Background ozone over the United States in summer: Origin, trend, and contribution to pollution episodes

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 107, Issue 15, 2002, Pages ACH-11-1-ACH-11-25

  Fiore, Arlene M ^a   Jacob, Daniel J ^a   Bey, Isabelle ^a,c   Yantosca, Robert M ^a   Field, Brendan D ^a   Fusco, Andrew C ^a   Wilkinson, James G ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Georgia Institute of Technology   (United States)

^c EPFL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Background ozone; Global model; Ozone pollution; Ozone trends; Pollution episodes; Surface ozone

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; BOUNDARY LAYERS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS; OZONE; TROPOSPHERE;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BACKGROUND LEVEL; OZONE;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 32244445480     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000982     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Allen, D. J., R. B. Rood, A. M. Thompson, and R. D. Hudson, Three-dimensional radon 222 calculations using assimilated meteorological data and a convective mixing algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6871-6881, 1996.
2. Allen, D. J., K. E. Pickering, and A. Molod, An evaluation of deep convective mixing in the Goddard Chemical Transport Model using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project cloud parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25,467-25,476, 1997.
3. Altshuller, A. P., and A. S. Lefohn, Background ozone in the planetary boundary layer over the United States, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 46, 134-141, 1996.
4. Anderson, J. A., B. M. Schoell, and D. B. Wright, Selected NARSTO-Northeast aircraft data for July 31, 1995, EPRI TR-109532, Electr. Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, Calif., 1996.
5. Anfossi, D., S. Sandroni, and S. Viarengo, Tropospheric ozone in the nineteenth century: The Moncalieri Series, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17,349-17,352, 1991.
6. Banta, R. M., et al., Daytime buildup and nighttime transport of urban ozone in the boundary layer during a stagnation episode, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,519-22,544, 1998.
7. Beck, J. P., and P. Grennfelt, Estimate of ozone production and destruction over northwestern Europe, Atmos. Environ., 28, 129-140, 1994.
8. Bell, N., L. Hsu, D. J. Jacob, M. G. Schultz, D. R. Blake, J. Butler, and E. Maier-Reimer, Global budgets of oceanic and atmospheric methyl iodide: Development of methyl iodide as a tracer for marine convection in atmospheric models, J. Geophys. Res., 2002.
9. Benkovitz, C. M., M. T. Schultz, J. Pacyna, L. Tarrason, J. Dignon, E. C. Voldner, P. A. Spiro, J. A. Logan, and T. E. Graedel, Global gridded inventories for anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,239-29,253, 1996.
10. Berman, S., J. Y. Ku, and S. T. Rao, Spatial and temporal variation in the mixing depth over the northeastern United States during the summer of 1995, J. Appl Meteorol., 38, 1661-1673, 1999.
11. Bey, I., D. J. Jacob, R. M. Yantosca, J. A. Logan, B. D. Field, A. M. Fiore, Q. Li, H. Y. Liu, L. J. Mickley, and M. Schultz, Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,073-23,096, 2001a.
12. Bey, I., D. J. Jacob, J. A. Logan, and R. M. Yantosca, Asian chemical outflow to the Pacific: Origins, pathways, and budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,097-23,114, 2001b.
13. Blumenthal, D. L., F. W. Lurmann, N. Kumar, T. S. Dye, S. E. Ray, M. Korc, R. Londergan, and G. Moore, NARSTO- Northeast Transport and Mixing Phenomena Related to Ozone Exceedances in the Northeast United States, draft version 1.0, Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, Calif, 1997.
14. Chen, X., D. Hulbert, and P. B. Shepson, Measurement of the organic nitrate yield from OH reaction with isoprene, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25,563-25,568, 1998.
15. Chin, M., D. J. Jacob, G. M. Gardner, M. S. Foreman-Fowler, P. A. Spiro, and D. L. Savoie, A global three-dimensional model of tropospheric sulfate, J.Geophys. Res., 101, 18,667-18,690, 1996.
16. Cowling, E. B., W. L. Chameides, C. S. Kiang, F. C. Fehsenfeld, and J. F. Meagher, Introduction to the special section: Southern Oxidants Study Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,209-22,212, 1998.
