Fatty acids

Handbook of Food Analysis Second Edition: Physical Characterization and Nutrient Analysis

Volumn 1, Issue , 2004, Pages 221-274

  Zamora, Rosario ^a   Hidalgo, Francisco J ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE LA GRASA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FATTY ACIDS; LIPIDS;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; ENERGY INTAKE; LIVING CELL; MONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS; NATURALLY OCCURRING; PER CAPITA INCOME; TOTAL ENERGY;

OILS AND FATS;

EID: 30944461623     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (362)

1. WW Nawar. Lipids. In: OR Fennema, ed. Food Chemistry, 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996, pp 225–319.
2. HD Belitz, W Grosch. Food Chemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999, pp 152–153
3. JM deMan. Principles of Food Chemistry, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990, pp 36–88.
4. PJ Wan. Properties of fats and oils. In: RD O’Brien, WE Farr, PJ Wan, eds. Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology, 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 2000, pp 20–48.
5. AH Ensminger, ME Ensminger, JE Konlande, JRK Robson. The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods and Nutrition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995, pp 324–339.
6. MI Gurr. Lipids and nutrition. In: FD Gunstone, FB Padley, eds. Lipid Technologies and Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997, pp 79–112.
7. GU Liepa, TL Han-Markey, M Sutton. Nutritional and health aspects of dietary lipids. In: RD O’Brien, WE Farr, PJ Wan, eds. Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology, 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 2000, pp 20–48.
8. G Bruckner. Biological effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In: CK Chow, ed. Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992, pp 631–646.
9. FD Gunstone. Fatty acids and lipids structure. In: FD Gunstone, FB Padley, eds. Lipid Technologies and Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997, pp 1–17.
10. M Naudet. Fatty acids. In: A. Karleskind, ed. Oils and Fats Manual. A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1. Paris, France: Lavoisier Publishing, 1996, pp 67–80.
11. TP Coultate. Food. The Chemistry of its Components, 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1996, pp 54–93.
12. FD Gunstone. Fatty acid structure. In: FD Gunstone, JL Harwood, FD Padley, eds. The Lipid Handbook, 2nd ed. London, UK: Chapman and Hall, 1994, pp 1–19.
13. K Lobb, CK Chow. Fatty acid classification and nomenclature. In: CK Chow, ed. Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp 1–15.
14. REC Wildman, DM Medeiros. Advanced Human Nutrition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000, pp 99–122.
15. BG Semporé, JA Bé zard. Analysis of neutral lipids: fatty acids. In: LML Nollet, ed. Handbook of Food Analysis, Vol. 1. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996, pp 331–394.
16. M Bockisch. Fats and Oils Handbook. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1998, pp 53–120.
17. J Fritsche, H Steinhart. Analysis, occurrence, and physiological properties of trans fatty acids (TFA) with particular emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA)—a review. Fett/Lipid 100:190-210, 1998.
18. RL Wolff, D Precht, J Molkentin. trans-18:1 Acid content and profile in human milk lipids. Critical survey of data in connection with analytical methods. J Am Oil Chem Soc 75:661-671, 1998.
19. JL Le Quéré, JL Sébédio. Cyclic monomers of fatty acids. In: EG Perkin, MD Erickson, eds. Deep Frying: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Practical Applications. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1996, pp 49–88.
20. FD Padley, FD Gunstone, JL Harwood. Occurrence and characteristics of oils and fats. In: FD Gunstone, JL Harwood, FD Padley, eds. The Lipid Handbook, 2nd ed. London, UK: Chapman and Hall, 1994, pp 47–223.
21. KS Rhee. Fatty acids in meats and meat products. In: CK Chow, ed. Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992, pp 65–93.
22. RG Jensen, DS Newburg. Bovine milk lipids. In: RG Jensen, ed. The Handbook of Milk Composition. San Diego, CAL: Academic Press, 1995, pp 543–575.
23. RG Jensen. Fatty acids in milk and dairy products. In: CK Chow, ed. Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp 109–123.
24. A Karleskind, ed. Oils and Fats Manual. A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1. Paris, France: Lavoisier Publishing, 1996, pp 117–323.
25. RG Ackman. Fatty acids in fish and shellfish. In: CK Chow, ed. Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp 153–174.
26. PJ White. Fatty acids in oilseeds (vegetable oils). In: CK Chow, ed. Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp 209–238.
27. T Koyano, K Sato. Physical properties of fats in food. In: KK Rajah, ed. Fats in Food Technology. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002, pp 1–29.
28. K Larsson, PJ Quinn. Physical properties: Structural and physical characteristics. In: FD Gunstone, JL Harwood, FD Padley, eds. The Lipid Handbook, 2nd ed. London, UK: Chapman and Hall, 1994, pp 423–439.
29. JM deMan. Chemical and physical properties of fatty acids. In: CK Chow, ed. Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp 17–46.
30. R Perron. Fatty acids. In: A. Karleskind, ed. Oils and Fats Manual. A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1. Paris, France: Lavoisier Publishing, 1996, pp 454–483.
31. AG Marangoni, S Narine. Physical Properties of Lipids. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2002.
32. E Ucciani, A Debal. Chemical properties of fats. In: A Karleskind, ed. Oils and Fats Manual. A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1. Paris, France: Lavoisier Publishing, 1996, pp 325–443.
33. FD Gunstone. Chemical properties. In: FD Gunstone, JL Harwood, FD Padley, eds. The Lipid Handbook, 2nd ed. London, UK: Chapman and Hall, 1994, pp 561–604.
34. JT Judd, BA Clevidence, RA Muesing, J Wittes, ME Sunkin, JJ Podczasy. Dietary trans fatty acids: effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 59:861-868, 1994.
35. RP Mensik, MB Katan. Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects. N Engl J Med 323:439-445, 1990.
36. RP Mensink, PL Zock, MB Katan, G. Hornstra. Effect of dietary cis and trans fatty acids on serum lipoprotein[a] levels in humans. J Lipid Res 33:1493-1501, 1992.
37. A Aro, T Kosmeijer-Schuil, P van de Bovenkamp, P Hulshof, P Zock, MB Katan. Analysis of C18:1 cis and trans fatty acid isomers by the combination of gas-liquid chromatography of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives and methyl esters. J Am Oil Chem Soc 75:977-985, 1998.
38. A Ascherio, CH Henneckens, JE Buring, C Master, MJ Stampfer, WC Willet. trans-Fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation 89:94-101, 1994.
39. WC Willett, MJ Stampfer, JE Manson, GA Colditz, FE Speizer, BA Rosner, LA Sampson, CH Hennekens. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet 341:581-585, 1993.
40. U Biermann, S Fürmeier, JO Metzger. New chemistry of oils and fats. In: FD Gunstone, RJ Hamilton, eds. Oleochemical Manufacture and Applications. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001, pp 266–299.
41. HW Gardner. Oxygen radical chemistry of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Free Radical Biol Med 7: 65–86, 1989.
42. S Kubow. Routes of formation and toxic consequences of lipid oxidation products in foods. Free Radical Biol Med 12:63-81, 1992.
