodialysis patients The predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities Am J Kidney Dis 15 1990 458 482
74. A.N. Habib, B.C. Baird, J.K. Leypoldt The association of lipid levels with mortality in patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis Am J Kidney Dis 45 2005 A28 (abstr)
75. R.D. Kilpatrick, C.J. McAllister, K. Kalantar-Zadeh Comparing mortality-predictability of serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 728A (abstract)
76. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, T.B. Horwich, G.C. Fonarow A low, rather than a high, serum LDL cholesterol is associated with increased mortality in hemodialysis patients even after controlling for inflammation 37th annual conference of the American Society of Nephrology J Am Soc Nephrol 15 suppl 2004 173A (abstr)
77. D.L. Vredevoe, M.A. Woo, L.V. Doering Skin test anergy in advanced heart failure secondary to either ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Am J Cardiol 82 1998 323 328
78. B.M. Richartz, B. Radovancevic, O.H. Frazier Low serum cholesterol levels predict high perioperative mortality in patients supported by a left-ventricular assist system Cardiology 89 1998 184 188
79. T.B. Horwich, M.A. Hamilton, W.R. Maclellan Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure J Card Fail 8 2002 216 224
80. L.W. Lissin, A.J. Gauri, V.F. Froelicher The prognostic value of body mass index and standard exercise testing in male veterans with congestive heart failure J Card Fail 8 2002 206 215
81. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, R.D. Kilpatrick, J.D. Kopple A matched comparison of serum lipids between hemodialysis patients and nondialysis morbid controls Hemodialysis Int 9 2005 314 324
82. Y. Liu, J. Coresh, J.A. Eustace Association between cholesterol level and mortality in dialysis patients Role of inflammation and malnutrition JAMA 291 2004 451 459
83. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, S.D. Anker Inflammation, cholesterol levels, and risk of mortality among patients receiving dialysis JAMA 291 2004 1834 1835
84. H.M. Colhoun, D.J. Betteridge, P.N. Durrington Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 364 2004 685 696
85. M. Rauchhaus, V. Koloczek, H. Volk Inflammatory cytokines and the possible immunological role for lipoproteins in chronic heart failure Int J Cardiol 76 2000 125 133
86. M. Rauchhaus, A.J. Coats, S.D. Anker The endotoxin-lipoprotein hypothesis Lancet 356 2000 930 933
87. R. Sharma, S. von Haehling, M. Rauchhaus Whole blood endotoxin responsiveness in patients with chronic heart failure The importance of serum lipoproteins Eur J Heart Fail 7 2005 479 484
88. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, R.D. Kilpatrick, C.J. McAllister Black race modifies the reverse association between low density lipoprotein (LDL) and death risk in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 295A (abstr)
89. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, K.C. Abbott, A.K. Salahudeen Survival advantages of obesity in dialysis patients Am J Clin Nutr 81 2005 543 554
90. P. Degoulet, M. Legrain, I. Reach Mortality risk factors in patients treated by chronic hemodialysis. Report of the Diaphane collaborative study Nephron 31 1982 103 110
91. S.F. Leavey, R.L. Strawderman, C.A. Jones Simple nutritional indicators as independent predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 31 1998 997 1006
92. E. Fleischmann, N. Teal, J. Dudley Influence of excess weight on mortality and hospital stay in 1346 hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 55 1999 1560 1567
93. J.D. Kopple, X. Zhu, N.L. Lew Body weight-for-height relationships predict mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 56 1999 1136 1148
94. R.A. Wolfe, V.B. Ashby, J.T. Daugirdas Body size, dose of hemodialysis, and mortality Am J Kidney Dis 35 2000 80 88
95. S.F. Leavey, K. McCullough, E. Hecking Body mass index and mortality in 'healthier' as compared with 'sicker' haemodialysis patients Results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 2001 2386 2394
96. F.K. Port, V.B. Ashby, R.K. Dhingra Dialysis dose and body mass index are strongly associated with survival in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 13 2002 1061 1066