17. Cowling, E. B., W. L. Chameides, C. S. Kiang, F. C. Fehsenfeld, and J. F. Meagher, Introduction to special section: Southern Oxidants Study Nash ville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study, Part 2, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9075-9077, 2000.
18. Dickerson, R., S. Kondragunta, G. Stenchikov, K. Civerolo, B. Doddridge, and B. Holben, The impact of aerosols on solar ultraviolet radiation and photochemical smog, Science, 278, 827-830, 1997.
19. Duncan, B. N., and J. A. Logan, Trends in carbon monoxide (1988-1997): A model sensitivity study, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(20), Spring Meet. Suppl., A62B-06, 2001.
20. E. H. Pechan and Associates, Inc., Development of SAMI 1990 Base Year Emissions Inventory, draft report prepared for Southern Appalachian Mountains Initiative, Springfield, Va., January 1999.
21. Evironmental Protection Agency, National air pollutant emission trends, 1990-1996, EPA-454/R-97-011, Research Triangle Park, N. C., 1997.
22. Environmental Protection Agency, National air quality and emissions trends report: 1998, EPA-454/R-00-003, Research Triangle Park, N. C., 2000. (Available at www.epa.gov/airs/criteria.html)
23. Environmental Protection Agency, National air quality and emissions trends report: 1999, EPA-454/R-01-004, Research Triangle Park, N. C., 2001. (Available at http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd99/toc.html)
24. Follows, M. J., and J. F. Austin, A zonal average model of the stratospheric contributions to the tropospheric ozone budget, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18,047-18,060, 1992.
25. Goldan, P. D., D. D. Parrish, W. C. Kuster, M. Trainer, S. A. McKeen, J. Holloway, B. T. Jobson, D. T. Sueper, and F. C. Fehsenfeld, Airborne measurements of isoprene, CO, and anthropogenic hydrocarbons and their implications, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9091-9105, 2000.
26. Guenther, A., et al., A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873-8892, 1995.
27. Hallock-Waters, K. A., B. G. Doddridge, R. R. Dickerson, S. Spitzer, and J. D. Ray, Carbon monoxide in the U.S. mid-Atlantic troposphere: Evidence for a decreasing trend, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2861-2864, 1999.
28. Hauglustaine, D. A., G. P. Brasseur, S. Walters, P. J. Rasch, J.-F. Muller, L. K. Emmons, and M. A. Carroll, MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers, 2, Model results and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,291-28,335, 1998.
29. Herman, J. R., and E. A. Celarier, Earth surface reflectivity climatology at 340-380 nm from TOMS data, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,003-28,011, 1997.
30. x at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,659-12,666, 1996.
31. Hirsch, R. M., and E. J. Gilroy, Methods of fitting a straight line to data: Examples in water resources, Water Res. Bull., 20, 705-711, 1984.
32. Holzworth, G. C., Mixing depths, wind speeds and air pollution potential for selected locations in the United States, J. Appl. Meteorol, 6, 1039-1044, 1967.
33. Horowitz, L. W., J. Liang, G. M. Gardner, and D. J. and Jacob, Export of reactive nitrogen from North America during summertime, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,451-13,476, 1998.
34. Hubler, G., et al., An overview of the airborne activities during the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) 1995 Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,245-22,259, 1998.
35. Jacob, D. J., Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2131-2159, 2000.
36. Jacob, D. J., et al., Summertime photochemistry of the troposphere at high northern latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16,421-16,431, 1992.
37. Jacob, D. J., et al., Simulation of summertime ozone over North America, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14,797-14,816, 1993a.
38. Jacob, D. J., J. A. Logan, G. M. Gardner, R. M. Yevich, C. M. Spivakovsky, and S. C. Wofsy, Factors regulating ozone over the United States and its export to the global atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14,817-14,826, 1993b.
39. Jacob, D. J., J. A. Logan, and P. P. Murti, Effect of rising Asian emissions on surface ozone in the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2175-2178, 1999.
40. Jacob, D. J., B. D. Field, E. Jin, I. Bey, Q. Li, J. A. Logan, R. M. Yantosca, and H. B. Singh, Atmospheric budget of acetone, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000694, 2002.