43. MI Gurr. Lipids in Nutrition and Health: A Reappraisal. Bridgwater, UK: The Oily Press, 1999, pp 97–118.
44. FJ Hidalgo, R Zamora. The role of lipids in nonenzymatic browning. Gras Aceit 51:35-49, 2000.
45. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 1.123. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
46. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Ak3-94. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
47. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Ak4-95. In:ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
48. AOAC International. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision (P Cunniff, ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
49. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. (C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
50. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed (D Firestone, ed.). Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
51. WW Christie. Preparation of lipid extracts from tissues. In:WW Christie, ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology— Two. Dundee, UK: The Oily Press, 1993, pp 195–213.
52. GJ Nelson. Isolation and purification of lipids from biological matrices. In: EG Perkins, ed. Analysis of Fats, Oils and Lipoproteins. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 1991, pp 20–59.
53. DK Mecham, A Mohammad. Extraction of lipids from wheat products. Cereal Chem 32:405-411, 1955.
54. WR Morrison, SL Tan, KD Hargin. Methods for the quantitative analysis of lipids in cereal grains and similar tissues. J Sci Food Agric 31:329-340, 1980.
55. A Jellema, ed. Monograph on determination of free fatty acids in milk and milk products. Bull Intl Dairy Fed 265:1-52, 1991.
56. GC Cochrane. A review of the analysis of free fatty acids [C2–C6]. J Chromatogr Sci 13:440-447, 1975.
57. M Collomb, M Spahni. Review of the methods used for the determination of free fatty acids in milk and dairy products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 28:355-379, 1995.
58. L Pan, M Adams, J Pawliszyn. Determination of fatty acids using solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chem 67:4396-4403, 1995.
59. L Pan, J Pawliszyn. Derivatization/solid-phase microextraction: new approach to polar analytes. Anal Chem 69:196-205, 1997.
60. AF Gonzé lez-Có rdova, B Vallejo-Có rdoba. Quantitative determination of short-chain free fatty acids in milk using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 49:4603-4608, 2001.
61. RM Tomaino, JD Parker, DK Larick. Analysis of free fatty acids in whey products by solid-phase microextraction. J Agric Food Chem 49:3993-3998,2001.
62. J Folch, M Lees, GHS Stanley. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497-509, 1957.
63. EG Bligh, WJ Dyer. A rapid method of total lipide extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911-917, 1959.
64. S Hamilton, RJ Hamilton, PA Sewell. Extraction of lipids and derivative formation. In: RJ Hamilton, S Hamilton, eds. Lipid Analysis. A Practical Approach. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp 13–64.
65. SE Ebeler, T Shibamoto. Overview and recent developments in solid-phase extraction for separation of lipid phases. In: T Shibamoto, ed. Lipid Chromatographic Analysis. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994, pp 1–49.
66. RA Stein, V Lawson. Column chromatography of lipids. Prog Chem Fats Lipids 8:373-420, 1966.
67. K Aitzetmü ller. The liquid chromatography of lipids: a critical review. J Chromatogr 113:231-266, 1975.
68. A. Kutsis. Routine chromatography of simple lipids and their constituents. J Chromatogr 143:3-30, 1977.
69. WW Christie. Lipid Analysis: Isolation, Separation, Identification, and Structural Analysis of Lipids, 2nd ed. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982.
70. HD Mangold. CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Lipids, Vols. 1 and 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1984.
71. KK Carroll. Separation of lipid classes by chromatography on florisil. J Lipid Res 2:135-141, 1961.
72. DL Fillerup, JF Mead. Chromatographic separation of the plasma lipids. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 83:574-575, 1953.
73. AJ Day, NH Fidge. Incorporation of C14-labeled acetate into lipids by macrophages in vitro. J Lipid Res 5:163-168, 1964.
74. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.321. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats Fatty Acids 263 and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
75. AOAC International. Method 965.35. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed, 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
76. AOAC International. Method 966.19. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed, 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
77. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.507. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
78. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd20-91. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
79. B Fried. Lipids. In: J Sherma, B Fried, eds. Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996.
80. HK Mangold. Aliphatic lipids. In: E Stahl, ed. Thin Layer Chromatography, 2nd ed. New York: Springer Verlag, 1969, pp 363–421.
81. HK Mangold, DC Malins. Fractionation of fats, oils, and waxes on thin layers of silicic acid. J Am Oil Chem Soc 37:383-385, 1960.
82. JE Storry, B Tuckley. Thin-layer chromatography of plasma lipids by single development. Lipids 2:501-502, 1967.
83. VP Skipski, AF Smolowe, RC Sullivan, M Barclay. Separation of lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography. Biochim Biophys Acta 106:386-396, 1965.
84. MH Higgs, J Sherma, B Fried. Neutral lipids in the digestive gland-gonad complex of Biomphalaria glabrata snails, fed lettuce versus hen’s egg yolk, determined by quantitative TLC-densitometry. J Planar Chromatogr 3:38-41, 1990.
85. H Wagner, L Horhammer, P Wolff. Thin-layer chromatography of phosphatides and glycolipides. Biochem Z 334:175-184, 1961.
86. VP Skipski, FJ Peterson, J Sanders, M Barclay. Thinlayer chromatography of phospholipids using silica gel without calcium sulfate binder. J Lipid Res 4:227-228, 1963.
87. JJ Myher, A Kuksis. General strategies in chromatographic analysis of lipids. J Chromatogr B 671:3-33, 1995.
88. V Ruiz-Gutié rrez, MC Pé rez-Camino. Update on solidphase extraction for the analysis of lipid classes and related compounds. J Chromatogr A 885:321-341, 2000.
89. ZY Chen, WW Nawar. Role of milk fat globule membrane in autoxidation of milk fat. J Food Sci 56:398-401, 1991.
90. WJ Hurst, RA Martin Jr. The HPLC separation and quantitation of lecithin in chocolate. J Am Oil Chem Soc 57:307-310, 1980.
91. AM Nash, EN Frankel. Limited extraction of soybeans with hexane. J Am Oil Chem Soc 63:244-246, 1986.
92. WE Neff, MAM Zeitoun, D Weisleder. Resolution of lipolysis mixtures from soybean oil by a solid-phase extraction procedure. J Chromatogr 589:353-357, 1992.
93. JL Sebedio, Ch Septier, A Grandgirard. Fractionation of commercial frying oil samples using Sep-Pak cartridges. J Am Oil Chem Soc 63:1541-1543, 1986.
94. J Bitman, DL Wood, NR Mehta, P Hamosh, M Hamosh. Comparison of the phospholipid composition of breast milk from mothers of term and preterm infants during lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 40:1103-1119, 1984.
95. A Cert, W Moreda. Algorithms for the detection of hazelnut oil in olive oil. Gras Aceit 51:143-149, 2000.
96. EN Frankel, ML Hu, AL Tappel. Rapid headspace gas chromatography of hexanal as a measure of lipid peroxidation in biological samples. Lipids 24:976-981, 1989.
