메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1070, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 206-214

L-Carnitine suppresses the onset of neuromuscular degeneration and increases the life span of mice with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Author keywords

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Apoptosis; Carnitine; Mitochondrion; Neuron; Oxidative stress; SOD1

Indexed keywords

CARNITINE; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE;

EID: 32644466209     PISSN: 00068993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.052     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (59)

References (62)
  • 2
    • 0026690988 scopus 로고
    • Carnitine and its acyl esters as secondary antioxidants?
    • A. Arduini Carnitine and its acyl esters as secondary antioxidants? Am. Heart J. 123 1992 1726 1727
    • (1992) Am. Heart J. , vol.123 , pp. 1726-1727
    • Arduini, A.1
  • 4
    • 0037031529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetyl-l-carnitine shows neuroprotective and neurotrophic activity in primary culture of rat embryo motoneurons
    • P. Bigini, S. Larini, C. Pasquali, V. Muzio, and T. Mennini Acetyl-l-carnitine shows neuroprotective and neurotrophic activity in primary culture of rat embryo motoneurons Neurosci. Lett. 329 2002 334 338
    • (2002) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.329 , pp. 334-338
    • Bigini, P.1    Larini, S.2    Pasquali, C.3    Muzio, V.4    Mennini, T.5
  • 5
    • 0032745071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial enzyme activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Implications for the role of mitochondria in neuronal cell death
    • G.M. Borthwick, M.A. Johnson, P.G. Ince, P.J. Shaw, and D.M. Turnbull Mitochondrial enzyme activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: implications for the role of mitochondria in neuronal cell death Ann. Neurol. 46 1999 787 790
    • (1999) Ann. Neurol. , vol.46 , pp. 787-790
    • Borthwick, G.M.1    Johnson, M.A.2    Ince, P.G.3    Shaw, P.J.4    Turnbull, D.M.5
  • 6
    • 0021024932 scopus 로고
    • Carnitine-metabolism and functions
    • J. Bremer Carnitine-metabolism and functions Physiol. Rev. 63 1983 1420 1480
    • (1983) Physiol. Rev. , vol.63 , pp. 1420-1480
    • Bremer, J.1
  • 9
    • 0036715482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Carnitine inhibits cisplatin-induced injury of the kidney and small intestine
    • B. Chang, M. Nishikawa, E. Sato, K. Utsumi, and M. Inoue l-Carnitine inhibits cisplatin-induced injury of the kidney and small intestine Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 405 2002 55 64
    • (2002) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.405 , pp. 55-64
    • Chang, B.1    Nishikawa, M.2    Sato, E.3    Utsumi, K.4    Inoue, M.5
  • 10
    • 11944275346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Carnitine inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis via protection of mitochondria
    • B. Chang, M. Nishikawa, S. Nishiguchi, and M. Inoue l-Carnitine inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis via protection of mitochondria Int. J. Cancer 113 2005 719 729
    • (2005) Int. J. Cancer , vol.113 , pp. 719-729
    • Chang, B.1    Nishikawa, M.2    Nishiguchi, S.3    Inoue, M.4
  • 11
    • 0035516124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Charcot to Lou Gehrig: Deciphering selective motor neuron death in ALS
    • D.W. Cleveland, and J.D. Rothstein From Charcot to Lou Gehrig: deciphering selective motor neuron death in ALS Nat. Rev., Neurosci. 2 2001 806 819
    • (2001) Nat. Rev., Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 806-819
    • Cleveland, D.W.1    Rothstein, J.D.2
  • 12
    • 0029809528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Oxidative energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis in peripheral blood lymphocytes
    • D. Curti, A. Malaspina, G. Facchetti, C. Camana, L. Mazzini, P. Tosca, F. Zerbi, and M. Ceroni Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: oxidative energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis in peripheral blood lymphocytes Neurology 47 1996 1060 1064
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 1060-1064
    • Curti, D.1    Malaspina, A.2    Facchetti, G.3    Camana, C.4    Mazzini, L.5    Tosca, P.6    Zerbi, F.7    Ceroni, M.8