41. Jacobson, M. Z., and R. P. Turco, A sparse-matrix, vectorized GEAR code for atmospheric transport models, Atmos. Environ., 33, 273-284, 1994.
42. Kasibhatla, P., H. Levy II, A. Klonecki, and W. L. Chameides, Three-dimensional view of the large-scale tropospheric ozone distribution over the North Atlantic Ocean during summer, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,305-29,316, 1996.
43. Kasibhatla, P., W. L. Chameides, R. D. Saylor, and D. Olerud, Relationships between regional ozone pollution and emissions of nitrogen oxides in the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,663-22,669, 1998.
44. Kondragunta, S., The impact of aerosols on urban photochemical smog production, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Md., College Park, 1997.
45. Korc, M., P. Roberts, and D. Blumenthal, NARSTO-Northeast Data Management Plan, EPRI TR-109541, Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, Calif., 1996.
46. Lavery, T. F., C. M. Rogers, M. O. Stewart, H. K. Howell, C. M. Costakis, M. C. Burnett, W. R. Barnard, and C. A. Wanta, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CAST-Net) 1999 annual report, prepared by Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., for U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA contract 68-D-98-112, Research Triangle Park, N. C., 2001.
47. Lawrence, M. G., P. J. Crutzen, P. J. Rasch, B. E. Eaton, and N. M. Mahowald, A model for studies of tropospheric photochemistry: Description, global distributions, and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26,245-26,277, 1999.
48. Lefohn, A. S., D. S. Shadwick, and S. D. Ziman, The difficult challenge of attaining EPA's new ozone standard, Environ. Sci. Technol, 32, 276A-282A, 1998.
49. Lefohn, A. S., S. J. Oltmans, T. Dann, and H. B. Singh, Present-day variability of background ozone in the lower troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9945-9958, 2001.
50. Lelieveld, J., and F. J. Dentener, What controls tropospheric ozone?, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3531-3551, 2000.
51. Li, Q., D. J. Jacob, I. Bey, R. M. Yantosca, Y. Zhao, Y. Kondo, and J. Notholt, Atmospheric hydrogen cyanide (HCN): Biomass burning source, ocean sink?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 357-360, 2000.
52. Li, Q., et al., A tropospheric ozone maximum over the Middle East, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3235-3238, 2001.
53. Li, Q., D. J. Jacob, T. D. Fairlie, H. Liu, R. M. Yantosca, and R. V. Martin, Stratospheric versus pollution influences on ozone at Bermuda: Reconciling past analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2002JD002138, in press, 2002.
54. Liang, J., and M. Z. Jacobson, Effects of subgrid segregation on ozone production efficiency in a chemical model, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2975-2982, 2000.
55. Liang, J., L. W. Horowitz, D. J. Jacob, Y. Wang, A. M. Fiore, J. A. Logan, G. M. Gardner, and J. W. Munger, Seasonal variations of reactive nitrogen species and ozone over the United States, and export fluxes to the global atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,435-13,450, 1998.
56. Lin, C. Y., D. J. Jacob, J. W. Munger, and A. M. Fiore, Increasing background ozone in surface air over the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3465-3468, 2000.
57. 7Be on wet deposition and transport in a global three-dimensional chemical tracer model driven by assimilated meteorological fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12,109-12,128, 2001.
58. Liu, H., D. J. Jacob, L. Y. Chan, S. J. Oltmans, R. M. Yantosca, J. M. Harris, B. N. Duncan, and R. V. Martin, Sources of tropospheric ozone along the Asian Pacific Rim: An analysis of ozonesonde observations, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD002005, in press, 2002.
59. Logan, J. A., Ozone in rural areas of the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8511-8532, 1989.
60. Logan, J. A., et al., Trends in the vertical distribution of ozone: A comparison of two analyses of ozonesonde data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26,373-26,399, 1999.
61. Luke, W. T., T. B. Watson, K. J. Olszyna, R. L. Gunter, R. T. McMillen, D. L. Wellman, and S. W. Wilkison, A comparison of airborne and surface trace gas measurements during the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS), J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,317-22,337, 1998.
