Genetically modified dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy

Current Gene Therapy

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 619-628

  Ribas, Antoni ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Dendritic cells; Gene therapy; Genetic immunotherapy

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; DENDRITIC CELL VACCINE; DNA; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 100; HERPESVIRUS VECTOR; LENTIVIRUS VECTOR; LIPOSOME; MELAN A; MELANOMA ANTIGEN; MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE; MUCIN 1; PARVOVIRUS VECTOR; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROTEIN P53; RETROVIRUS VECTOR; RNA; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ASTROCYTOMA; BREAST CANCER; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CARCINOMA; DNA TRANSFECTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; ELECTROPORATION; ERYTHEMA; EX VIVO STUDY; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GENE GUN; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETIC MANIPULATION; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; HERPES VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; IN VITRO STUDY; INJECTION SITE REACTION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; MELANOMA; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; POXVIRUS; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TOXICITY TESTING; TRANSGENE; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

ANIMALS; CANCER VACCINES; CLINICAL TRIALS; DENDRITIC CELLS; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETIC VECTORS; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOPLASMS; TRANSFECTION;

ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS; ADENOVIRIDAE; ANIMALIA; HERPESVIRIDAE; LENTIVIRUS; PARVOVIRUS; POXVIRIDAE;

EID: 29444448087     PISSN: 15665232     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156652305774964758     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Arthur, J.F., Butterfield, L.H., Roth, M.D., Bui, L.A., Kiertscher, S.M., Lau, R., Dubinett, S., Glaspy, J., McBride, W.H. and Economou, J.S. (1997) A comparison of gene transfer methods in human dendritic cells Cancer Gene. Ther., 4(1): 17-25.
2. Ashley, D.M., Faiola, B., Nair, S., Hale, L.P., Bigner, D.D., and Gilboa, E. (1997) Bone marrow-generated dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extracts or tumor RNA induce antitumor immunity against central nervous system tumors J. Exp. Med., 186(7): 1177-82.
3. Banchereau, J., and Steinman, R.M. (1998) Dendritic cells and the control of immunity Nature 392(6673): 245-52.
4. Boczkowski, D., Nair, S.K., Nam, J.H., Lyerly, H.K., and Gilboa, E. (2000) Induction of tumor immunity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses using dendritic cells transfected with messenger RNA amplified from tumor cells Cancer Res., 60(4): 1028-34.
5. Boczkowski, D., Nair, S.K., Snyder, D., and Gilboa, E. (1996) Dendritic cells pulsed with RNA are potent antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo J. Exp. Med., 184(2): 465-72.
6. Brossart, P., Goldrath, A.W., Butz, E.A., Martin, S., and Bevan, M.J. (1997) Virus-mediated delivery of antigenic epitopes into dendritic cells as a means to induce CTL J. Immunol., 158(7): 3270-6.
7. Cao, X., Zhang, W., He, L., Xie, Z., Ma, S., Tao, Q., Yu, Y., Hamada, H., and Wang, J. (1998) Lymphotactin gene-modified bone marrow dendritic cells act as more potent adjuvants for peptide delivery to induce specific antitumor immunity J. Immunol., 161(11): 6238-44.
8. Cao, X., Zhang, W., Wang, J., Zhang, M., Huang, X., Hamada, H., and Chen, W. (1999) Therapy of established tumour with a hybrid cellular vaccine generated by using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor genetically modified dendritic cells Immunology, 97(4): 616-25.
9. Caruso, D.A., Orme, L.M., Amor, G.M., Neale, A.M., Radcliff, F.J., Downie, P., Tang, M.L., and Ashley, D.M. (2005) Results of a Phase I study utilizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA in children with Stage 4 neuroblastoma Cancer, 103(6): 1280-91.
10. Caruso, D.A., Orme, L.M., Neale, A.M., Radcliff, F.J., Amor, G.M., Maixner, W., Downie, P., Hassall, T.E., Tang, M.L., and Ashley, D.M. (2004) Results of a phase 1 study utilizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA in children and young adults with brain cancer Neuro-oncol., 6(3): 236-46.
11. Caux, C., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Schmitt, D., and Banchereau, J. (1992) GM-CSF and TNF-alpha cooperate in the generation of dendritic Langerhans cells Nature, 360(6401): 258-61.
12. Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Mahnke, K., Labeur, M., Roters, B., Schmidt, W., Granstein, R.D., Luger, T.A., Schwarz, T., and Grabbe, S. (1999) Transfection of immature murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells with the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene potently enhances their in vivo antigen-presenting capacity J. Immunol., 163(1): 174-83.
13. Di Nicola, M., Carlo-Stella, C., Mortarini, R., Baldassari, P., Guidetti, A., Gallino, G.F., Del Vecchio, M., Ravagnani, F., Magni, M., Chaplin, P., Cascinelli, N., Parmiani, G., Gianni, A.M., and Anichini, A. (2004) Boosting T cell-mediated immunity to tyrosinase by vaccinia virus-transduced, CD34(+)-derived dendritic cell vaccination: a phase I trial in metastatic melanoma Clin. Cancer Res., 10(16): 5381-90.
14. Fernandez, N.C., Lozier, A., Flament, C., Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P., Bellet, D., Suter, M., Perricaudet, M., Tursz, T., Maraskovsky, E., and Zitvogel, L. (1999) Dendritic cells directly trigger NK cell functions: cross-talk relevant in innate anti-tumor immune responses in vivo Nat. Med., 5(4): 405-11.
15. Gabrilovich, D.I., Chen, H.L., Girgis, K.R., Cunningham, H.T., Meny, G.M., Nadaf, S., Kavanaugh, D., and Carbone, D.P. (1996) Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells Nat. Med., 2(10): 1096-103.
16. Gilboa, E., Nair, S.K., and Lyerly, H.K. (1998) Immunotherapy of cancer with dendritic-cell-based vaccines Cancer Immunol. Immunother, 46(2): 82-7.
17. Gorelik, L., and Flavell, R.A. (2001) Immune-mediated eradication of tumors through the blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in T cells Nat. Med., 7(10): 1118-22.
18. Heiser, A., Coleman, D., Dannull, J., Yancey, D., Maurice, M.A., Lallas, C.D., Dahm, P., Niedzwiecki, D., Gilboa, E., and Vieweg, J. (2002) Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors J. Clin. Invest, 109(3): 409-17.
19. Hirschowitz, E.A., Weaver, J.D., Hidalgo, G.E., and Doherty, D.E. (2000) Murine dendritic cells infected with adenovirus vectors show signs of activation Gene. Ther., 7(13): 1112-20.
20. Hodge, J.W., Sabzevari, H., Yafal, A.G., Gritz, L., Lorenz, M.G., and Schlom, J. (1999) A triad of costimulatory molecules synergize to amplify T-cell activation Cancer Res., 59(22): 5800-7.
21. Inaba, K., Inaba, M., Romani, N., Aya, H., Deguchi, M., Ikehara, S., Muramatsu, S., and Steinman, R.M. (1992) Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor J. Exp. Med., 176(6): 1693-702.
22. Jenne, L., Schuler, G., and Steinkasserer, A. (2001) Viral vectors for dendritic cell-based immunotherapy Trends Immunol., 22(2): 102-7.
23. Jonuleit, H., Tuting, T., Steitz, J., Bruck, J., Giesecke, A., Steinbrink, K., Knop, J., and Enk, A.H. (2000) Efficient transduction of mature CD83+ dendritic cells using recombinant adenovirus suppressed T cell stimulatory capacity Gene Ther., 7(3): 249-54.
24. Kaplan, J.M., Yu, Q., Piraino, S.T., Pennington, S.E., Shankara, S., Woodworth, L.A., and Roberts, B.L. (1999) Induction of antitumor immunity with dendritic cells transduced with adenovirus vector-encoding endogenous tumor-associated antigens J. Immunol., 163(2): 699-707.
25. Kiertscher, S.M., Luo, J., Dubinett, S.M., and Roth, M.D. (2000) Tumors promote altered maturation and early apoptosis of monocyte-derived dendritic cells J. Immunol., 164(3): 1269-76.
26. Kikuchi, T., Worgall, S., Singh, R., Moore, M.A., and Crystal, R.G. (2000) Dendritic cells genetically modified to express CD40 ligand and pulsed with antigen can initiate antigen-specific humoral immunity independent of CD4+ T cells Nat. Med., 6(10): 1154-9.
