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2
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0032552279
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I. Jonquieres, A. Marenco, A. Maalej, F. Rohrer, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19059 (1998).
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Jonquieres, I.1
Marenco, A.2
Maalej, A.3
Rohrer, F.4
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9
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W. R. Cofer, E. L. Winstead, B. J. Stocks, J. G. Goldammer, D. R. Cahoon, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3919 (1998).
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Cofer, W.R.1
Winstead, E.L.2
Stocks, B.J.3
Goldammer, J.G.4
Cahoon, D.R.5
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12
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0032552710
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J. F. Meagher, E. B. Cowling, F. C. Fehsenfeld, W. J. Parkhurst, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 22213 (1998).
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Meagher, J.F.1
Cowling, E.B.2
Fehsenfeld, F.C.3
Parkhurst, W.J.4
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14
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0343354345
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note
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In the early summer of 1995, high forest fire activity occurred in northern Canada. 4.3 million ha burned during June, 2.5 million of which were in the Northwest Territories [National Forestry Database Program, Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (nfdp. ccfm.org/)].
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15
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0343354346
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note
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2.
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0342919147
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note
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Harvard Forest, MA, and Arendtsville, PA.
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17
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0343354347
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note
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We calculated three-dimensional backward trajectories every three hours, ending 30 m and 500 m above the measurement site. The calculation period was 20 June to 20 July 1995.
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18
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0029414244
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A. Stohl, G. Wotawa, P. Seibert, H. Kromp-Kolb, J. Appl. Meteorol. 34, 2149 (1995).
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(1995)
J. Appl. Meteorol.
, vol.34
, pp. 2149
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Stohl, A.1
Wotawa, G.2
Seibert, P.3
Kromp-Kolb, H.4
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19
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0004028329
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European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
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User guide to ECMWF products Version 2.1. (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 1995).
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(1995)
User Guide to ECMWF Products Version 2.1
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20
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0342919146
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note
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The principle of trajectory statistics is to attribute measured pollutant concentrations to grid cells crossed by the corresponding trajectories (i.e., by trajectories ending at the site simultaneously with the measurements). Afterward, an average, residence-time weighted concentration is computed for every cell. High concentration values indicate the existence of a substantial source of the measured quantity within the cell.
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22
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0032551121
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J. L. Moody, J. W. Munger, A. H. Goldstein, D. J. Jacob, S. C. Wofsy, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 13181 (1998).
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J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.103
, pp. 13181
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Moody, J.L.1
Munger, J.W.2
Goldstein, A.H.3
Jacob, D.J.4
Wofsy, S.C.5
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23
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0342919145
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note
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The major fire area was located around 120°W and 65°N between Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake.
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24
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0342919144
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Canadian Forest Service, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Fire Monitoring, Mapping and Modelling System
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Large forest fires were also observed in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario [see Canadian Forest Service, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Fire Monitoring, Mapping and Modelling System (available at fms.nofc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/firem3/index. html)].
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26
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0342919141
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note
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The model resolution was 1° in longitude and latitude. The model domain covered more than one-third of the Northern Hemisphere (170° to 20°W) from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. The advection was calculated grid-free, and there was no numerical diffusion. Diffusion in the boundary layer was parameterized, and boundary layer heights were computed with Richardson number profiles. The concentration evaluation grid consisted of 10 boxes from the surface to 11 km, with the lowest box from surface to 150 m.
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27
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0342919142
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Area 1, Northwest Territories; area 2, Northeastern Alberta; area 3, northern central Saskatchewan; area 4, northern central Manitoba; and area 5, Ontario (James Bay).
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28
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0342484927
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National Forestry Database Program, Canadian Council of Forest Ministers
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National Forestry Database Program, Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (available at nfdp.ccfm.org/).
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29
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0003407590
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National air pollutant emission trends 1900-1996
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Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1900-1996, EPA Report EPA-454/R-97-011 (Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1997).
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(1997)
EPA Report EPA-454/R-97-011
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30
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0003764496
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The 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory (version 2): Development of the annual data and modeler's tapes
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Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
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The 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory (Version 2): Development of the annual data and modeler's tapes, EPA Report EPA-600/7-89-012a (Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1989).
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(1989)
EPA Report EPA-600/7-89-012a
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34
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0342484925
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note
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Model agreement with U.S. East Coast measurements improved if the anthropogenic emissions were reduced but deteriorated if the forest fire emissions were reduced.
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35
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0028590462
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M. Chin, D. J. Jacob, J. W. Munger, D. D. Parrish, B. G. Doddridge, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14565 (1994).
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(1994)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.99
, pp. 14565
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Chin, M.1
Jacob, D.J.2
Munger, J.W.3
Parrish, D.D.4
Doddridge, B.G.5
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38
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0032005357
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L. Cheng, K. M. McDonald, P. Angle, H. S. Sandhu, Atmos. Environ. 32, 673 (1998).
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(1998)
Atmos. Environ.
, vol.32
, pp. 673
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Cheng, L.1
McDonald, K.M.2
Angle, P.3
Sandhu, H.S.4
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40
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0032864793
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W. R. Skinner, B. J. Stocks, D. L. Martell, B. Bonsal, A. Shabbar, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 63, 89 (1999).
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(1999)
Theor. Appl. Climatol.
, vol.63
, pp. 89
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Skinner, W.R.1
Stocks, B.J.2
Martell, D.L.3
Bonsal, B.4
Shabbar, A.5
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41
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0343790069
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note
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3 measurement data came from SOS95 and NARSTO sites. Airborne measurements were made by D. Parrish and J. Holloway. The modeling was based on data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, provided by A. Krieger from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria. We are grateful to A. Stohl, Technical University of Munich, who developed the FLEXPART model and was always open for discussion of the results.
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