  • 14
    • 0345426778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Up-regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 reveals an early muscular metabolic defect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • L. Dupuis, F. di Scala, F. Rene, M. de Tapia, H. Oudart, P.F. Pradat, V. Meininger, and J.P. Loeffler Up-regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 reveals an early muscular metabolic defect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis FASEB J. 17 2003 2091 2093
    • (2003) FASEB J. , vol.17 , pp. 2091-2093
    • Dupuis, L.1    Di Scala, F.2    Rene, F.3    De Tapia, M.4    Oudart, H.5    Pradat, P.F.6    Meininger, V.7    Loeffler, J.P.8
  • 17
    • 0028107682 scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective activity of acetyl-l-carnitine: Studies in vitro
    • G. Forloni, N. Angeretti, and S. Smiroldo Neuroprotective activity of acetyl-l-carnitine: studies in vitro J. Neurosci. Res. 37 1994 92 96
    • (1994) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 92-96
    • Forloni, G.1    Angeretti, N.2    Smiroldo, S.3
  • 18
    • 0036479054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial permeability transition in acute neurodegeneration
    • H. Friberg, and T. Wieloch Mitochondrial permeability transition in acute neurodegeneration Biochimie 84 2002 241 250
    • (2002) Biochimie , vol.84 , pp. 241-250
    • Friberg, H.1    Wieloch, T.2
  • 19
  • 22
    • 0021166411 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral extracellular calcium activity in severe hypoglycemia: Relation to extracellular potassium and energy state
    • R.J. Harris, T. Wieloch, L. Symon, and B.K. Siesjo Cerebral extracellular calcium activity in severe hypoglycemia: relation to extracellular potassium and energy state J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 4 1984 187 193
    • (1984) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. , vol.4 , pp. 187-193
    • Harris, R.J.1    Wieloch, T.2    Symon, L.3    Siesjo, B.K.4
  • 23
    • 0035212367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Carnitine changes the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat
    • Y.R. Heo, C.W. Kang, and Y.S. Cha l-Carnitine changes the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 47 2001 329 334
    • (2001) J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) , vol.47 , pp. 329-334
    • Heo, Y.R.1    Kang, C.W.2    Cha, Y.S.3
  • 24
    • 23644442534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Carnitine inhibits hypoglycemia-induced brain damage in the rat
    • K. Hino, M. Nishikawa, E. Sato, and M. Inoue l-Carnitine inhibits hypoglycemia-induced brain damage in the rat Brain Res. 1053 2005 77 87
    • (2005) Brain Res. , vol.1053 , pp. 77-87
    • Hino, K.1    Nishikawa, M.2    Sato, E.3    Inoue, M.4
  • 25
    • 0042763558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross talk of nitric oxide, oxygen radicals, and superoxide dismutase regulates the energy metabolism and cell death and determines the fates of aerobic life
    • M. Inoue, E.F. Sato, M. Nishikawa, A.M. Park, Y. Kira, I. Imada, and K. Utsumi Cross talk of nitric oxide, oxygen radicals, and superoxide dismutase regulates the energy metabolism and cell death and determines the fates of aerobic life Antioxid. Redox Signal. 5 2003 475 484
    • (2003) Antioxid. Redox Signal. , vol.5 , pp. 475-484
    • Inoue, M.1    Sato, E.F.2    Nishikawa, M.3    Park, A.M.4    Kira, Y.5    Imada, I.6    Utsumi, K.7
  • 26
    • 0033922436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-apoptotic effect of acetyl-l-carnitine and I-carnitine in primary cultured neurons
    • T. Ishii, Y. Shimpo, Y. Matsuoka, and K. Kinoshita Anti-apoptotic effect of acetyl-l-carnitine and I-carnitine in primary cultured neurons Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 83 2000 119 124
    • (2000) Jpn. J. Pharmacol. , vol.83 , pp. 119-124
    • Ishii, T.1    Shimpo, Y.2    Matsuoka, Y.3    Kinoshita, K.4
  • 27
    • 0030071176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin-like growth factor-1 is a potent neuronal rescue agent after hypoxic-ischemic injury in fetal lambs
    • B.M. Johnston, E.C. Mallard, C.E. Williams, and P.D. Gluckman Insulin-like growth factor-1 is a potent neuronal rescue agent after hypoxic-ischemic injury in fetal lambs J. Clin. Invest. 97 1996 300 308