27. Kim, C.J., Prevette, T., Cormier, J., OverwiJk, W., Roden, M., Restifo, N.P., Rosenberg, S.A., and Marincola, F.M. (1997) Dendritic cells infected with poxviruses encoding MART-1/Melan A sensitize T lymphocytes in vitro J. Immunother, 20(4): 276-86.
28. Kirk, C.J., Hartigan-O'Connor, D., Nickoloff, B.J., Chamberlain, J.S., Giedlin, M., Aukerman, L., and Mule, J.J. (2001) T cell-dependent antitumor immunity mediated by secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine: augmentation of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy Cancer Res., 61(5): 2062-70.
29. Kirk, C.J., and Mule, J.J. (2000) Gene-modified dendritic cells for use in tumor vaccines Hum. Gene. Ther., 11(6): 797-806.
30. Klein, C., Bueler, H., and Mulligan, R.C. (2000) Comparative analysis of genetically modified dendritic cells and tumor cells as therapeutic cancer vaccines J. Exp. Med., 191(10): 1699-708.
31. Lee, J.M., Mahtabifard, A., Yamada, R., Crystal, R.G., and Korst, R.J. (2002) Adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression of a truncated form of the p65 nuclear factor kappa B cDNA in dendritic cells enhances their function resulting in immune-mediated suppression of preexisting murine tumors Clin. Cancer Res., 8(11): 3561-9.
32. Lu, L., Lee, W.C., Takayama, T., Qian, S., Gambotto, A., Robbins, P.D., and Thomson, A.W. (1999) Genetic engineering of dendritic cells to express immunosuppressive molecules (viral IL-10, TGF-beta, and CTLA4Ig) J. Leukoc. Biol., 66(2): 293-6.
33. Mayordomo, J.I., Zorina, T., Storkus, W.J., Zitvogel, L., Garcia-Prats, M.D., DeLeo, A.B., and Lotze, M.T. (1997) Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells serve as potent adjuvants for peptide-based antitumor vaccines Stem Cells, 15(2): 94-103.
34. Mellman, I., and Steinman, R.M. (2001) Dendritic cells: specialized and regulated antigen processing machines. [Comment On: Cell. 2001 Aug 10; 106(3):259-62 UI: 21400435] Cell, 106(3): 255-8.
35. Miller, G., Lahrs, S., Pillarisetty, V.G., Shah, A.B., and DeMatteo, R.P. (2002) Adenovirus infection enhances dendritic cell immunostimulatory properties and induces natural killer and T-cell-mediated tumor protection Cancer Res., 62(18): 5260-6.
36. Miller, P.W., Sharma, S., Stolina, M., Butterfield, L.H., Luo, J., Lin, Y., Dohadwala, M., Batra, R.K., Wu, L., Economou, J.S., and Dubinett, S.M. (2000) intratumoral administration of adenoviral interleukin 7 gene-modified dendritic cells augments specific antitumor immunity and achieves tumor eradication Hum. Gene Ther., 11(1): 53-65.
37. Mitani, K., Graham, F.L., Caskey, C.T., and Kochanek, S. (1995) Rescue, propagation, and partial purification of a helper virus-dependent adenovirus vector Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92(9): 3854-8.
38. Morelli, A.E., Larregina, A.T., Ganster, R.W., Zahorchak, A.F., Plowey, J.M., Takayama, T., Logar, A.J., Robbins, P.D., Falo, L.D., and Thomson, A.W. (2000) Recombinant adenovirus induces maturation of dendritic cells via an NF-kappaB-dependent pathway J. Virol., 74(20): 9617-28.
39. Morse, M.A., Clay, T.M., Hobeika, A.C., Osada, T., Khan, S., Chui, S., Niedzwiecki, D., Panicali, D., Schlom, J., and Lyerly, H.K. (2005) Phase I study of immunization with dendritic cells modified with fowlpox encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and costimulatory molecules Clin. Cancer Res., 11(8): 3017-24.