62. Marenco, A., H. Gouget, P. Nedelec, J. P. Pages, and F. Karcher, Evidence of a long-term increase in tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series: Consequences: Positive radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16,617-16,632, 1994.
63. Martin, R. V., et al., An improved retrieval of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide from GOME, J. Geophys., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001027, in press, 2002.
64. McKeen, S. A., G. Wotawa, M. Trainer, E. Hsie, D. D. Parrish, J. Holloway, and T. Ryerson, Ozine production from Canadian wildfires during the 1995 Southern Oxidant Study, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(48), Fall Meet. Suppl., A11B-40, 2000.
65. McKeen, S. A., G. Wotawa, D. D. Parrish, J. S. Holloway, M. P. Buhr, G. Hubler, F. C. Fehsenfeld, and J. F. Meagher, Ozone production from Canadian wildfires during June and July of 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000697, in press, 2001.
66. McLinden, C. A., S. C. Olsen, B. Hannegan, O. Wild, M. J. Prather, and J. Sundet, Stratospheric ozone in 3-D models: A simple chemistry and the cross-tropopause flux, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14,653-14,665, 2000.
67. McNider, R. T., W. B. Norris, A. J. Song, R. L. Clymer, S. Gupta, R. M. Banta, R. J. Zamora, A. B. White, and M. Trainer, Meteorological conditions during the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville/Middle Tennessee Field Intensive, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,225-22,243, 1998.
68. Meagher, J. F., E. B. Cowling, F. C. Fehsenfeld, and W. J. Parkhurst, Ozone formation and transport in the southeastern United States: Overview of the SOS Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,213-22,223, 1998.
69. Mickley, L. J., P. P. Murti, D. J. Jacob, J. A. Logan, D. Rind, and D. Koch, Radiative forcing from tropospheric ozone calculated with a unified chemistry-climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30,153-30,172, 1999.
70. Mueller, P. K., P. Roberts, M. Korc, and D. Blumenthal, NARSTO-North-east 1995 Summer Ozone Study, version 1.2, EPRI TR-109540, Electr. Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, Calif., 1996.
71. Munger, J. W., S. C. Wofsy, P. S. Bakwin, S.-M. Fan, M. L. Goulden, B. C. Daube, A. H. Goldstein, K. E. Moore, and D. R. Fitzjarrald, Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen oxides and ozone in a temperate deciduous forest and a sub-arctic woodland, 1, Measurements and mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,639-12,657, 1996.
72. Munger, J. W., S.-M. Fan, P. S. Bakwin, M. L. Goulden, A. H. Goldstein, A. S. Colman, and S. C. Wofsy, Regional budgets for nitrogen oxides from continental sources: Variations of rates for oxidation and deposition with season and distance from source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8355-8368, 1998.
73. NARSTO Synthesis Team, An assessment of tropospheric ozone pollution: A North American perspective, draft report, Electr. Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, Calif., July 2000.
74. National Research Council, Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution, Natl. Acad., Washington D. C., 1991.
75. Ogburn, C., L. Boothe, M. Müllen, and P. F. Brewer, Emissions inventories for the Southern Appalachian Mountains Initiative, paper presented at Annual Meeting, Air and Waste Manage. Assoc., Salt Lake City, Utah, June 2000.
76. y relationships at a rural site.y. Geophys. Res., 99, 14,557-14,563, 1994.
77. Olszyna, K. J., W. J. Parkhurst, and J. F. Meagher, Air chemistry during the 1995 SOS/Nashville intensive determined from level 2 network, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,143-31,153, 1998.
78. Oltmans, S. J., et al., Trends of ozone in the troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 139-142, 1998.
79. Orlando, J. J., B. Noziere, G. S. Tyndall, G. E. Orzechowska, S. E. Paulson, and Y. Rudich, Product studies of the OH- and ozone-initiated oxidation of some monoterpenes, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,561-11,572, 2000.