97. A Riazi, L Fremont, MT Gozzelino. Characterization of egg yolk proteins from rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Rich.). Comp Biochem Physiol 89B: 399–407, 1988.
98. L Fremont, A Riazi. Biochemical analysis of vitellogenin from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): fatty acid composition of phospholipids. Reprod Nutr Dev 28:939-952, 1988.
99. JA Prieto, A Ebri, C Collar. Optimized separation of nonpolar and polar lipid classes from wheat flour by solid-phase extraction. J Am Oil Chem Soc 69: 387–391, 1992.
100. SH Kim, CV Morr, A Seo, JG Surak. Effect of whey pretreatment on composition and functional properties of whey protein concentrate. J Food Sci 54: 25–29, 1989.
101. MA Kaluzny, LA Duncan, MV Merritt, DE Epps. Rapid separation of lipid classes in high yield and purity using bonded phase columns. J Lipid Res 26:135-144, 1985.
102. C de Jong, HT Badings. Determination of free fatty acids in milk and cheese. Procedures for extraction, clean up, and capillary gas chromatographic analysis. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 13:94-98, 1990.
103. JA Garcia Regueiro, J Gilbert, I Diaz. Determination of neutral lipids from subcutaneous fat of cured ham by capillary gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 667:225-233, 1994.
104. DL Hachey, MR Thomas, EA Emken, C Garza, L Brown-Booth, RO Adlof, PD Klein. Human 264 Zamora and Hidalgo lactation: maternal transfer of dietary triglycerides labeled with stable isotopes. J Lipid Res 28:1185-1192, 1987.
105. WW Christie. Silver ion chromatography of triacylglycerols on solid phase extraction columns packed with a bonded sulfonic acid phase. J Sci Food Agric 52:573-577, 1990.
106. PA Sewell. High performance liquid chromatography. In: RJ Hamilton, S Hamilton, eds. Lipid Analysis. A Practical Approach. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp 154–203.
107. WW Christie. Detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography of lipids with special reference to evaporative light-scattering detection. In: WW Christie, ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology—One. Ayr, UK: The Oily Press, 1991, pp 239–271.
108. K Kiuchi, T Ohta, H Ebine. High-speed liquid chromatographic separation of glycerides, fatty acids, and sterols. J Chromatogr Sci 13:461-466, 1975.
109. EW Hamond. Chromatography for the Analysis of the Lipids. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1993, pp 113–168.
110. VKS Shukla. Recent advances in the high performance liquid chromatography of lipids. Prog Lipid Res 27: 5–38, 1988.
111. MJ Wojtusik, PR Brown, JG Turcotte. Separation and detection of triacylglycerols by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem Rev 89:397-406, 1989.
112. P Van der Meeren, J Vanderdeelen. Phospholipid analysis by HPLC. In: LML Nollet, ed. Food Analysis by HPLC, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp 251–285.
113. AOAC International. Method 920.160. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
114. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd3-25. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
115. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.202. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
116. AOAC International. Method 940.28. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
117. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd3d-63. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
118. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.201. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
119. AOAC International. Method 920.159. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
120. AOAC International. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
121. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd1-25. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
122. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd1b-87. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
123. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd1d-92. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
124. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.205. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
125. AOAC International. Method 957.13. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
126. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd7-58. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
127. AOAC International. Method 965.32. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
128. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd4-40. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
129. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.241. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
130. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd9-57. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
131. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.251. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, Fatty Acids 265 eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
132. AOAC International. Method 965.33. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
133. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd8-53. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
134. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd8b-90. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
135. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.501. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
136. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd18-90. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
137. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.504. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
138. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd19-90. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
139. R Zamora, M Alaiz, FJ Hidalgo. Feed-back inhibition of oxidative stress by oxidized lipid/amino acid reaction products. Biochemistry 36:15765-15771, 1997.
140. AJP Martin, RLM Synge. A new form of chromatogram employing two liquid phases. I. A theory of chromatography. II. Application to the microdetermination of the higher monoaminoacids in proteins. Biochem J 35:1358-1368, 1941.
141. AT James, AJP Martin. Gas–liquid partition chromatography: the separation and microestimation of volatile fatty acids from formic acid to dodecanoic acid. Biochem J 50:679-690, 1952.
142. WW Christie. Gas Chromatography and Lipids. A Practical Guide. Ayr, UK: The Oily Press, 1992.
143. RL Grob, ed. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography. New York: John Wiley, 1995.
144. FG Kitson, BS Larsen, CN McEwen. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Guide. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996.
145. DW Grant. Capillary Gas Chromatography. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, 1996.
146. RPW Scott. Introduction to Analytical Gas Chromatography. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998.
147. JV Leland, P Schieberle, A Buettner, TE Acree, eds. Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry: The State of the Art. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001.
148. K Grob. Split and Splitless Injection for Quantitative Gas Chromatography: Concepts, Processes, Practical Guidelines, Sources of Error. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2001.
149. J ViČ anova, E Tvrzicka, K Štulik. Capillary gas chromatography of underivatized fatty acids with a free fatty acid column and a programmed temperature vaporized injector. J Chromatogr B 656:45-50, 1994.
150. RB Batista, CC Grimm, MA Godshall. Semiquantitative determination of short-chain fatty acids in cane and beet sugars. J Chromatogr Sci 40:127-132, 2002.
151. K Eder. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. J Chromatogr B 671:113-131, 1995.
152. FD Gunstone. The preparation of derivatives for lipid analysis. In: FD Gunstone, ed. Lipid Synthesis and Manufacture. Sheffield, UK, 1999, pp 321–346.
153. G Gutnikov. Fatty acid profiles of lipid samples. J Chromatogr B 671:71-89, 1995.
154. G Knothe, WW Christie. Some derivatives of fatty compounds for mass spectral structure determination. In: G Knothe, JTP Derksen, eds. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Derivatives. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1999, 227–238.
155. NC Shanta, GE Napolitano. Gas chromatography of fatty acids. J Chromatogr 624:37-51, 1992.
156. KS Liu. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas-chromatographic analysis of lipids in biological materials. J Am Oil Chem Soc 71:1179-1187.
157. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Ce2-66. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
158. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.301. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
159. AOAC International. Method 996.06. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
160. AOAC International. Method 991.39. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
161. H Schlenk, JL Gellerman. Esterification of fatty acids with diazomethane on a small scale. Anal Chem 32:1412-1414, 1960.
162. U Schuchardt, OC Lopes. Tetramethylguanidine catalyzed transesterification of fats and oils: a new 266 Zamora and Hidalgo method for rapid determination of their composition. J Am Oil Chem Soc 65:1940-1941, 1988.
163. SJ Park, CW Park, SJ Kim, JR Kim, YR Kim, KA Park, JO Kim, YL Ha. Methylation methods for the quantitative analysis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in various lipid samples. J Agric Food Chem 50:989-996, 2002.
164. RA Barford, SF Herb, FE Luddy, P Magidman, RW Riemenschneider. Alcoholysis of Vernonia anthelmintica seed oil and isolation of methyl epoxyoleate. J Am Oil Chem Soc 40:136-138, 1963.
