Constraints from 210Pb and 7Be on wet deposition and transport in a global three-dimensional chemical tracer model driven by assimilated meteorological fields

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 106, Issue D11, 2001, Pages 12109-12128

  Liu, Hongyu ^a   Jacob, Daniel J ^a   Bey, Isabelle ^a   Yantosca, Robert M ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; BERYLLIUM ISOTOPE; GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE; LEAD ISOTOPE; WET DEPOSITION;

EID: 0034921244     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900839     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Allen, D. J., P. Kasibhatla, A. M. Thompson, R. B. Rood, B. G. Doddridge, K. E. Pickering, R. D. Hudson, and S.-J. Lin, Transport-induced interannual variability of carbon monoxide determined using a chemistry and transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28,655-28,669, 1996a.
2. Allen, D. J., R. B. Rood, A. M. Thompson, and R. D. Hudson, Three-dimensional radon 222 calculations using assimilated meteorological data and a convective mixing algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6871-6881, 1996b.
3. Allen, D. J., K. E. Pickering, and A. Molod, An evaluation of deep convective mixing in the Goddard Chemical Transport Model using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project cloud parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25,467-25,476, 1997.
4. Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, Interaction of cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 671-701, 1974.
5. 210Pb, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20,573-20,586, 1993.
6. Barrie, L. A., Arctic air pollution: An overview of current knowledge, Atmos. Environ., 20, 643-663, 1986.
7. Blake, N. J., et al., Influence of southern hemispheric biomass burning on midtropospheric distributions of nonmethane hydrocarbons and selected halocarbons over the remote South Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,213-16,232, 1999.
8. Bleichrodt, J.F., Mean tropospheric residence time of cosmic -ray-produced beryllium 7 at north temperate latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3058-3062, 1978.
9. Bondietti, E. A., C. Papastefanou, and C. Rangarajan, Aerodynamic size associations of natural radioactivity with ambient aerosols, in Radon and Its Decay Products: Occurrence, Properties and Health Effects, Symp. Ser. 331, edited by P. K. Hopke, pp. 377-397, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C., 1987.
10. Bondietti, E. A., J. N. Brantley, and C. Rangarajan, Size distributions and growth of natural and Chernobyl-derived submicron aerosols in Tennessee, J. Environ. Radioact., 6, 99-120, 1988.
11. 7Be in a global climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22,423-22,445, 1991.
12. Cheng, C.-P., and R. A. Houze Jr., The distribution of convective and mesoscale precipitation in GATE radar echo patterns, Mon. Weather Rev., 107, 1370-1381, 1979.
13. Chin, M., D. J. Jacob, G. M. Gardner, M. S. Foreman-Fowler, and P. A. Spiro, A global three-dimensional model of tropospheric sulfate, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18,667-18,690, 1996.
14. Chin, M., R. B. Rood, D. J. Allen, M. O. Andreae, A. M. Thompson, S.-J. Lin, R. M. Atlas, and J. V. Ardizzone, Processes controlling dimethylsulfide over the ocean: Case studies using a 3-D model driven by assimilated meteorological fields, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8341-8353, 1998.
15. Dana, M. T., and J. M. Hales, Statistical aspects of the washout of polydisperse aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 10, 45-50, 1976.
16. 210Pb in the western hemisphere arctic atmosphere: Observations from the three recent aircraft-based sampling programs, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16,709-16,715, 1992.
17. 10Be in aerosols at Alert, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,855-12,864, 1994.
18. Dibb, J. E., R. W. Talbot, B. L. Lefer, E. Scheuer, G. L. Gregory, E. V. Browell, J. D. Bradshaw, S. T. Sandholm, and H. B. Singh, Distribution of beryllium 7 and lead 210, and soluble aerosol-associated ionic species over the western Pacific: PEM West B, February - March 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,287-028,302, 1997.
19. 210Pb, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,233-16,241, 1999a.
20. Dibb, J. E., R. W. Talbot, E. M. Scheuer, D. R. Blake, N. J. Blake, G. L. Gregory, G. W. Sachse, and D. C. Thornton, Aerosol chemical composition and distribution during the Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM) Tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5785-5800, 1999b.
21. 7Be in surface air, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5783-5788, 1985.
22. Environmental Measurements Laboratory, High Altitude Sampling Program Database, http://www.eml.doe.gov/, Dep. of Energy, New York, 2000a.
23. Environmental Measurements Laboratory, Surface Air Sampling Program Database, http://www.eml.doe.gov/, Dep. of Energy, New York, 2000b.
24. Feely, H. W., and H. Seitz, Use of lead 210 as a tracer of transport processes in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 2885-2894, 1970.
25. Feely, H. W., R. J. Larsen, and C. G. Sanderson, Factors that cause seasonal variations in beryllium-7 concentrations in surface air, J. Environ. Radioactivity, 9, 223-249, 1989.