    • (1996) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.97 , pp. 300-308
    • Johnston, B.M.1    Mallard, E.C.2    Williams, C.E.3    Gluckman, P.D.4
  • 29
    • 0030042365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional status of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Relation to the proximity of death
    • E.J. Kasarskis, S. Berryman, J.G. Vanderleest, A.R. Schneider, and C.J. McClain Nutritional status of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: relation to the proximity of death Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63 1996 130 137
    • (1996) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.63 , pp. 130-137
    • Kasarskis, E.J.1    Berryman, S.2    Vanderleest, J.G.3    Schneider, A.R.4    McClain, C.J.5
  • 30
    • 0035209172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional relevance of carnitine transporter OCTN2 to brain distribution of l-carnitine and acetyl-l-carnitine across the blood-brain barrier
    • Y. Kido, I. Tamai, A. Ohnari, Y. Sai, T. Kagami, J. Nezu, H. Nikaido, N. Hashimoto, M. Asano, and A. Tsuji Functional relevance of carnitine transporter OCTN2 to brain distribution of l-carnitine and acetyl-l-carnitine across the blood-brain barrier J. Neurochem. 79 2001 959 969
    • (2001) J. Neurochem. , vol.79 , pp. 959-969
    • Kido, Y.1    Tamai, I.2    Ohnari, A.3    Sai, Y.4    Kagami, T.5    Nezu, J.6    Nikaido, H.7    Hashimoto, N.8    Asano, M.9    Tsuji, A.10
  • 31
    • 0037427440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial permeability transition: A common pathway to necrosis and apoptosis
    • J.S. Kim, L. He, and J.J. Lemasters Mitochondrial permeability transition: a common pathway to necrosis and apoptosis Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304 2003 463 470
    • (2003) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.304 , pp. 463-470
    • Kim, J.S.1    He, L.2    Lemasters, J.J.3
  • 33
    • 0032079517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Massive mitochondrial degeneration in motor neurons triggers the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice expressing a mutant SOD1
    • J. Kong, and Z. Xu Massive mitochondrial degeneration in motor neurons triggers the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice expressing a mutant SOD1 J. Neurosci. 18 1998 3241 3250
    • (1998) J. Neurosci. , vol.18 , pp. 3241-3250
    • Kong, J.1    Xu, Z.2
  • 35
    • 0033031552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiomegaly in the juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mouse is reduced with acute elevation of heart short-chain acyl-carnitine level after l-carnitine injection
    • M. Kuwajima, M. Horiuchi, H. Harashima, K. Lu, M. Hayashi, M. Sei, K. Ozaki, T. Kudo, H. Kamido, A. Ono, T. Saheki, and K. Shima Cardiomegaly in the juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mouse is reduced with acute elevation of heart short-chain acyl-carnitine level after l-carnitine injection FEBS Lett. 443 1999 261 266
    • (1999) FEBS Lett. , vol.443 , pp. 261-266
    • Kuwajima, M.1    Horiuchi, M.2    Harashima, H.3    Lu, K.4    Hayashi, M.5    Sei, M.6    Ozaki, K.7    Kudo, T.8    Kamido, H.9    Ono, A.10    Saheki, T.11    Shima, K.12
  • 36
    • 0034811135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective changes in mitochondria respiratory properties in oxidative or glycolytic muscle fibers isolated from G93AhumanSOD1 transgenic mice
    • N. Leclerc, F. Ribera, J. Zoll, J.M. Warter, P. Poindron, E. Lampert, and J. Borg Selective changes in mitochondria respiratory properties in oxidative or glycolytic muscle fibers isolated from G93AhumanSOD1 transgenic mice Neuromuscul. Disord. 11 2001 722 727
    • (2001) Neuromuscul. Disord. , vol.11 , pp. 722-727
    • Leclerc, N.1    Ribera, F.2    Zoll, J.3    Warter, J.M.4    Poindron, P.5    Lampert, E.6    Borg, J.7
  • 37
    • 0036240776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delaying brain mitochondrial decay and aging with mitochondrial antioxidants and metabolites
    • J. Liu, H. Atamna, H. Kuratsune, and B.N. Ames Delaying brain mitochondrial decay and aging with mitochondrial antioxidants and metabolites Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 959 2002 133 166