97. E.G. Lowrie, Z. Li, N. Ofsthun Body size, dialysis dose and death risk relationships among hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 62 2002 1891 1897
98. C.W. Glanton, I.O. Hypolite, P.B. Hshieh Factors associated with improved short term survival in obese end stage renal disease patients Ann Epidemiol 13 2003 136 143
99. K.L. Johansen, B. Young, G.A. Kaysen Association of body size with outcomes among patients beginning dialysis Am J Clin Nutr 80 2004 324 332
100. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J.D. Kopple, R.D. Kilpatrick Association of morbid obesity and weight change on cardiovascular survival in hemodialysis population Am J Kidney Dis 46 2005 489 500
101. S. Beddhu, L.M. Pappas, N. Ramkumar Effects of body size and body composition on survival in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 14 2003 2366 2372
102. S. Beddhu, L.M. Pappas, N. Ramkumar Body mass index and survival in incident dialysis patients The answer depends on the question Am J Clin Nutr 81 2005 534 536
103. S. Beddhu, N. Ramkumar, M.H. Samore The paradox of the BMI paradox in dialysis patients Associations of adiposity with inflammation Am J Clin Nutrition 82 2005 909 910
104. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, K.C. Abbott, A.K. Salahudeen Reverse epidemiology of obesity in dialysis patients Fat or muscle (letter)? Am J Clin Nutr 2005 (in press)
105. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Kuwae, D.Y. Wu Associations of body fat and its changes over time with quality of life and prospective mortality in hemodialysis patients Am J Clin Nutrition 2006 (in press)
106. P.L. Kimmel, L.S. Chawla, A. Amarasinghe Anthropometric measures, cytokines and survival in haemodialysis patients Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 2003 326 332
107. F. Contaldo, F. Pasanisi, C. Finelli Obesity, heart failure and sudden death Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 12 2002 190 197
108. S. Kenchaiah, J.C. Evans, D. Levy Obesity and the risk of heart failure N Engl J Med 347 2002 305 313
109. E. Pasini, R. Aquilani, M. Gheorghiade Malnutrition, muscle wasting and cachexia in chronic heart failure The nutritional approach Ital Heart J 4 2003 232 235
110. V.M. Conraads, J.M. Bosmans, C.J. Vrints Chronic heart failure An example of a systemic chronic inflammatory disease resulting in cachexia Int J Cardiol 85 2002 33 49
111. A.A. Ajayi, A.Q. Adigun, E.O. Ojofeitimi Anthropometric evaluation of cachexia in chronic congestive heart failure The role of tricuspid regurgitation Int J Cardiol 71 1999 79 84
112. S. Wassertheil-Smoller, C. Fann, R.M. Allman The SHEP Cooperative Research Group Relation of low body mass to death and stroke in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program Arch Intern Med 160 2000 494 500
113. T.B. Horwich, G.C. Fonarow, M.A. Hamilton The relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol 38 2001 789 795
114. A. Mosterd, B. Cost, A.W. Hoes The prognosis of heart failure in the general population The Rotterdam Study Eur Heart J 22 2001 1318 1327
115. C.H. Davos, W. Doehner, M. Rauchhaus Body mass and survival in patients with chronic heart failure without cachexia The importance of obesity J Card Fail 9 2003 29 35
116. C.J. Lavie, A.F. Osman, R.V. Milani Body composition and prognosis in chronic systolic heart failure The obesity paradox Am J Cardiol 91 2003 891 894
117. J.P. Curtis, J.G. Selter, Y. Wang The obesity paradox Body mass index and outcomes in patients with heart failure Arch Intern Med 165 2005 55 61
118. F. Gustafsson, C.B. Kragelund, C. Torp-Pedersen Effect of obesity and being overweight on long-term mortality in congestive heart failure Influence of left ventricular systolic function Eur Heart J 26 2005 58 64
119. S.D. Anker, P. Ponikowski, S. Varney Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure Lancet 349 1997 1050 1053
120. M. Salem Hypertension in the hemodialysis population? High time for answers Am J Kidney Dis 33 1999 592 594
121. K. Iseki, F. Miyasato, K. Tokuyama Low diastolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, and risk of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 51 1997 1212 1217