26. 210Pb aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22,447-22,460, 1991.
27. Fenn, M. A., et al., Ozone and aerosol distributions and air mass characteristics over the South Pacific during the burning season, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,197-16,212, 1999.
28. Fuelberg, H. E., R. E. Newell, S. P. Longmore, Y. Zhu, D. J. Westberg, E. V. Browell, D. R. Blake, G. L. Gregory, and G. W. Sachse, A meteorological overview of the Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM) Tropics period, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5585-5622, 1999.
29. Gamache, J. F., and R. A. Houze, Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1835-1850, 1983.
30. 210Pb in a global three-dimensional off-line chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,761-23,784, 1999.
31. Giorgi, F., and W. L. Chameides, Rainout lifetimes of highly soluble aerosols and gases as inferred from simulations with a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14,367-14,376, 1986.
32. 226Ra disequilibrium in soils, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 841-844, 1990.
33. 210Pb vertical profiles, surface concentrations, and deposition, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,875-28,891, 1998a.
34. 210Pb simulation with ground measurement, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11,429-11,445, 1998b.
35. Harris, J. M., and S. J. Oltmans, Variations in tropospheric ozone related to transport at American Samoa, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8781-8791, 1997.
36. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC third assessment report (TAR) expert review, World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
37. Jacob, D. J., Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2131-2159, 2000.
38. Jacob, D. J., and M. J. Prather, Radon-222 as a test of boundary layer convection in a general circulation model, Tellus, Ser. B, 42, 118-134, 1990.
39. 222Rn and other short-lived tracers, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5953-5970, 1997.
40. Jorgensen, D. P., and M. A. LeMone, Vertical velocity characteristics of oceanic convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 621-640, 1989.
41. Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, A one-dimensional entraining detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802, 1990.
42. y levels: A model study, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18,631-18,646, 1991.
43. Kiehl, J. T., T. L. Schneider, P. J. Rasch, M. C. Earth, and J. Wong, Radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosols from simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1441-1457, 2000.
44. Koch, D. M., and M. E. Mann, Spatial and temporal variability of Be surface concentrations, Tellus, Ser. B, 48, 387-396, 1996.
45. 210Pb in a chemical tracer model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18,651-18,666, 1996.
46. Koch, D. M., D. J. Jacob, I. Tegen, D. Rind, and M. Chin, Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,799-23,822, 1999.
47. 7Be measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17,405-17,414, 1991.
48. Lal, D., and B. Peters, Cosmic ray produced radioactivity on the Earth, in Handbuch der Physik, 46/2, edited by K. Sitte, pp. 551-612, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1967.
49. Lal, D., P. K. Malhotra, and B. Peters, On the production of radioisotopes in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation and their application to meteorology, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 12, 306-328, 1958.
50. Lambert, G., B. Ardouin, and J. Sanak, Atmospheric transport of trace elements toward Antarctica, Tellus, Ser. B, 42, 76-82, 1990.
51. Larsen, R. J., C. G. Sanderson, and J. Kada, EML Surface Air Sampling Program 1990-1993 data, USDOE Rep. EML-572, U.S. Dep. of Energy, Washington, D. C., Nov. 1995.
52. Lawrence, M. G., and P. J. Crutzen, The impact of cloud particle gravitational settling on soluble trace gas distributions, Tellus, Ser. B, 50, 263-289, 1998.
53. 210Pb, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23,253-23,270, 1995.
54. Leifer, R., and Z. R. Juzdan, The high altitude sampling program: Radioactivity in the stratosphere, final report, December 1986, EML-Rep.-458, Environ. Meas. Lab., Dep. of Energy, New York, 1986.
55. Li, Q., D. J. Jacob, I. Bey, R. M. Yantosca, Y. Zhao, and Y. Kondo, Atmospheric hydrogen cyanide (HCN): Biomass burning source, ocean sink?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 357-360, 2000.
56. Lin, S.-J., and R. B. Rood, Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 2046-2070, 1996.
57. Liou, K.-N., Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes: A global perspective, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 1167-1199, 1986.
58. Maenhaut, W., W. H. Zoller, and D. G. Coles, Radionuclides in the South Pole atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3131-3138, 1979.
59. Mari, C., D. J. Jacob, and P. Bechtold, Transport and scavenging of soluble gases in a deep convective cloud, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22,255-22,267, 2000.
60. Masarik, J., and J. Beer, Simulation of particle fluxes and cosmogenic nuclide production in the Earth's atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 12,099-12,111, 1999.
61. Merrill, J. T., Atmospheric long-range transport to the Pacific ocean, Chem. Oceanogr., 10, 15-49, 1990.
62. Merrill, J. T., R. E. Newell, and A. S. Bachmeier, A meteorological overview for the Pacific Exploratory Mission-West Phase B, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,241-28,253, 1997.