165. JP Bianchini, A Ralaimanarivo, EM Gaydou. Determination of cyclopropenoic and cyclopropanoic fatty acids in cottonseed and kapok seed oils by gas-liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 53:2194-2201, 1981.
166. BA Andersson. Mass spectrometry of fatty acid pyrrolidides. Prog Chem Fats Lipids 16:279-308, 1978.
167. V Spitzer. Structure analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography-low resolution electron impact mass spectrometry of their 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives—a review. Prog Lipid Res 35:387-402, 1997.
168. DJ Harvey. Mass spectrometry of picolinyl and other nitrogen-containing derivatives of fatty acids. In: WW Christie, ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology—One. Ayr, UK: The Oily Press, 1992, pp 19–80.
169. WW Christie. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for structural analysis of fatty acids. Lipids 33:343-353, 1998.
170. G Dobson, WW Christie. Mass spectrometry of fatty acid derivatives. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 104:36-43, 2002.
171. G Dobson, WW Christie. Structural analysis of fatty acids by mass spectrometry of picolinyl esters and dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Trends Anal Chem 15:130-137, 1996.
172. A Kuksis, JJ Myher, L Marai, K Geher. Estimation of plasma free fatty acids as the trimethylsilyl (TMS) esters. Anal Biochem 70:302-312, 1976.
173. C Maniongui, J Gresti, M Bugaut, S Gauthier, J Bù zard. Determination of bovine butterfat triacylglycerols by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 543:81-103, 1991.
174. K Oette, EH Ahrens Jr. Quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of short-chain fatty acids as 2-chlorothanol esters. Anal Chem 33:1847-1851, 1961.
175. RL Wolff, RJ Fabien. The use of isopropanol for fat extraction from dairy products and for the subsequent esterification of fatty acids. Lait 69:33-46, 1989.
176. M. Pina, C. Ozenne, G. Lamberet, D. Montet, J. Graille. Use of Grignard reagents in the analysis of short-chain fatty acids. Rev Fr Corps Gras 38:213-218, 1991.
177. Z Zegarska, Z Borejszo. trans Fatty acid content of some food products in Poland. J Food Lipids 8:271-279, 2001.
178. P Sandra, F David. High-throughput capillary gas chromatography for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and fatty acid methyl esters in food samples. J Chromatogr Sci 40:248-253, 2002.
179. S de Koning, B van der Meer, G Alkema, HG Janssen, UAT Brinkman. Automated determination of fatty acid methyl ester and cis/trans methyl ester composition of fats and oils. J Chromatogr A 922:391-397, 2001.
180. L Hussein, M Ali, A Abouelhassan, S Grzeskiewicz, D Cantellops. Assessment of the fatty acid patterns in vegetable oils, fats and fat-rich foods commonly consumed in Egypt. Gras Aceit 52:163-170, 2001.
181. SJ Kang, MCA Timmins, RG Ackman. Similarities in the liquid class profiles of oils from Atlantic and Pacific Dogfish livers. J Am Oil Chem Soc 75:1667-1672, 1998.
182. G van der Steege, FAJ Frits, IA Martini, NH Hutter, ER Boersma. Simultaneous quantification of total medium- and long-chain fatty acids in human milk by capillary gas chromatography with split injection. J Chromatogr 415:1-11, 1987.
183. M Ashraf-Khorassani, M Ude, T Doane-Weideman, J Tomczak, LT Taylor. Comparison of gravimetric and hydrolysis/derivatization/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of fat from standard reference infant formula powder using supercritical fluid extraction. J Agric Food Chem 50:1822-1826, 2002.
184. RL Wolf. Resolution of linolenic acid geometrical isomers by gas-liquid chromatography on a capillary column coated with a 100% cyanopropyl polysiloxane film (CP Sil 88). J Chromatogr Sci 30: 17–22, 1992.
185. S Lorenz, A Buettner, K Ender, G Nü rnberg, HJ Paptein, P Schieberle, K Nü rnberg. Influence of keeping system on the fatty acid composition in the longissimus muscle of bulls and odorants formed after pressure-cooking. Eur Food Res Technol 214:112-118, 2002.
186. HT Badings, C de Jong. Glass capillary gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. A study of conditions for the quantitative analysis of short- and long-chain fatty acids in lipids. J Chromatogr 279: 493–506, 1983.
187. M Haug, I Dietrich, C Laubach, D Reihardt, G. Harzer. Capillary gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters from human milk lipid subclasses. J Chromatogr 279:549-553, 1983.
188. A Cert, W Moreda, MC Pé rez-Camino. Methods of preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Statistical assessment of the precision characteristics from a collaborative trial. Gras Aceit 51:447-456, 2000.
189. WMN Ratnayake. Analysis of dietary trans fatty acids. J Oleo Sci 50:339-352, 2001.
190. L Alonso, MJ Fraga, M Juá rez, P Carmona. Fatty acid composition of Spanish shortenings with special emphasis on trans unsaturation content as determined by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:1-6, 2002.
191. VV Yankah, CC Akoh. Batch enzymatic synthesis, characterization and oxidative stability of DHA containing structured lipids. J Food Lipids 7:247-261, 2000.
192. D D’Agostini, RC Ferraz, LA Gioielli, VES Solis. Structured lipids from binary and ternary blends of palm oil, palm kernel oil, and medium chain triacylglycerols. Gras Aceit 52:214-221, 2001.
193. T Dourtoglou, E Stefanou, S Lalas, V Dourtoglou, C Poulos. Quick regiospecific analysis of fatty acids in triacylglycerols with GC using 1,3-specific lipase in butanol. Analyst 126:1032-1036, 2001.
194. A Antonelli, LS Conte, G Lercker. Applications of capillary gas chromatography to the quality control of butter and related products. J Chromatogr 552:273-279, 1991.
195. RG Ackman, EJ Macpherson. Coincidence of cis- and trans-monoethylenic fatty acids simplifies the opentubular gas-liquid chromatography of butyl esters of butter fatty acids. Food Chem 50:45-52, 1994.
196. RL Wolff. Content and distribution of trans-18:1 acids in ruminant milk and meat fats. Their importance in European diets and their effect on human milk. J Am Oil Chem Soc 72:259-272, 1995.
197. JAG Roach. Analysis of CLA derivatives by GC/MS. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:621-624, 2001.
198. A Timmins, EJ Macpherson, RG Ackman. Direct use of methyl tricosanoate as an internal standard and overcoming a potential error in the quantitation of the omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine oils as ethyl esters. Food Chem 70:425-426, 2000.
199. C Cocito, C Delfini. Simultaneous determination by GC of free and combined fatty acids and sterols in grape musts and yeasts as silanized compounds. Food Chem 50:297-305, 1994.
200. ST Franklin, KR Martin, RJ Baer, DJ Schingoethe, AR Hippen. Dietary marine algae (Schizochytrium sp.) increases concentrations of conjugated linoleic, docosahexaenoic and transvaccenic acids in milk of dairy cows. J Nutr 129:2048-2052, 1999.