122. P.G. Zager, J. Nikolic, R.H. Brown Medical Directors of Dialysis Clinic, Inc. "U" curve association of blood pressure and mortality in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 54 1998 561 569
123. F.K. Port, T.E. Hulbert-Shearon, R.A. Wolfe Predialysis blood pressure and mortality risk in a national sample of maintenance hemodialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 33 1999 507 517
124. P.S. Klassen, E.G. Lowrie, D.N. Reddan Association between pulse pressure and mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis JAMA 287 2002 1548 1555
125. E.G. Lowrie, W.H. Huang, N.L. Lew The relative contribution of measured variables to death risk among hemodialysis patients G. E Death on Hemodialysis 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers Amsterdam 121
126. E. Duranti, P. Imperiali, M. Sasdelli Is hypertension a mortality risk factor in dialysis? Kidney Int Suppl 55 1996 S173 S174
127. M.M. Salem, J. Bower Hypertension in the hemodialysis population Any relation to one-year survival? Am J Kidney Dis 28 1996 737 740
128. R.N. Foley Cardiac disease in chronic uremia Can it explain the reverse epidemiology of hypertension and survival in dialysis patients? Semin Dial 17 2004 275 278
129. J.K. Ghali, S. Kadakia, A. Bhatt Survival of heart failure patients with preserved versus impaired systolic function The prognostic implication of blood pressure Am Heart J 123 1992 993 997
130. C.S. Rihal, R.A. Nishimura, L.K. Hatle Systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients with clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Relation to symptoms and prognosis Circulation 90 1994 2772 2779
131. M.R. Cowie, D.A. Wood, A.J. Coats Survival of patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure A population based study Heart 83 2000 505 510
132. G. Pulignano, D. Del Sindaco, L. Tavazzi Clinical features and outcomes of elderly outpatients with heart failure followed up in hospital cardiology units Data from a large nationwide cardiology database (IN-CHF Registry) Am Heart J 143 2002 45 55
133. J. Muntwyler, G. Abetel, C. Gruner One-year mortality among unselected outpatients with heart failure Eur Heart J 23 2002 1861 1866
134. P.A. Poole-Wilson, B.F. Uretsky, K. Thygesen Mode of death in heart failure Findings from the ATLAS trial Heart 89 2003 42 48
135. O. Nygard, J.E. Nordrehaug, H. Refsum Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease N Engl J Med 337 1997 230 236
136. P. Chauveau, B. Chadefaux, M. Coude Hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for atherosclerosis in chronic uremic patients Kidney Int Suppl 41 1993 S72 S77
137. J. Bachmann, M. Tepel, H. Raidt Hyperhomocysteinemia and the risk for vascular disease in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 6 1995 121 125
138. K. Robinson, A. Gupta, V. Dennis Hyperhomocysteinemia confers an independent increased risk of atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease and is closely linked to plasma folate and pyridoxine concentrations Circulation 94 1996 2743 2748
139. P. Jungers, P. Chauveau, O. Bandin Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with atherosclerotic occlusive arterial accidents in predialysis chronic renal failure patients Miner Electrolyte Metab 23 1997 170 173
140. A.G. Bostom, D. Shemin, P. Verhoef Elevated fasting total plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular disease outcomes in maintenance dialysis patients. A prospective study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 1997 2554 2558
141. A. Moustapha, A. Naso, M. Nahlawi Prospective study of hyperhomocysteinemia as an adverse cardiovascular risk factor in end-stage renal disease Circulation 97 1998 138 141
142. K. Kunz, P. Petitjean, M. Lisri Cardiovascular morbidity and endothelial dysfunction in chronic haemodialysis patients Is homocyst(e)ine the missing link? Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 1999 1934 1942
143. J. Dierkes, U. Domrose, S. Westphal Cardiac troponin T predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease Circulation 102 2000 1964 1969
144. D. Ducloux, C. Bresson-Vautrin, M. Kribs C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients Kidney Int 62 2002 1417 1422
145. F. Mallamaci, C. Zoccali, G. Tripepi Hyperhomocysteinemia predicts cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 61 2002 609 614