80. Palmer, P. I., D. J. Jacob, K. Chance, R. V. Martin, D. R. J. Spurr, T. P. Kurosu, I. Bey, R. Yantosca, A. Fiore, and Q. Li, Air mass factor formulation for spectroscopic measurements from satellites: Application to formaldehyde retrievals from GOME, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14,539-14,550, 2001.
81. Park, R. J., G. L. Stenchikov, K. E. Pickering, R. R. Dickerson, D. J. Allen, and S. Kondragunta, Regional air pollution and its radiative forcings: Studies with a single-column chemical and radiation transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,751-28,770, 2002.
82. Parrish, D. D., M. Trainer, D. Hereid, E. J. Williams, K. J. Olszyna, R. A. Harley, J. F. Meagher, and F. C. Fehsenfeld, Decadal change in carbon monoxide to nitrogen oxide ratio in U. S. vehicular emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000720, 2002.
83. Piccot, S. D., J. J. Watson, and J. W. Jones, A global inventory of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9897-9912, 1992.
84. Prather, M., and D. Ehhalt, Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases, in Climate Change: The Scientific Basis: The IPCC Working Group 1 Third Assessment Report, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2001.
85. Rasch, P. J., N. M. Mahowald, and B. E. Eaton, Representations of transport, convection, and the hydrologic cycle in chemical transport models: Implications for the modeling of short-lived and soluble species, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,127-28,138, 1997.
86. Russell, P. B., P. V. Hobbs, and L. L. Stowe, Aerosol properties and radiative effects in the United States east coast haze plume: An overview of the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX), J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2213-2222, 1999.
87. 3 episode in the mid-Atlantic states, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 48, 786-797, 1998.
88. Ryerson, R. B., et al., Observations of ozone formation in power plant plumes and implications for ozone control strategies, Science, 292, 719-723, 2001.
89. Saylor, R. D., W. L. Chameides, and E. B. Cowling, Implications of the new ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards for compliance in rural areas, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,137-31,141, 1998.
90. Seaman, N. L., and S. A. Michelson, Mesoscale meteorological structure of a high-ozone episode during the 1995 NARSTO-Northeast Study, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 384-398, 2000.
91. x and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1821-1845, 1999.
92. x and VOC as ozone precursors: A case study from the SOS Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,415-22,423, 1998.
93. Stocks, B. J., The extent and impact of forest fires in northern circumpolar countries, in Global Biomass Burning, edited by J. S. Levine, pp. 197-202, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1991.
94. Trainer, M., E. J. Williams, D. D. Parrish, M. P. Buhr, E. J. Allwine, H. H. Westberg, F. C. Fehsenfeld, and S. C. Liu, Models and observations of the impact of natural hydrocarbons on rural ozone, Nature, 329, 705-707, 1987.
95. y in photochemically aged air, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2917-2925, 1993.
96. Vukovich, F. M., Regional-scale boundary layer ozone variations in the eastern United States and their association with meteorological variations, Atmos. Environ., 29, 2259-2273, 1995.
97. Wang, Y., and D. J. Jacob, Anthropogenic forcing on tropospheric ozone and OH since preindustrial times, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,123-31,135, 1998.
98. x-hydrocarbon chemistry, 1, Model formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10,713-10,726, 1998a.
99. x-hydrocarbon chemistry, 2, Model evaluation and global ozone budget, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10,727-10,755, 1998b.
100. x-hydrocarbon chemistry, 3, Origin of tropospheric ozone and effects of non-methane hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10,757-10,768, 1998c.
101. Wesely, M. L., Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293-1304, 1989.
102. Wild, O., X. Zhu, and M. Prather, Fast-J: Accurate simulation of in- and below-cloud photolysis in tropospheric chemistry models, J. Atmos. Chem., 37, 245-282, 2000.
103. Wotawa, G., and M. Trainer, The influence of Canadian forest fires on pollutant concentrations in the United States, Science, 288, 324-328, 2000.
104. Zhang, J., and S. T. Rao, The role of vertical mixing in the temporal evolution of ground-level ozone concentrations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 1674-1691, 1999.
105. Zhang, J., S. T. Rao, and S. M. Daggupaty, Meteorological processes and ozone exceedances in the northeastern United States during the 12-16 July 1995 episode, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 776-789, 1998.