201. J Pino, MP Martí, M Mestres, J Pérez, O Busto, J Guasch. Headspace solid-phase microextraction of higher fatty acid ethyl esters in white rum aroma. J Chromatogr A 954:51-57, 2002.
202. B Reiter, M Lechner, E Lorbeer. The fatty acid profiles—including petroselinic and cis-vaccenic acid—of different Umbelliferae seed oils. Fett/Lipid 100:498-502, 1998.
203. M Gallart, S Francioli, A Viu-Marco, E López-Tamames, S Buxaderas. Determination of free fatty acids and their esters in must and wines. J Chromatogr A 776:283-291, 1997.
204. C Ortega, R López, J Cacho, V Ferreira. Fast analysis of important wine volatile compounds. Development and validation of a new method based on gas chromatographic-flame ionization detection analysis of dichloromethane microextracts. J Chromatogr A 923:205-214, 2001.
205. RB Batista, CC Grimm, MA Godshall. Semiquantitative determination of short-chain fatty acids in cane and beet sugars. J Chromatogr Sci 40:127-132, 2002.
206. DH Desty. Gas Chromatography. London, UK: Buderworth, 1958.
207. RG Ackman. Problems in introducing new chromatographic techniques for lipid analyses. Chem Ind (London) 715-722, 1981.
208. H Traitler. Recent advances in capillary gas chromatography applied to lipid analysis. Prog Lipid Res 26:257-280, 1987.
209. DE Albertyn, CD Bannon, JD Craske, NT Hai, KL O’Rourke, C Szonyi. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability. I. Optimization of flame-ionization detectors with respect to linearity. J Chromatogr 247:47-61, 1982.
210. H Mu, P Sundin, C Wesén. Halogenated fatty acids. II. Methods of determination in lipids. Trends Anal Chem 16:274-286, 1997.
211. G Schomburg, H Behlau, R Dielmann, F Weeke, H Husmann. Sampling techniques in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 142:87-102, 1977.
212. W Jennings, MF Mehran. Sample injection in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 24:34-40, 1986.
213. JE Purcell. Quantitative capillary gas chromatographic analysis. Chromatographia 15:546-548, 1982.
214. K Eder, AM Reichlmayr-Lais, M Kirchgessner. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters: avoiding discrimination by programmed temperature vaporizing injection. J Chromatogr 588:265-272, 1991.
215. WW Christie. Equivalent chain lengths of methyl ester derivatives of fatty acids on gas chromatography. A reappraisal. J Chromatogr 447:305-314, 1988.
216. RC Wijesundera, RG Ackman. Evaluation of calculation of ECL [equivalent chain length] values for cis and trans isomers of some diethylenic C20 fatty acids: mono- and diethylenic capillary GLC data for the liquid phases SP-2340, Supelcowax-10, and SPB-1. J Chromatogr Sci 27:399–404, 1989.
217. EA Emken. cis and trans Analysis of fatty esters by gas chromatography. Octadecenoate and octadecadienoate isomers. Lipids 7:459-466, 1972.
218. B Schmitz, H Egge. Determination of double bond position in tri- to hexaenoic fatty acids by mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 25:287-298, 1979.
219. BA Andersson, WH Heimermann, RT Holman. Comparison of pyrrolidides with other amides for 268 Zamora and Hidalgo mass spectral determination of structure of unsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 9:443-449, 1974.
220. BA Andersson, WW Christie, RT Holman. Mass spectrometric determination of positions of double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acid pyrrolidides. Lipids 10:215-219, 1975.
221. WW Christie. Unusual gas chromatographic properties of fatty acid pyrrolidides. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 104:69-70, 2002.
222. WW Christie, EY Brechany, RT Holman. Mass spectra of the picolinyl esters of isomeric mono- and dienoic fatty acids. Lipids 22:224-228, 1987.
223. JY Xhang, QT Yu, BN Liu, Z Huang. Chemical modification in mass spectrometry. IV. 2-Alkenyl-4,4-dimethyloxazolines as derivatives for the double bond location of long-chain olefinic acids. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 15:33-44, 1988.
224. L Fay, U Richli. Location of double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatization. J Chromatogr 541:89-98, 1991.
225. DL Luthria, H Sprecher. 2-Alkenyl-4,4-dimethyloxazolines as derivatives for the structural elucidation of isomeric unsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 28:561-564, 1993.
226. R Nilsson, C Liljenberg. The determination of double bond positions in polyunsaturated fatty acids— gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the diethylamide derivative. Phytochem Anal 2:253–259, 1991.
227. JL Le Querré. Tandem mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of lipids. In: WW Christie, ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology—Two. Dundee, UK: The Oily Press, 1993, pp 215–245.
228. MM Mossoba, RE McDonald, MP Yurawecz, JKG Kramer. Application of on-line capillary GC-FTIR spectroscopy to lipid analysis. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:826-829, 2001.
229. JL Le Que-é ré, E Sémon. Coupling of gas chromatography with FTIR spectrometry in the analysis of fatty acids of biological origin. Analusis 26:M40-M44, 1998.
230. MM Mossoba, RE McDonald, JYT Chen, DJ Armstrong, SW Page. Identification and quantitation of trans-9, trans-12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and related compounds in hydrogenated soybean oil and margarines by GC-MI-FTIR spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 38:86-92, 1990.
231. MM Mossoba. Application of gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy to the confirmation of the double bond configuration of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Eur. J Lipid Sci Technol 103:624-627, 2001.
232. E Boselli, K Grob, G Lercker. Determination of furan fatty acids in extra virgin olive oil. J Agric Food Chem 48:2868-2873, 2000.
233. D Marini. HPLC of lipids. In: LML Nollet, ed. Food Analysis by HPLC, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp 169–249.
234. B Nikolova-Damyanova. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: general principles and application to the analysis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols. In: WW Christie, ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology—Four. Dundee, UK: The Oily Press, 1997, pp 193–251.
235. P Van der Meeren, J Vanderdeelen. Preparative highperformance liquid chromatography of lipids. In: WW Christie, ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology—Four. Dundee, UK: The Oily Press, 1997, pp 83–118.
236. MS Rao, K Hidajat, CB Ching. Reversed-phase HPLC: The separation method for the characterization and purification of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids—A review. J Chromatogr Sci 33:9-21, 1995.
237. MP Purdon. Application of HPLC to lipid separation and analysis: sample separation. In: EG Perkins, ed. Analysis of Fats, Oils and Lipoproteins. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1991, pp 145–165.
238. M Hayakawa, S Sugiyama, T Ozawa. HPLC analysis of lipids: analysis of fatty acids and their derivatives by a microcolumn HPLC system. In: T Shibamoto, ed. Lipid Chromatographic Analysis. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994, pp 273–290.
239. SA Barker, JA Monti, ST Christian, F Benington, RD Morin. 9-Diazomethylanthracene as a new fluorescence and ultraviolet label for the spectrometric detection of picomole quantities of fatty acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 107:116-123, 1980.