146. F. Kronenberg, M. Mundle, M. Langle Prevalence and progression of peripheral arterial calcifications in patients with ESRD Am J Kidney Dis 41 2003 140 148
147. A. Vychytil, M. Fodinger, G. Wolfl Major determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in peritoneal dialysis patients Kidney Int 53 1998 1775 1782
148. B. Bayes, M.C. Pastor, J. Bonal Homocysteine, C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation and mortality in haemodialysis patients Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 2003 106 112
149. G.M. London, B. Pannier, M. Agharazii Forearm reactive hyperemia and mortality in end-stage renal disease Kidney Int 65 2004 700 704
150. S. Sirrs, L. Duncan, O. Djurdjev Homocyst(e)ine and vascular access complications in haemodialysis patients Insights into a complex metabolic relationship Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 1999 738 743
151. M.E. Suliman, A.R. Qureshi, P. Barany Hyperhomocysteinemia, nutritional status, and cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 57 2000 1727 1735
152. E.M. Wrone, J.L. Zehnder, J.M. Hornberger An MTHFR variant, homocysteine, and cardiovascular comorbidity in renal disease Kidney Int 60 2001 1106 1113
153. M.E. Suliman, P. Stenvinkel, O. Heimburger Plasma sulfur amino acids in relation to cardiovascular disease, nutritional status, and diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic renal failure at start of dialysis therapy Am J Kidney Dis 40 2002 480 488
154. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, G. Block, M.H. Humphreys A low, rather than a high, total plasma homocysteine is an indicator of poor outcome in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 15 2004 442 453
155. V.M. Montori, M. Smieja, G.H. Guyatt Publication bias A brief review for clinicians Mayo Clin Proc 75 2000 1284 1288
156. P. Hatamizadeh, D.L. Regidor, J.D. Kopple Association between baseline serum creatinine and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 (abstr) (in press)
157. C. Combe, K.P. McCullough, Y. Asano Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) and the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) Nutrition guidelines, indicators, and practices Am J Kidney Dis 44 2004 39 46
158. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, C.J. McAllister, R.S. Lehn A low serum iron level is a predictor of poor outcome in hemodialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 43 2004 671 684
159. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D.L. Regidor, C.J. McAllister Time-dependent associations between iron and mortality in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 3070 3080
160. S.B. Schwedler, T. Metzger, R. Schinzel Advanced glycation end products and mortality in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 62 2002 301 310
161. D.Y. Wu, R.D. Kilpatrick, S. Dadres Association between serum bicarbonate and death in hemodialysis patients Is it better to be acidotic or alkalotic? Hemodialysis Int 9 2005 110 (abstr)
162. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, R.D. Kilpatrick, D.Y. Wu Association between serum bicarbonate and cardiovascular death in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Neph 16 2005 717A 718A (abstr)
163. D.Y. Wu, C.J. McAllister, R.D. Kilpatrick Association between serum bicarbonate and death in hemodialysis patients Is it better to be acidotic or alkalotic? Clin J Am Soc Neph 1 2006 Jan (in press)
164. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, R. Mehrotra, D. Fouque Metabolic acidosis and malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in chronic renal failure Semin Dial 17 2004 445 465
165. A. Ascherio, E.B. Rimm, E.L. Giovannucci A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US men Circulation 86 1992 1475 1484
166. P.S. Allender, J.A. Cutler, D. Follmann Dietary calcium and blood pressure A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials Ann Intern Med 124 1996 825 831
167. H.C. Bucher, R.J. Cook, G.H. Guyatt Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials JAMA 275 1996 1016 1022
168. R.M. Bostick, L.H. Kushi, Y. Wu Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women Am J Epidemiol 149 1999 151 161
