A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 1218-1226

  Gierens, K ^a   Schumann, U ^a   Helten, M ^b   Smit, H ^b   Marenco, A ^c  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^c CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Atmospheric composition and structure (troposphere composition and chemistry)

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345516757     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00585-999-1218-7     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Bethan, S., G. Vaughan, and S. J. Reid, A comparison of ozone and thermal tropopause heights and the impact of tropopause definition on quantifying the ozone content of the troposphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 929-944, 1996.
2. Bosch, K., Großes Lehrbuch der Statistik, R. Oldenbourg, München, Germany, 586 pp, 1996.
3. Chiou, E. W., M. P. McCormick, and W. P. Chu, Global water vapor distributions in the stratosphere and upper troposphere derived from 5.5 years of SAGE II observations (1986-1991), J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19 105-19 118, 1997.
4. Detwiler, A., and R. Pratt, Clear air seeding: opportunities and strategies, J. Weather Modification, 16, 46-60, 1984.
5. Duhnke, K., H. G. J. Smit, D. Kley, A. Marenco, P. Speth, and J. Wefers, Untersuchung der in MOZAIC gemessenen Ozonund Wasserdampfverteilung im polaren Strahlstrom über dem Nordatlantik, Jül-Ber. 3593, Jülich, Germany, 1998.
6. Gierens, K., Numerical simulations of persistent contrails, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3333-3348, 1996.
7. Gierens, K. M., U. Schumann, H. G. J. Smit, M. Helten, and G. Zängl, Determination of humidity and temperature fluctuations based on MOZAIC data and parametrisation of persistent contrail coverage for general circulation models, Ann. Geophysicae, 15, 1057-1066, 1997.
8. Goodman, R., Introduction to stochastic models, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, California, 368 pp, 1988.
9. Helten, M., H. G. J. Smit, W. Sträter, D. Kley, P. Nedelec, M. Zöger, and R. Busen, Calibration and performance of automatic compact instrumentation for the measurement of relative humidity from passenger aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25 643-25 652, 1998.
10. Heymsfield, A. J., L. M. Miloshevich, C. Twohy, G. Sachse, and S. Oltmans, Upper-tropospheric relative humidity observations and implications for cirrus ice nucleation, Geophvs. Res. Lett., 25, 1343-1346, 1998.
11. Hoinka, K. P., Statistics of the global tropopause pressure, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 3303-3325, 1998.
12. Holton, J. R., P. H. Haynes, M. E. McIntyre, A. R. Douglass, R. B. Rood, and L. Pfister, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-139, 1995.
13. IPCC, Climate change: the IPCC scientific assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 365 pp, 1990.
14. Lindzen, R. S., Some coolness concerning global warming, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 288-299, 1990.
15. Manabe, S., and R. T. Wetherald, The thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 241-259, 1967.
16. Marenco, A., V. Thouret, P. Nedelec, H. G. Smit, M. Helten, D. Kley, F. Karcher, P. Simon, K. Law, J. Pyle, G. Poschmann, R. Von Wrede, C. Hume, and T. Cook, Measurement of ozone and water vapour by Airbus in-service aircraft: the MOZAIC airborne program, an overview, J. Geophvs. Res., 103, 25 631-25 242, 1998.
17. Murphy, D. M., K. K. Kelly, A. F. Tuck, M. H. Proffitt, and S. Kinne, Ice saturation at the tropopause observed from the ER-2 aircraft, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 353-356, (March Supplement), 1990.
18. Pierrehumbert, R. T., Thermostats, radiator fins and local runaway greenhouse, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1784-1806, 1994.
19. Rind, D., E. W. Chiou, W. Chu, J. Larsen, S. Oltmans, J. Lerner, M. P. McCormick, and L. McMaster, Positive water vapour feedback in climate models confirmed by satellite data, Nature, 349, 500-503, 1991.
20. Sausen, R., K. Gierens, M. Ponater, and U. Schumann, A diagnostic study of the global distribution of contrails, Part I: present-day climate. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 61, 127-141, (1998).
21. Schumann, U., On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts, Meteorol. Z., N.F., 5, 4-23, 1996.
22. Sonntag, D., Advancements in the field of hygrometry, Meteorol. Z., N.F., 3, 51-66, 1994.
23. Spencer, R. W., and W. D. Braswell, How dry is the tropical free troposphere? Implications for global warming theory, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 1097-1106, 1997.
24. van de Berg, L., A. Pyomjamsri, and J. Schmetz, Monthly mean upper tropospheric humidities in cloud-free areas from METEOSAT observations, Int. J. Climatol., 11, 819-826, 1991.