    • (2002) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.959 , pp. 133-166
    • Liu, J.1    Atamna, H.2    Kuratsune, H.3    Ames, B.N.4
  • 40
    • 0036176613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • F.M. Menzies, P.G. Ince, and P.J. Shaw Mitochondrial involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurochem. Int. 40 2002 543 551
    • (2002) Neurochem. Int. , vol.40 , pp. 543-551
    • Menzies, F.M.1    Ince, P.G.2    Shaw, P.J.3
  • 42
    • 0023270442 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic ultrastructural changes and liver dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Y. Nakano, K. Hirayama, and K. Terao Hepatic ultrastructural changes and liver dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Arch. Neurol. 44 1987 103 106
    • (1987) Arch. Neurol. , vol.44 , pp. 103-106
    • Nakano, Y.1    Hirayama, K.2    Terao, K.3
  • 43
    • 0021279657 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of ammonia toxicity by l-carnitine: Metabolic changes in brain
    • J.E. O'Connor, M. Costell, and S. Grisolia Prevention of ammonia toxicity by l-carnitine: metabolic changes in brain Neurochem. Res. 9 1984 563 570
    • (1984) Neurochem. Res. , vol.9 , pp. 563-570
    • O'Connor, J.E.1    Costell, M.2    Grisolia, S.3
  • 44
    • 0026516050 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of IV and oral acetyl-l-carnitine in a multiple dose regimen in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type
    • L. Parnetti, A. Gaiti, P. Mecocci, D. Cadini, and U. Senin Pharmacokinetics of IV and oral acetyl-l-carnitine in a multiple dose regimen in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42 1992 89 93
    • (1992) Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.42 , pp. 89-93
    • Parnetti, L.1    Gaiti, A.2    Mecocci, P.3    Cadini, D.4    Senin, U.5
  • 45
    • 0027156357 scopus 로고
    • Cyclosporin and carnitine prevent the anoxic death of cultured hepatocytes by inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition
    • J.G. Pastorino, J.W. Snyder, A. Serroni, J.B. Hoek, and J.L. Farber Cyclosporin and carnitine prevent the anoxic death of cultured hepatocytes by inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 13791 13798
    • (1993) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.268 , pp. 13791-13798
    • Pastorino, J.G.1    Snyder, J.W.2    Serroni, A.3    Hoek, J.B.4    Farber, J.L.5
  • 46
    • 0033653231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetyl-l-carnitine physical-chemical, metabolic, and therapeutic properties: Relevance for its mode of action in Alzheimer's disease and geriatric depression
    • J.W. Pettegrew, J. Levine, and R.J. McClure Acetyl-l-carnitine physical-chemical, metabolic, and therapeutic properties: relevance for its mode of action in Alzheimer's disease and geriatric depression Mol. Psychiatry 5 2000 616 632
    • (2000) Mol. Psychiatry , vol.5 , pp. 616-632
    • Pettegrew, J.W.1    Levine, J.2    McClure, R.J.3
  • 47
    • 0033966463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The carnitine acyltransferases: Modulators of acyl-CoA-dependent reactions
    • R.R. Ramsay The carnitine acyltransferases: modulators of acyl-CoA-dependent reactions Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28 2000 182 186
    • (2000) Biochem. Soc. Trans. , vol.28 , pp. 182-186
    • Ramsay, R.R.1
  • 48
    • 0026783181 scopus 로고
    • Antiradical effects in l-propionyl carnitine protection of the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury: The possible role of iron chelation
    • A.Z. Reznick, V.E. Kagan, R. Ramsey, M. Tsuchiya, S. Khwaja, E.A. Serbinova, and L. Packer Antiradical effects in l-propionyl carnitine protection of the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury: the possible role of iron chelation Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 296 1992 394 401
    • (1992) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.296 , pp. 394-401
    • Reznick, A.Z.1    Kagan, V.E.2    Ramsey, R.3    Tsuchiya, M.4    Khwaja, S.5    Serbinova, E.A.6    Packer, L.7
  • 49
    • 0028888945 scopus 로고
    • Transgenic mice expressing an altered murine superoxide dismutase gene provide an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • M.E. Ripps, G.W. Huntley, P.R. Hof, J.H. Morrison, and J.W. Gordon Transgenic mice expressing an altered murine superoxide dismutase gene provide an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 1995 689 693