169. L. Tussing, K. Chapman-Novakofski Osteoporosis prevention education Behavior theories and calcium intake J Am Diet Assoc 105 2005 92 97
170. P.W. Crooks, J.W. Coburn Management of bone disease in the dialysis patient Blood Purif 3 1985 27 41
171. G.A. Block, P.S. Klassen, J.M. Lazarus Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis J Am Soc Nephrol 15 2004 2208 2218
172. Y. Slinin, R.N. Foley, A.J. Collins Calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients The USRDS waves 1, 3, and 4 study J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 1788 1793
173. National Kidney Foundation I Kidney Disease-Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease Am J Kidney Dis 42 2003 S1 S202
174. T.G. Hines, N.L. Jacobson, D.C. Beitz Dietary calcium and vitamin D. Risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis in young goats J Nutr 115 1985 167 178
175. M. Teng, M. Wolf, M.N. Ofsthun Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival A historical cohort study J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 1115 1125
176. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, D.L. Regidor, C.J. McAllister Time-varying association between paracalcitol and survival in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 278A 279A (abstr)
177. J.T. Salonen, K. Nyyssonen, H. Korpela High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men Circulation 86 1992 803 811
178. J.L. Sullivan The iron paradigm of ischemic heart disease Am Heart J 117 1989 1177 1188
179. C.T. Sempos, A.C. Looker, R.F. Gillum Body iron stores and the risk of coronary heart disease N Engl J Med 330 1994 1119 1124
180. M. Taccone-Gallucci, G. Di Nucci, C. Meloni Risk of iron overload and 'hemochromatosis allele(s)' in patients on maintenance hemodialysis Am J Nephrol 7 1987 28 32
181. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, F.C. Luft Diagnosis of hemochromatosis Ann Intern Med 131 1999 311
182. R.A. Zager, A.C. Johnson, S.Y. Hanson Parenteral iron formulations A comparative toxicologic analysis and mechanisms of cell injury Am J Kidney Dis 40 2002 90 103
183. G. Weiss, E. Meusburger, G. Radacher Effect of iron treatment on circulating cytokine levels in ESRD patients receiving recombinant human erythropoietin Kidney Int 64 2003 572 578
184. R. Pecoits-Filho, B. Lindholm, P. Stenvinkel End-stage renal disease A state of chronic inflammation and hyperleptinemia Eur J Clin Invest 33 2003 527 528
185. B.R. Don, L.M. Rosales, N.W. Levine Leptin is a negative acute phase protein in chronic hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 59 2001 1114 1120
186. P. Stenvinkel, B. Lindholm, F. Lonnqvist Increases in serum leptin levels during peritoneal dialysis are associated with inflammation and a decrease in lean body mass J Am Soc Nephrol 11 2000 1303 1309
187. M. Odamaki, R. Furuya, T. Yoneyama Association of the serum leptin concentration with weight loss in chronic hemodialysis patients Am J Kidney Dis 33 1999 361 368
188. O. Heimburger, F. Lonnqvist, A. Danielsson Serum immunoreactive leptin concentration and its relation to the body fat content in chronic renal failure J Am Soc Nephrol 8 1997 1423 1430
189. P. Iglesias, J.J. Diez, M.J. Fernandez-Reyes Effects of short-term recombinant human growth hormone therapy on plasma leptin concentrations in dialysis patients Nephrol Dial Transplant 17 2002 260 264
190. D. Fouque, L. Juillard, Y. Lasne Acute leptin regulation in end-stage renal failure The role of growth hormone and IGF-1 Kidney Int 54 1998 932 937
191. A. Aguilera, M.A. Bajo, F. Rebollo Leptin as a marker of nutrition and cardiovascular risk in peritoneal dialysis patients Adv Perit Dial 18 2002 212 217
192. M.E. Suliman, P. Barany, K. Kalantar-Zadeh Homocysteine in uraemia - a puzzling and conflicting story Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 2005 16 21
193. K.L. Lynn Hypertension and survival in hemodialysis patients Semin Dial 17 2004 270 274
194. R. Agarwal Exploring the paradoxical relationship of hypertension with mortality in chronic hemodialysis Hemodial Int 8 2004 207 213
195. C.J. Lavie, M.R. Mehra, R.V. Milani Obesity and heart failure prognosis Paradox or reverse epidemiology? Eur Heart J 26 2005 5 7