63. Molod, A., H. M. Helfand, and L. L. Takacs, The climatology of parameterized physical processes ih the GEOS-1 GCM and their impact on the GEOS-1 data assimilation system, J. Climate, 9, 764-785, 1996.
64. 210Po profiles and aerosol residence times versus altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 7065-7075, 1973.
65. Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 978-1002, 1992.
66. Nazaroff, W. W., Radon transport from soil to air, Rev. Geophys., 30, 137-160, 1992.
67. O'Brien, K., A. De La Zerda Lerner, M. A. Shea, and D. F. Smart, The production of cosmogenic isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere and their inventories, in The Sun in Time, pp. 317-342, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1991.
68. Ogura, Y., and H. -R. Cho, Diagnostic determination of cumulus cloud populations from observed large-scale variables, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1276-1286, 1973.
69. Ogura, Y., and T. Takahashi, Numerical simulation of the life cycle of a thunderstorm cell, Mon. Weather Rev., 99, 895-911, 1971.
70. Palmer, P. I., D. J. Jacob, K. Chance, R. V. Martin, R. J. D. Spurr, T. P. Kurosu, I. Bey, R. Yantosca, A. Fiore, and Q. Li, Air mass factor formulation for spectroscopic measurements from satellites: Application to formaldehyde retrievals from GOME, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2001.
71. Penner, J. E., R. J. Charlson, J. M. Hales, N. S. Laulainen, R. Leifer, T. Novakov, J. Ogren, L. F. Radke, S. E. Schwartz, and L. Travis, Quantifying and minimizing uncertainty of climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 375-400, 1994.
72. Preiss, N., M.-A. Melieres, and M. Pourchet, A compilation of data on lead 210 concentration in surface air and fluxes at the air-surface and water-sediment interfaces, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28,847-28,862, 1996.
73. Rangarajan, C., and S. Gopalakrishnan, Seasonal variation of beryllium-7 relative to caesium-137 in surface air at tropical and sub-tropical latitudes, Tellus, 22, 115-120, 1970.
74. Rasch, P. J., et al., A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: Results from the WCRP Cambridge workshop of 1995, Tellus, Ser. B, 52, 1025-1056, 2000.
75. 90Sr, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26,141-26,161, 1995.
76. 210Pb aerosols over oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 1067-1069, 1981.
77. Sanak, J., G. Lambert, and B. Ardouin, Measurements of stratosphere-troposphere exchange in Antarctica by using short-lived cosmonuclides, Tellus, Ser. B, 37, 109-115, 1985.
78. Schery, S. D., S. Whittlestone, K. P. Hart, and S. E. Hill, The flux of radon and thoron from Australian soils, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8567-8576, 1989.
79. Schubert, S. D., and R. B. Rood, Proceedings of the workshop on the GEOS-1 five-year assimilation, NASA Tech. Mem. 104606, 7, 1995.
80. Schubert, S. D., R. B. Rood, and J. Pfaendtner, An assimilated data set for Earth Science applications, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 2331-2342, 1993.
81. Singh, H., et al., Distribution and fate of select oxygenated organic species in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3795-3806, 2000.
82. Stoller, P., et al., Measurements of atmospheric layers from the NASA DC-8 and P-3B aircraft during PEM-Tropics A, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5745-5764, 1999.
83. Strom, J., B. Strauss, T. Anderson, F. Schroder, J. Heintzenberg, and P. Wendling, In situ observations of the microphysical properties of young cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2542-2553, 1997.
84. Takacs, L. L., A. Molod, and T. Wang, Documentation of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) general circulation model - version 1, NASA Tech. Memo., TM-104606, 1, 1994.
85. Tiedtke, M., Representation of clouds in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 3040-3061, 1993.
86. Turekian, K. K., Y. Nozaki, and L. K. Benninger, Geochemistry of atmospheric radon and radon products, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 5, 227-255, 1977.
87. Turekian, K. K., W. C. Graustein, and J. K. Cochran, Lead-210 in the SEAREX program: An aerosol tracer across the Pacific, in Chemical Oceanography, vol. 10, edited by J. P. Riley, R. Chester, and R. A. Duce, pp. 51-80, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1989.
88. Uematsu, M., R. A. Duce, and J. M. Prospero, Atmosphere beryllium-7 concentrations over the Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 561-564, 1994.
89. Viezee, W., and H. B. Singh, The distribution of beryllium-7 in the troposphere: Implications on stratospheric/tropospheric air exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 805-808, 1980.
90. Wesely, M. L., and B. B. Hicks, Some factors that affect the deposition rates of sulfur dioxide and similar gases on vegetation, J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 27, 1110-1116, 1977.
91. Wilkening, M. H., W. E. Clements, and D. Stanley, Radon 222 flux measurements in widely separated regions, in The Natural Radiation Environment II, pp. 717-730, U.S. Energy and Res. Dev. Admin., Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1975.