240. PTS Pei, WC Kossa, S Ramachandran, RS Henly. High pressure reverse phase liquid chromatography of fatty acid p-bromophenacyl esters. Lipids 11:814-816, 1976.
241. J Halgunset, EW Lund, A Sunde. Improved separation of biologically relevant C14-C20 fatty acids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 237:496-499, 1982.
242. K Korte, KR Chien, ML Casey. Separation and quantitation of fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 375:225-231, 1986.
243. G Gü bitz. Derivatization of fatty acids with 1-chlormethylisatin for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 187:208-211, 1980.
244. VP Agrawal, E Schulte. High-performance liquid chromatography of fatty acid isopropylidene hydrazides and its application in lipid analysis. Anal Biochem 131:356-359, 1983.
245. NE Hoffman, JC Liao. High pressure liquid chromatography of p-methoxyanilides of fatty acids. Anal Chem 48:1104-1106, 1976.
246. M Verzele, L Use, M van Kerrebroeck. Problem of the internal standard in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 289:333-337, 1984.
247. MJ Cooper, MW Anders. Determination of long chain fatty acids as 2-naphthacyl esters by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 46:1849-1852, 1974.
248. M Ikeda, K Shimada, T Sakaguchi. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of free fatty acids with 1-naphthylamine. J Chromatogr 272:251-259, 1983.
249. Y Hirata, E Sumiya. Temperature-programmed reverse-phase liquid chromatography with packed fused-silica columns. J Chromatogr 267:125-131, 1983.
250. H Miwa, C Hiyama, M Yamamoto. High-performance liquid chromatography of short- and longchain fatty acids as 2-nitrophenylhydrazides. J Chromatogr 321:165-174, 1985.
251. H Miwa, M Yamamoto. Improved method of determination of biologically important C10:0-C22:6 fatty acids as their 2-nitrophenylhydrazides by reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 351:275-282, 1986.
252. M Miwa, M Yamamoto, T Nishida, Y Nunoi, M Kikuchi. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of serum long-chain fatty acids by direct derivatization method. J Chromatogr 416:237-245, 1987.
253. AG Netting, AM Dulfield. Pentafluorobenzyl esters as derivatives for the semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography of fatty acids. J Chromatogr 257:174-179, 1983.
254. AG Netting, AM Duffield. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of fatty acids as pentafluorobenzyl esters. J Chromatogr 336:115-123, 1984.
255. AG Netting. Number of double bonds in fatty acids from fats and oils by HPLC using pentafluorobenzyl esters. J Am Oil Chem Soc 63:1197-1199, 1986.
256. HD Durst, M Milano, EJ Kikta Jr, SA Connelly, E Grushka. Phenacyl esters of fatty acids via crown ether catalysts for enhanced ultraviolet detection in liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 47:1797-1801, 1975.
257. RF Borch. Separation of long chain fatty acids as phenacyl esters by high pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 47:2437-2439, 1975.
258. R Wood, T Lee. High-performance liquid chromatography of fatty acids: quantitative analysis of saturated, monoenoic, polyenoic and geometrical isomers. J Chromatogr 254:237-246, 1983.
259. R Wood. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses of isomeric monoenoic and acetylenic fatty acids. J Chromatogr 287:202-208, 1984.
260. T Hanis, M Smrz, P Klir, K Macek, J Klima, J Base, Z Deyl. Determination of fatty acids as phenacyl esters in rat adipose tissue and blood vessel walls by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 452:443-457, 1988.
261. WW Christie, GH McG Breckenridge. Separation of cis and trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography in the silver ion mode. J Chromatogr 469:261-269, 1989.
262. E Vioque, MP Maza, F Millán. High-performance liquid chromatography of fatty acids as their p-phenylazophenacyl esters. J Chromatogr 331:187-192, 1985.
263. M Alaiz, H Galán, F Millán, R Zamora, FJ Hidalgo, MP Maza, E Vioque. Analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by high performance liquid chromatography of their p-phenylazophenacyl esters. Gras Aceit 40:30-34, 1989.
264. WW Christie, K Stefanov. Separation of picolinyl ester derivatives of fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography for identification by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 392:259-265, 1987.
265. MP Melis, E Angioni, G Carta, E Murru, P Scanu, S Spada, S Banni. Characterization of conjugated linoleic acid and its metabolites by RP-HPLC with diode array detector. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:617-621, 2001.
266. G Lunn, LC Hellwig. Handbook of Derivatization Reactions for HPLC. New York: John Wiley, 1998.
267. M Ikeda, K Shimada, T Sakaguchi, U Matsumoto. Fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography of 9-aminophenanthrene-derivatized free fatty acids. J Chromatogr 305:261-270, 1984.
268. Y Nakagawa, K Waku. Determination of the amounts of free arachidonic acid in resident and activated rabbit alveolar macrophages by fluorometric high performance liquid chromatography. Lipids 20:482-487, 1985.
269. GM Ghiggeri, G Candiano, G Delfino, C Queirolo, F Ginevri, F Perfumo, R Gusmano. Separation of the 9-anthryldiazomethane derivates of fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography on a Fatty Acid Analysis Column. Application to albuminbound fatty acid analysis. J Chromatogr 381:411-418, 1986.
270. WD Korte. 9-(Chloromethyl)anthracene: a useful derivatizing reagent for enhanced ultraviolet and fluorescence detection of carboxylic acids with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 243:153-157, 1982.
271. N Ichinose, K Nakamura, C Shimizu, H Kurokura, K Okamato. High-performance liquid chromatography of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid in fatty acids (C18 and C20) by labeling with 9-anthryldiazomethane as a fluorescent agent. J Chromatogr 295:463-469, 1984.
272. M Hatsumi, SI Kimata, K Hirosawa. Microanalysis of free fatty acids in plasma of experimental animals and 270 Zamora and Hidalgo humans by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 380:247-255, 1986.
273. JD Baty, S Pazouki, J Dolphin. Analysis of fatty acids as their anthrylmethyl esters by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 395:403-411, 1987.
274. PJ Ryan, TW Honeyman. Determination of fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography of Dns-ethanolamine derivatives. J Chromatogr 312: 461–466, 1984.
275. I Yanagisawa, M Yamane, T Urayama. Simultaneous separation and sensitive determination of free fatty acids in blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 345:229-240, 1985.
276. H Tsuchiya, T Hayashi, H Naruse, N Takagi. Highperformance liquid chromatography of carboxylic acids using 4-bromomethyl-7-acetoxycoumarin as fluorescence reagent. J Chromatogr 234:121-130, 1982.
277. H Tsuchiya, T Hayashi, M Sato, M Tasumi, N Takagi. Simultaneous separation and sensitive determination of free fatty acids in blood plasma by highperformance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 309:43-52, 1984.
278. RA Kelley, DS O’Hara, V Kelley. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of femtomolar quantities of endogenous carboxylic acids, including arachidonic acid metabolites, as 4-bromomethyl-7-acetoxycoumarin derivatives. J Chromatogr 416:247-254, 1987.