    • (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.92 , pp. 689-693
    • Ripps, M.E.1    Huntley, G.W.2    Hof, P.R.3    Morrison, J.H.4    Gordon, J.W.5
  • 52
    • 2142697164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal protection from glucose deprivation via modulation of glucose transport and inhibition of apoptosis: A role for the insulin-like growth factor system
    • V.C. Russo, K. Kobayashi, S. Najdovska, N.L. Baker, and G.A. Werther Neuronal protection from glucose deprivation via modulation of glucose transport and inhibition of apoptosis: a role for the insulin-like growth factor system Brain Res. 1009 2004 40 53
    • (2004) Brain Res. , vol.1009 , pp. 40-53
    • Russo, V.C.1    Kobayashi, K.2    Najdovska, S.3    Baker, N.L.4    Werther, G.A.5
  • 53
    • 0023836876 scopus 로고
    • Hypoglycemia, brain metabolism, and brain damage
    • B.K. Siesjo Hypoglycemia, brain metabolism, and brain damage Diabetes/Metab. Rev. 4 1988 113 144
    • (1988) Diabetes/Metab. Rev. , vol.4 , pp. 113-144
    • Siesjo, B.K.1
  • 55
    • 0035242430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acid effects on mitochondrial permeability: An overview
    • A. Sultan, and P.M. Sokolove Free fatty acid effects on mitochondrial permeability: an overview Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 386 2001 52 61
    • (2001) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.386 , pp. 52-61
    • Sultan, A.1    Sokolove, P.M.2
  • 56
    • 0032493741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2
    • I. Tamai, R. Ohashi, J. Nezu, H. Yabuuchi, A. Oku, M. Shimane, Y. Sai, and A. Tsuji Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2 J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 20378 20382
    • (1998) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.273 , pp. 20378-20382
    • Tamai, I.1    Ohashi, R.2    Nezu, J.3    Yabuuchi, H.4    Oku, A.5    Shimane, M.6    Sai, Y.7    Tsuji, A.8
  • 57
    • 0031050889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of l-carnitine in ammonia-precipitated encephalopathy in the portacaval shunted rat
    • G. Therrien, C. Rose, J. Butterworth, and R.F. Butterworth Protective effect of l-carnitine in ammonia-precipitated encephalopathy in the portacaval shunted rat Hepatology 25 1997 551 556
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.25 , pp. 551-556
    • Therrien, G.1    Rose, C.2    Butterworth, J.3    Butterworth, R.F.4
  • 60
    • 0036321382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA and respiratory chain function in spinal cords of ALS patients
    • F.R. Wiedemann, G. Manfredi, C. Mawrin, M.F. Beal, and E.A. Schon Mitochondrial DNA and respiratory chain function in spinal cords of ALS patients J. Neurochem. 80 2002 616 625
    • (2002) J. Neurochem. , vol.80 , pp. 616-625
    • Wiedemann, F.R.1    Manfredi, G.2    Mawrin, C.3    Beal, M.F.4    Schon, E.A.5
  • 61
    • 0021273322 scopus 로고
    • Influence of severe hypoglycemia on brain extracellular calcium and potassium activities, energy, and phospholipid metabolism
    • T. Wieloch, R.J. Harris, L. Symon, and B.K. Siesjo Influence of severe hypoglycemia on brain extracellular calcium and potassium activities, energy, and phospholipid metabolism J. Neurochem. 43 1984 160 168
    • (1984) J. Neurochem. , vol.43 , pp. 160-168
    • Wieloch, T.1    Harris, R.J.2    Symon, L.3    Siesjo, B.K.4
  • 62
    • 0029053881 scopus 로고
    • An adverse property of a familial ALS-linked SOD1 mutation causes motor neuron disease characterized by vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria
    • P.C. Wong, C.A. Pardo, D.R. Borchelt, M.K. Lee, N.G. Copeland, N.A. Jenkins, S.S. Sisodia, D.W. Cleveland, and D.L. Price An adverse property of a familial ALS-linked SOD1 mutation causes motor neuron disease characterized by vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria Neuron 14 1995 1105 1116
    • (1995) Neuron , vol.14 , pp. 1105-1116
    • Wong, P.C.1    Pardo, C.A.2    Borchelt, D.R.3    Lee, M.K.4    Copeland, N.G.5    Jenkins, N.A.6    Sisodia, S.S.7    Cleveland, D.W.8    Price, D.L.9


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.