40. Morse, M.A., and Lyerly, H.K. (2002) DNA and RNA modified dendritic cell vaccines World J. Surg., 26(7): 819-25.
41. Morse, M.A., Nair, S.K., Mosca, P.J., Hobeika, A.C., Clay, T.M., Deng, Y., Boczkowski, D., Proia, A., Neidzwiecki, D., Clavien, P.A., Hurwitz, H.I., Schlom, J., Gilboa, E., and Lyerly, H.K. (2003) Immunotherapy with autologous, human dendritic cells transfected with carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA Cancer Invest., 21(3): 341-9.
42. Pecher, G., Haring, A., Kaiser, L., and Thiel, E. (2002) Mucin gene (MUC1) transfected dendritic cells as vaccine: results of a phase I/II clinical trial Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 51(11-12): 669-73.
43. Perez-Diez, A., Butterfield, L.H., Li, L., Chakraborty, N.G., Economou, J.S., and Mukherji, B. (1998) Generation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to dendritic cells genetically engineered to express the MART-1/Melan-A gene Cancer Res., 58(23): 5305-5309.
44. Pirtskhalaishvili, G., Shurin, G.V., Gambotto, A., Esche, C., Wahl, M., Yurkovetsky, Z.R., Robbins, P.D., and Shurin, M.R. (2000) Transduction of dendritic cells with Bcl-xL increases their resistance to prostate cancer-induced apoptosis and antitumor effect in mice J. Immunol., 165(4): 1956-64.
45. Porcelli, S.A., and Modlin, R.L. (1999) The CD1 system: antigen-presenting molecules for T cell recognition of lipids and glycolipids Annu. Rev. Immunol., 17: 297-329.
46. Ribas, A., Amarnani, S.N., Buga, G.M., Butterfield, L.H., Dissette, V.B., McBride, W.H., Glaspy, J.A., Ignarro, L.J., and Economou, J.S. (2002a) Immunosuppressive effects of interleukin-12 coexpression in melanoma antigen gene-modified dendritic cell vaccines Cancer Gene Ther., 9(11): 875-83.
47. Ribas, A., Butterfield, L.H., Amarnani, S.N., Dissette, V.B., Kim, D., Meng, W.S., Miranda, G.A., Wang, H.J., McBride, W.H., Glaspy, J.A., and Economou, J.S. (2001) CD40 cross-linking bypasses the absolute requirement for CD4 T cells during immunization with melanoma antigen gene-modified dendritic cells Cancer Res., 61(24): 8787-93.
48. Ribas, A., Butterfield, L.H., Glaspy, J.A., and Economou, J.S. (2002b) Cancer immunotherapy using gene-modified dendritic cells Curr. Gene Ther., 2(1): 57-78.
49. Ribas, A., Butterfield, L.H., Glaspy, J.A., and Economou, J.S. (2003) Current developments in cancer vaccines and cellular immunotherapy J. Clin. Oncol., 21(12): 2415-32.
50. Ribas, A., Butterfield, L.H., Hu, B., Dissette, V.B., Chen, A.Y., Koh, A., Amarnani, S.N., Glaspy, J.A., McBride, W.H., and Economou, J.S. (2000a) Generation of T-cell immunity to a murine melanoma using MART-1-engineered dendritic cells J. Immunother., 23(1): 59-66.
51. Ribas, A., Butterfield, L.H., Hu, B., Dissette, V.B., Meng, W.S., Koh, A., Andrews, K.J., Lee, M., Amar, S.N., Glaspy, J.A., McBride, W.H., and Economou, J.S. (2000b) Immune deviation and Fas-mediated deletion limit antitumor activity after multiple dendritic cell vaccinations in mice Cancer Res., 60(8): 2218-24.
52. Ribas, A., Butterfield, L.H., McBride, W.H., Jilani, S.M., Bui, L.A., Vollmer, C.M., Lau, R., Dissette, V.B., Hu, B., Chen, A.Y., Glaspy, J.A., and Economou, J.S. (1997) Genetic immunization for the melanoma antigen MART-1/Melan-A using recombinant adenovirus-transduced murine dendritic cells Cancer Res., 57(14): 2865-9.
53. Romani, N., Gruner, S., Brang, D., Kampgen, E., Lenz, A., Trockenbacher, B., Konwalinka, G., Fritsch, P.O., Steinman, R.M., and Schuler, G. (1994) Proliferating dendritic cell progenitors in human blood J. Exp. Med., 180(1): 83-93.