279. R Farinotti, P Siard, J Bourson, S Kirkiacharian, B Valeur, G Mahuzier. 4-Bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin as a fluorescent label for carboxylic acids in chromatographic detection. J Chromatogr 269:81-90, 1983.
280. M Yamaguchi, S Hara, R Matsunaga, M Nakamura, Y Ohkura. 3-Bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-2(1H)-quinoxalinone as a new fluorescence derivatization reagent for carboxylic acids in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 346:227-236, 1985.
281. M Yamaguchi, R Matsunaga, K Fukuda, M Nakamura, Y Ohkura. Highly sensitive determination of free polyunsaturated, long-chain fatty acids in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Biochem 155:256-261, 1986.
282. S Lam, E Grushka. Labeling of fatty acids with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin via crown ether catalyst for fluorimetric detection in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 158:207-214, 1978.
283. W Voelter, R Huber, K Zech. Fluorescence labeling in trace analysis of biological samples. Simultaneous determination of free fatty acids and related carboxylic compounds. J Chromatogr 217:491-507, 1981.
284. K Hayashi, J Kawase, K Yoshimura, K Ara, K Tsuji. Determination of trace levels of fatty acid metal salts by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence prelabeling. Anal Biochem 136:314-320, 1984.
285. JH Wolf, J Korf. Automated solid-phase catalyzed pre-column derivatization of fatty acids for reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 436:437-445, 1988.
286. W Distler. Modified preparation of 2-naphthacyl fatty acid esters and their fluorescence detection by highperformance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 192:240-246, 1980.
287. CY Lu, HL Wu, SH Chen, HS Kou, SM Wu. Simple and sensitive analysis of long-chain free fatty acids in milk by fluorogenic derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 50:71-73, 2002.
288. JFB Lloyd. Phenanthrimidazoles as fluorescent derivatives in the analysis of fatty acids by highperformance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 189:359-373, 1980.
289. G Dobson, WW Christie, B Nikolova-Damyanova. Silver ion chromatography of lipids and fatty acids. J Chromatogr B 671:197-222, 1995.
290. HWS Chan, G Levett. Autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Separation and analysis of isomeric mixtures of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides and methyl hydroxylinoleates. Lipids 12:99-104, 1977.
291. RO Adlof, EA Emken. Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARD): II. Separation of saturated and mono-, di-, tri- and tetraenoic fatty esters. J Am Oil Chem Soc 57:276-278, 1980.
292. MI Aveldano, M Van Rollins, LA Horrocks. Separation and quantitation of free fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. J Lipid Res 24:83-93, 1983.
293. RO Adlof, A Menzel, V Dorovska-Taran. Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched triacylglycerol mixtures by isocratic silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 953:293-297, 2002.
294. MP Yurawecz, KM Morehouse. Silver-ion HPLC of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 103:609-613, 2001.
295. RF Cross, HA Widman. Ag+-HPLC of conjugated linoleic acids on a silica-based stationary phase. Part I: Introduction, experimental, and retention patterns. J Sep Sci 25:239-244, 2002.
296. RF Cross, HA Widman. Ag+-HPLC of conjugated linoleic acids on a silica-based stationary phase. Part II: Resolution and extrapolations. J Sep Sci 25:245-251, 2002.
297. J Fritsche, MP Yurawecz, R Pawlosky, VP Flanagan, H Steinhart, Y Ku. Spectroscopic characterization Fatty Acids 271 of unusual conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. J Sep Sci 24:59-61, 2001.
298. M Ledoux, L Laloux, RL Wolff. Analytical methods for determination of trans-C18 fatty acid isomers in milk fat. A review. Analusis 28:402-412, 2000.
299. ZL Bandi, ES Reynolds. Adsorption and reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography of p-nitrobenzyl esters of monohydroxy fatty acids. J Chromatogr 329:57-63, 1985.
300. WW Christie. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Lipids. A Practical Guide. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 1987.
301. H Aoshima. Analysis of unsaturated fatty acids, and their hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives by highperformance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 87:49-55, 1978.
302. ON Jensen, J Moller. Dimer and trimer fatty acids in feed fats characterized by HPLC-GPC and MS. Fette Seifen Anstrichm 88:352-357, 1986.
303. N Mofaddel, A Desbeène-Monvernay. L’analyse des acides gras en électrophorese capillaire. Analusis 27:120-124, 1999.
304. LG Blomberg. Analysis of fatty acids by capillary electrophoresis. Lipid Technol 11:140-142, 1999.
305. CW Klampfl, W Buchberger, PR Haddad. Determination of organic acids in food samples by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 881:357-364, 2000.
306. X Huang, JA Luckey, MJ Gordon, RN Zare. Quantitative determination of low molecular weight carboxylic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis/conductivity detection. Anal Chem 61:766-770, 1989.
307. MT Ackermans, FM Evaraets, JL Beckers. Quantitative analysis in capillary zone electrophoresis with conductivity and indirect UV detection. J Chromatogr 549:345-355, 1991.
308. FB Erim, X Xu, JC Kraak. Application of micellar electrokinetic chromatography and indirect UV detection for the analysis of fatty acids. J Chromatogr A 694:471-479, 1995.
309. R Roldan-Assad, P Gareil. Capillary zone electrophoretic determination of C2-C18 linear saturated free fatty acids with indirect absorbance detection. J Chromatogr A 708:339-350, 1995.
310. A Desbe00E8;ne, CJ Morin, NL Mofaddel, RS Groult. Utilization of fluorescein sodium salt in laser-induced indirect fluorimetric detection. II. Application to organic anions. J Chromatogr A 716:279-290, 1995.
311. BL De Backer, LJ Nagels. Potentiometric detection for capillary electrophoresis: Determination of organic acids. Anal Chem 68:4441-4445, 1996.
312. Schmitz, S Gáb. Separation of isomeric hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acids by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 767:249-253, 1997.
313. O Schmitz, S Gá b. Separation of unsaturated fatty acids and related isomeric hydroperoxides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 781:215-221, 1997.
314. E Drange, E Lundanes. Determination of longchained fatty acids using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis and indirect UV detection. J Chromatogr A 771:301-309, 1997.
315. J Collet, P Gareil. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography of long chain saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids with neutral micelles. Considerations regarding selectivity and resolution optimization. J Chromatogr A 792:165-177, 1997.
316. O Schmitz, D Melchior, W Schuhmann, S Gá b. Postcolumn derivatisation for selective laser-induced fluorescence detection in micellar electrokinetic chromatography of fatty acid hydroperoxides. J Chromatogr A 814:261-265, 1998.
317. WW Christie. Some recent advances in the chromatographic analysis of lipids. Analusis 26:M34-M40, 1998.
318. P Laakso. Supercritical fluid chromatography of lipids. In: WW Christie, ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology—One. Ayr, UK: The Oily Press, 1991, pp 81–119.