196. B. Charra, C. Chazot, G. Jean Reverse epidemiology and hemodialysis blood pressure Kidney Int 64 2003 2323 2324
197. K.C. Abbott Reverse epidemiology and obesity in maintenance dialysis patients Kidney Int 64 2003 1138
198. A.F. Perna, F. Acanfora, E. Satta Hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease in uremia The newest evidence in epidemiology and mechanisms of action Semin Nephrol 24 2004 426 430
199. L. Gruberg, N.J. Weissman, R. Waksman The impact of obesity on the short-term and long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention The obesity paradox? J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2002 578 584
200. H.S. Gurm, D.M. Brennan, J. Booth Impact of body mass index on outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (the obesity paradox) Am J Cardiol 90 2002 42 45
201. C.J. Lavie, R.V. Milani Obesity and cardiovascular disease The Hippocrates paradox? J Am Coll Cardiol 42 2003 677 679
202. E.V. Potapov, M. Loebe, S. Anker Impact of body mass index on outcome in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting with and without valve surgery Eur Heart J 24 2003 1933 1941
203. S.Q. Lew, F. Cohn, L.M. Cohen Ethical issues in aging and renal disease Adv Ren Replace Ther 7 2000 63 69
204. L. Gruberg, N. Mercado, S. Milo Impact of body mass index on the outcome of patients with multivessel disease randomized to either coronary artery bypass grafting or stenting in the ARTS trial The obesity paradox II? Am J Cardiol 95 2005 439 444
205. D.C. Grabowski, J.E. Ellis High body mass index does not predict mortality in older people Analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Aging J Am Geriatr Soc 49 2001 968 979
206. S. Halabi, E.J. Small, N.J. Vogelzang Elevated body mass index predicts for longer overall survival duration in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer J Clin Oncol 23 2005 2434 2435
207. R.T. Chlebowski, M. Grosvenor, L. Lillington Dietary intake and counseling, weight maintenance, and the course of HIV infection J Am Diet Assoc 95 1995 428 435
208. W.M. McClellan, G.M. Chertow Beyond Framingham Cardiovascular risk profiling in ESRD J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 1539 1541
209. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, S.D. Anker, A.J. Coats Obesity paradox as a component of reverse epidemiology in heart failure (letter) Arch Intern Med 165 2005 1797
210. Mortality patterns - United States, 1997 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 1999 664 668
211. C.R. Asher, E.J. Topol, D.J. Moliterno Insights into the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and prognosis of black Americans with acute coronary syndromes Am Heart J 138 1999 1073 1081
212. G. Davey Smith, J.D. Neaton, D. Wentworth Mortality differences between black and white men in the USA: Contribution of income and other risk factors among men screened for the MRFIT. MRFIT Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Lancet 351 1998 934 939
213. M. Unruh, D. Miskulin, G. Yan Racial differences in health-related quality of life among hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 65 2004 1482 1491
214. N.G. Kutner, R. Zhang, D. Brogan Race, gender, and incident dialysis patients' reported health status and quality of life J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 1440 1448
215. D.N. Reddan, L.A. Szczech, P.S. Klassen Racial inequity in America's ESRD program Semin Dial 13 2000 399 403
216. A.R. Sehgal Impact of quality improvement efforts on race and sex disparities in hemodialysis JAMA 289 2003 996 1000
217. G.C. Alexander, A.R. Sehgal Barriers to cadaveric renal transplantation among blacks, women, and the poor JAMA 280 1998 1148 1152
218. N.G. Kutner, R. Zhang Body mass index as a predictor of continued survival in older chronic dialysis patients Int Urol Nephrol 32 2001 441 448
219. J.S. Wong, F.K. Port, T.E. Hulbert-Shearon Survival advantage in Asian American end-stage renal disease patients Kidney Int 55 1999 2515 2523
220. J.L. Zimmerer, J.B. Leon, K.E. Covinsky Diet monotony as a correlate of poor nutritional intake among hemodialysis patients J Ren Nutr 13 2003 72 77
221. P.R. Ling, R.J. Smith, S. Kie Effects of protein malnutrition on IL-6-mediated signaling in the liver and the systemic acute-phase response in rats Am J Physiol 287 2004 R801 R808