54. Romani, N., Reider, D., Heuer, M., Ebner, S., Kampgen, E., Eibl, B., Niederwieser, D., and Schuler, G. (1996) Generation of mature dendritic cells from human blood. An improved method with special regard to clinical applicability J. Immunol. Methods, 196(2): 137-51.
55. Rosenberg, S.A. (2001) Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy Nature, 411(6835): 380-4.
56. Roth, M.D., Cheng, Q., Harui, A., Basak, S.K., Mitani, K., Low, T.A., and Kiertscher, S.M. (2002) Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors efficiently express transgenes in human dendritic cells but still stimulate antiviral immune responses J. Immunol. 169(8): 4651-6.
57. Schnell, S., Young, J.W., Houghton, A.N., and Sadelain, M. (2000) Retrovirally transduced mouse dendritic cells require CD4+ T cell help to elicit antitumor immunity: implications for the clinical use of dendritic cells J. Immunol., 164(3): 1243-50.
58. Schumacher, L., Ribas, A., Dissette, V.B., McBride, W.H., Mukherji, B., Economou, J.S., and Butterfield, L.H. (2004) Human Dendritic Cell Maturation by Adenovirus Transduction Enhances Tumor Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses J. Immunother, 27(3): 191-200.
59. Sharma, S., Stolina, M., Lin, Y., Gardner, B., Miller, P.W., Kronenberg, M., and Dubinett, S.M. (1999) T cell-derived IL-10 promotes lung cancer growth by suppressing both T cell and APC function J. Immunol., 163(9): 5020-8.
60. Sonderbye, L., Feng, S., Yacoubian, S., Buehler, H., Ahsan, N., Mulligan, R., and Langhoff, E. (1998) In vivo and in vitro modulation of immune stimulatory capacity of primary dendritic cells by adenovirus-mediated gene transduction Exp. Clin. Immunogenet, 15(2): 100-11.
61. Specht, J.M., Wang, G., Do, M.T., Lam, J.S., Royal, R.E., Reeves, M.E., Rosenberg, S.A., and Hwu, P. (1997) Dendritic cells retrovirally transduced with a model antigen gene are therapeutically effective against established pulmonary metastases J. Exp. Med., 186(8): 1213-21.
62. Steinman, R.M., and Nussenzweig, M.C. (2002) Avoiding horror autotoxicus: the importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99(1): 351-8.
63. Su, Z., Dannull, J., Heiser, A., Yancey, D., Pruitt, S., Madden, J., Coleman, D., Niedzwiecki, D., Gilboa, E., and Vieweg, J. (2003) Immunological and clinical responses in metastatic renal cancer patients vaccinated with tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells Cancer Res., 63(9): 2127-33.
64. Su, Z., Dannull, J., Yang, B.K., Dahm, P., Coleman, D., Yancey, D., Sichi, S., Niedzwiecki, D., Boczkowski, D., Gilboa, E., and Vieweg, J. (2005) Telomerase mRNA-transfected dendritic cells stimulate antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in patients with metastatic prostate cancer J. Immunol., 174(6): 3798-807.
65. Takayama, T., Tahara, H., and Thomson, A.W. (2001) Retrovirally transduced myeloid dendritic cells expressing mammalian or viral IL-10 differentially affect cell-mediated immunity and growth of transplantable tumors Transplant Proc., 33(1-2): 590.
66. Therasse, P., Arbuck, S.G., Eisenhauer, E.A., Wanders, J., Kaplan, R.S., Rubinstein, L., Verweij, J., Van Glabbeke, M., van Oosterom, A.T., Christian, M.C., and Gwyther, S.G. (2000) New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors [see comments] J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92(3): 205-16.
67. Timmerman, J.M., and Levy, R. (1999) Dendritic cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy Annu. Rev. Med., 50: 507-29.
68. Tsao, H., Millman, P., Linette, G.P., Hodi, F.S., Sober, A.J., Goldberg, M.A., and Haluska, F.G. (2002) Hypopigmentation Associated With an Adenovirus-Mediated gp100/MART-1-Transduced Dendritic Cell Vaccine for Metastatic Melanoma Arch. Dermatol., 138(6): 799-802.