319. F Shahidi, JPD Wanasundara. Extraction and analysis of lipids. In: CC Akoh, DB Min, eds. Food Lipids. Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998, pp 115–136.
320. JW King, JM Snyder. Supercritical fluid chromatography: a shortcut in lipid analysis. In: RE McDonald, MM Mossoba, eds. New Techniques and Applications in Lipid Analysis. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1997, pp 139–162.
321. DG Hayes. Analysis of unusual triglycerides and lipids using supercritical fluid chromatography. In: RE McDonald, MM Mossoba, eds. New Techniques and Applications in Lipid Analysis. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1997, pp 163–182.
322. P Sandra, F David. Basic principles and the role of supercritical fluid chromatography in lipid analysis. In: JW King, GR List, eds. Supercritical Fluid Technology in Oil and Lipid Chemistry. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1996, pp 321–347.
323. TL Chester. Supercritical fluid chromatography for the analysis of oleochemicals. In: JW King, GR List, eds. Supercritical Fluid Technology in Oil and Lipid Chemistry. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1996, pp 348–375.
324. WE Artz. Supercritical fluid chromatography of trace components in oils and fats. In: JW King, GR List, eds. Supercritical Fluid Technology in Oil and Lipid Chemistry. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 1996, pp 376–386.
325. M Lübke. The advantages of supercritical fluid chromatography for analyzing natural products. Analusis 19:323-343, 1991.
326. ML Lee, KE Markides. Supercritical fluid chromatography. Nature 327:441-442, 1987.
327. LG Blomberg, M Demirbü ker, I Há gglund, PE Andersson. Supercritical fluid chromatography: open tubular vs. packed columns. Trends Anal Chem 13: 126–137, 1994.
328. RM Smith, M Hyytiá inen, AV Felipe, PM Morris. High resolution packed column supercritical fluid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. J Sep Sci 24:208-212, 2001.
329. FO Geiser, SG Yocklovich, SM Lurcott, JW Guthrie, EJ Levy. Water as a stationary phase modifier in packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography. I. Separation of free fatty acids. J Chromatogr 459:173-181, 1988.
330. M Alkio, C Gonzá lez, M Já ntti, O Aaltonen. Purification of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters from tuna oil with supercritical fluid chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 77:315-321, 2000.
331. JW Hellgeth, JW Jordan, LT Taylor, M Ashraf-Khorassani. Supercritical fluid chromatography of free fatty acids with on-line FTIR detection. J Chromatogr Sci 24:183-188, 1986.
332. KE Markides, SM Fields, ML Lee. Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography of labile carboxylic acids. J Chomatogr Sci 24:254-257, 1986.
333. A Nomura, J Yamada, K Tsunoda, K Sakaki, T Yokochi. Supercritical fluid chromatographic determination of fatty acids and their esters on an ODS silica gel column. Anal Chem 61:2076-2078, 1989.
334. M Demirbü ker, I Há gglund, LG Blomberg. Separation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters by packed capillary supercritical fluid chromatography: comparison of different column packings. J Chromatogr 605:263-267, 1992.
335. F Yang. Atlas of chromatograms. J Chromatogr Sci 28:650, 1990.
336. Brownlee Laboratories. Atlas of chromatograms. J Chromatogr Sci 25:179, 1987.
337. J Doehl, A Farbrot, T Greibrokk, B Iversen. Supercritical fluid chromatographic separation of low-to-medium-polarity compounds that are difficult to elute from packed columns. J Chromatogr 392:175-184, 1987.
338. EJ Guthrie, HE Schwartz. Integral pressure restrictor for capillary SFC. J Chromatogr Sci 24:236-241, 1986.
339. R Chong. Atlas of chromatograms. J Chromatogr Sci 28:48, 1990.
340. W Gmuer, JO Bosset, E Plattner. Direct coupling of supercritical fluid extraction to capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. II. Construction of a prototype and application examples. J Chromatogr 388:335-349, 1987.
341. J Cousin, PJ Arpino. Construction of a supercritical fluid chromatograph–mass spectrometer instrument system using capillary columns, and a chemical ionization source accepting high flow-rates of mobile phase. J Chromatogr 398:125-141, 1987.
342. FJ Hidalgo, R Zamora, E Vioque. Syntheses and reactions of methyl (Z)-9,10-epoxy-13-oxo-(E)-11-octadecenoate and methyl (E)-9,10-epoxy-13-oxo-(E)-11-octadecenoate. Chem Phys Lipids 60:225-233, 1992.
343. JL Sebedio, WMN Ratnayake, RG Ackman. Comparison of the reaction products of oleic acid ozonized in boron trichloride-, hydrochloric acid-, and boron trifluoride-methanol media. Chem Phys Lipids 35:21-28, 1984.
344. F Mordret. Analysis of fatty acids. In:A Karleskind, ed. Oils and Fats Manual. A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 2. Paris, France: Lavoisier Publishing, 1996, pp 1166–1179.
345. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Ch5-91. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
346. FR van de Voort, J Sedman, T Russin. Lipid analysis by vibrational spectroscopy. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:815-840, 2001.
347. E Pretsch, P Bühlmann, C Affolter. Structure Determination of Organic Compounds. Tables of Spectral Data. 3rd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2000.
348. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd14-95. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
349. American Oils Chemists’ Society (AOCS). Method Cd14d-99. In: D Firestone, ed. Official Methods and Recommended Practices, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2000.
350. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Method 2.207. In: C Paquot, A Hautfenne, eds. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1992.
351. AOAC International. Method 965.34. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
352. AOAC International. Method 994.14. In: P Cunniff, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., 5th revision. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International, 1999.
353. WMN Ratnayake. Analysis of trans fatty acids. In: JL Sebedio, WW Christie, eds. trans Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition. Dundee, UK: The Oily Press, 1998, pp 115–161.
354. BWK Diehl. High resolution NMR spectroscopy. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:830-834, 2001.
355. FD Gunstone. High resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy of lipids. In: WW Christie, ed. Advances in Fatty Acids 273 Lipid Methodology—Two. Dundee, UK: The Oily Press, 1993, pp 1–68.
356. MSF Lie Ken Jie, J Mustafa. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-applications to fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Lipids 32: 1019–1034.
357. MSF Lie Ken Jie. Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid esters by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:628-632, 2001.
358. DJ Frost, FD Gunstone. The PMR analysis of nonconjugated alkenoid and alkynoid acids and esters. Chem Phys Lipids 15:53-85, 1975.
359. H Todt, W Burk, G Guthausen, A Guthausen, A Kamlowski, D Schmalbein. Quality control with time-domain NMR. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:835-840, 2001.
360. ML Andersen, LH Skibsted. Detection of early events in lipid oxidation by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:65-68, 2001.
361. G Dobson. Cyclic fatty acids: qualitative and quantitative analysis. In: RJ Hamilton, ed. Lipid Analysis in Oils and Fats. London, UK: Blackie, 1998, pp 136–180.
362. K Winkler, H Steinhart. Identification of conjugated isomers of linolenic acid and arachidonic acid in cheese. J Sep Sci 24:663-668, 2001.