222. K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J.D. Kopple, S. Deepak Food intake characteristics of hemodialysis patients as obtained by food frequency questionnaire J Ren Nutr 12 2002 17 31
223. P. Fanti, T.J. Stephenson, I.M. Kaariainen Serum isoflavones and soya food intake in Japanese, Thai and American end-stage renal disease patients on chronic haemodialysis Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 2003 1862 1868
224. P. Fanti, B.P. Sawaya, L.J. Custer Serum levels and metabolic clearance of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 10 1999 864 871
225. Canada-USA Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis Association with clinical outcomes J Am Soc Nephrol 7 1996 198 207
226. R.M. Hakim, E. Lowrie Obesity and mortality in ESRD Is it good to be fat? Kidney Int 55 1999 1580 1581
227. F.X. McCusker, B.P. Teehan, K.E. Thorpe Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group How much peritoneal dialysis is necessary for maintaining a good nutritional status? Kidney Int Suppl 56 1996 S56 S61
228. D.W. Johnson, K.A. Herzig, D.M. Purdie Is obesity a favorable prognostic factor in peritoneal dialysis patients? Perit Dial Int 20 2000 715 721
229. S.H. Chung, B. Lindholm, H.B. Lee Influence of initial nutritional status on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient survival Perit Dial Int 20 2000 19 26
230. J.J. Snyder, R.N. Foley, D.T. Gilbertson Body size and outcomes on peritoneal dialysis in the United States Kidney Int 64 2003 1838 1844
231. S.P. McDonald, J.F. Collins, D.W. Johnson Obesity is associated with worse peritoneal dialysis outcomes in the Australia and New Zealand patient populations J Am Soc Nephrol 14 2003 2894 2901
232. K.C. Abbott, C.W. Glanton, F.C. Trespalacios Body mass index, dialysis modality, and survival Analysis of the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave II Study Kidney Int 65 2004 597 605
233. N. Aslam, J. Bernardini, L. Fried Large body mass index does not predict short-term survival in peritoneal dialysis patients Perit Dial Int 22 2002 191 196
234. M.G. Shlipak, L.F. Fried, M. Cushman Cardiovascular mortality risk in chronic kidney disease comparison of traditional and novel risk factors JAMA 293 2005 1737 1745
235. C.P. Kovesdy, B.K. Trivedi, J.E. Anderson Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease explains the inverse association between blood pressure and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis J Am Soc Nephrol 16 2005 335A (abstr)
236. S.J. Pelletier, M.A. Maraschio, D.E. Schaubel Survival benefit of kidney and liver transplantation for obese patients on the waiting list Clin Transpl 1 2003 77 88
237. A.N. Friedman, D.C. Miskulin, I.H. Rosenberg Demographics and trends in overweight and obesity in patients at time of kidney transplantation Am J Kidney Dis 41 2003 480 487
238. H.U. Meier-Kriesche, M. Vaghela, R. Thambuganipalle The effect of body mass index on long-term renal allograft survival Transplantation 68 1999 1294 1297
239. H.U. Meier-Kriesche, J.A. Arndorfer, B. Kaplan The impact of body mass index on renal transplant outcomes A significant independent risk factor for graft failure and patient death Transplantation 73 2002 70 74
240. L. Halme, B. Eklund, L. Kyllonen Is obesity still a risk factor in renal transplantation? Transpl Int 10 1997 284 288
241. H.I. Feldman, I. Fazio, D. Roth Recipient body size and cadaveric renal allograft survival J Am Soc Nephrol 7 1996 151 157
242. T. Pischon, A.M. Sharma Obesity as a risk factor in renal transplant patients Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 2001 14 17
243. H.H. Drafts, M.R. Anjum, J.J. Wynn The impact of pre-transplant obesity on renal transplant outcomes Clin Transplant 11 1997 493 496
244. C.S. Modlin, S.M. Flechner, M. Goormastic Should obese patients lose weight before receiving a kidney transplant? Transplantation 64 1997 599 604
245. D.S. Keith, G.A. Nichols, C.M. Gullion Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization Arch Intern Med 164 2004 659 663
246. V. Menon, M. Sarnak, T. Greene Homocysteine as a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease J Am Soc Nephrol 2005 (abstr) (in press)