69. Tuettenberg, A., Jonuleit, H., Tuting, T., Bruck, J., Biermann, V., Kochanek, S., Knop, J., and Enk, A.H. (2004) Early adenoviral gene expression mediates immunosuppression by transduced dendritic cell (DC): implications for immunotherapy using genetically modified DC J. Immunol., 172(3): 1524-30.
70. Tuting, T., DeLeo, A.B., Lotze, M.T., and Storkus, W.J. (1997) Genetically modified bone marrow-derived dendritic cells expressing tumor-associated viral or "self" antigens induce antitumor immunity in vivo Eur. J. Immunol., 27(10): 2702-7.
71. Tüting, T., Wilson, C.C., Martin, D.M., Kasamon, Y.L., Rowles, J., Ma, D.I., Slingluff, C.L. Jr., Wagner, S.N., van der Bruggen, P., Baar, J., Lotze, M.T., and Storkus, W.J. (1998) Autologous human monocyte-derived dendritic cells genetically modified to express melanoma antigens elicit primary cytotoxic T cell responses in vitro: enhancement by cotransfection of genes encoding the Th1-biasing cytokines IL-12 and IFN-alpha J. Immunol., 160(3): 1139-47.
72. Vollmer, C.M., Jr., Eilber, F.C., Butterfield, L.H., Ribas, A., Dissette, V.B., Koh, A., Montejo, L.D., Lee, M.C., Andrews, K.J., McBride, W.H., Glaspy, J.A., and Economou, J.S. (1999) Alpha-fetoprotein-specific genetic immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma Cancer Res., 59(13): 3064-7.
73. Wan, Y., Bramson, J., Carter, R., Graham, F., and Gauldic, J. (1997) Dendritic cells transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding a model tumor-associated antigen for tumor vaccination Hum. Gene. Ther., 8(11): 1355-63.
74. Wan, Y., Bramson, J., Pilon, A., Zhu, Q., and Gauldie, J. (2000) Genetically modified dendritic cells prime autorcactive T cells through a pathway independent of CD40L and interleukin 12: implications for cancer vaccines Cancer Res., 60(12): 3247-53.
75. Wan, Y., Emtage, P., Foley, R., Carter, R., and Gauldie, J. (1999a) Murine dendritic cells transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing a defined tumor antigen can overcome anti-adenovirus neutralizing immunity and induce effective tumor regression Int. J. Oncol., 14(4): 771-6.
76. Wan, Y., Emtage, P., Zhu, Q., Foley, R., Pilon, A., Roberts, B., and Gauldie, J. (1999b) Enhanced immune response to the melanoma antigen gp100 using recombinant adenovirus-transduced dendritic cells Cell Immunol., 198(2): 131-8.
77. Wargo, J.A., Schumacher, L.Y., Comin-Anduix, B., Dissette, V.B., Glaspy, J.A., McBride, W.H., Butterfield, L.H., Economou, J.S., and Ribas, A. (2005) Natural killer cells play a critical role in the immune response following immunization with melanoma-antigen-engineered dendritic cells Cancer Gene Ther., 12(6): 516-27.
78. Wysocki, P., Grabarczyk, P., Mackiewicz-Wysocka, M., Kowalczyk, D., and Mackiewicz, A. (2002) Genetically modified dendritic cells - a new, promising cancer treatment strategy?" Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2(8): 835-845.
79. Yang, S., Vervaert, C.E., Burch Jr, J., Grichnik, J., Seigler, H.F., and Darrow, T.L. (1999) Murine dendritic cells transfected with human GP100 elicit both antigen-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses and are more effective than DNA vaccines at generating anti-tumor immunity Int. J. Cancer, 83(4): 532-40.
80. Zitvogel, L. (2002) Dendritic and natural killer cells cooperate in the control/switch of innate immunity J. Exp. Med., 195(3): F9-F14.
81. Zum Buschenfelde, C.M., Metzger, J., Hermann, C., Nicklisch, N., Peschel, C., and Bernhard, H. (2001) The generation of both T killer and Th cell clones specific for the tumor-associated antigen HER2 using retrovirally transduced dendritic cells J. Immunol., 167(3): 1712-9.