Food for thought: Hedonic experience beyond homeostasis in the human brain

Neuroscience

Volumn 126, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 807-819

  Kringelbach, M L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

anterior cingulate cortex; insula operculum; motivation; pleasantness; smell; taste; VNO; vomeronasal olfactory system

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; COGNITION; CORRELATION FUNCTION; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; EMOTION; FOOD INTAKE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; NEUROIMAGING; ODOR; ORBITAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; REWARD; SENSORY SYSTEM; SMELLING; TASTE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; EATING; EMOTIONS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOTIVATION; REWARD; SMELL; TASTE; THINKING;

EID: 2942633296     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.035     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Aharon I., Etcoff N., Ariely D., Chabris C.F., O'Connor E., Breiter H.C. Beautiful faces have variable reward value Fmri and behavioral evidence. Neuron. 32:2001;537-551
2. Alexander G.E., DeLong M.R., Strick P.L. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 9:1986;357-381
3. Amaral D.G., Price J.L., Pitkanen A., Carmichael S.T. Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. Aggleton J.P. The Amygdala. 1992;1-66 Wiley-Liss, New York
4. Anderson A.K., Christoff K., Stappen I., Panitz D., Ghahremani D.G., Glover G., Gabrieli J.D., Sobel N. Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction. Nat Neurosci. 6:2003;196-202
5. Anderson S.W., Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A.R. Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci. 2:1999;1032-1037
6. Balleine B., Killcross S. Effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on instrumental action. Behav Brain Res. 65:1994;181-193
7. Barer D.H. The natural history and functional consequences of dysphagia after hemispheric stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 52:1989;236-241
8. Baxter M.G., Parker A., Lindner C.C., Izquierdo A.D., Murray E.A. Control of response selection by reinforcer value requires interaction of amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 20:2000;4311-4319
9. Baylis L.L., Gaffan D. Amygdalctomy and ventromedial prefrontal ablation produce similar deficits in food choice and in simple object discrimination learning for an unseen reward. Exp Brain Res. 86:1991;617-622
10. Baylis L.L., Rolls E.T., Baylis G.C. Afferent connections of the orbitofrontal cortex taste area of the primate. Neuroscience. 64:1994;801-812
11. Berke J.D., Hyman S.E. Addiction, dopamine, and the molecular mechanisms of memory. Neuron. 25:2000;515-532
12. Berns G.S., McClure S.M., Pagnoni G., Montague P.R. Predictability modulates human brain response to reward. J Neurosci. 21:2001;2793-2798
13. Berridge K.C. Food reward Brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 20:1996;1-25
14. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward Hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 28:1998;309-369
15. Bhatnagar K.P., Meisami E. Vomeronasal organ in bats and primates Extremes of structural variability and its phylogenetic implications. Microsc Res Tech. 43:1998;465-475
16. Blood A.J., Zatorre R.J. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;11818-11823
17. Blood A.J., Zatorre R.J., Bermudez P., Evans A.C. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. Nat Neurosci. 2:1999;382-387
18. Bornstein W.S. Cortical representation of taste in man and monkey: I. Functional and anatomical relations of taste, olfaction and somatic sensibility. Yale J Biol Med. 12:1940;719-736
19. Bornstein W.S. Cortical representation of taste in man and monkey Ii. The localization of the cortical taste area in man, a method of measuring impairment of taste in man. Yale J Biol Med. 13:1940;133-156
20. Breiter H.C., Gollub R.L., Weisskoff R.M., Kennedy D.N., Makris N., Berke J.D., Goodman J.M., Kantor H.L., Gastfriend D.R., Riorden J.P., Mathew R.T., Rosen B.R., Hyman S.E. Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron. 19:1997;591-611
21. Buck L., Axel R. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors A molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell. 65:1991;175-187
22. Burton M.J., Rolls E.T., Mora F. Effects of hunger on the responses of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus to the sight and taste of food. Exp Neurol. 51:1976;668-677
23. Butter C.M., Mishkin M., Rosvold H.E. Conditioning and extinction of a food-rewarded response after selective ablations of frontal cortex in rhesus monkeys. Exp Neurol. 7:1963;65-75
24. Cabanac M. Physiological role of pleasure. Science. 173:1971;1103-1107
25. Cardinal R.N., Parkinson J.A., Hall J., Everitt B.J. Emotion and motivation The role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 26:2002;321-352
26. Carmichael S.T., Clugnet M.-C., Price J.L. Central olfactory connections in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol. 346:1994;403-434
27. Carmichael S.T., Price J.L. Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol. 346:1994;366-402
28. Cerf-Ducastel B., Murphy C. fMRI activation in response to odorants orally delivered in aqueous solutions. Chem Senses. 26:2001;625-637
29. Chalmers D. Facing up to the problem of consciousness. J Conscious Studies. 2:1995;200-219
30. Chaudhari N., Landin A.M., Roper S.D. A metabotropic glutamate receptor variant functions as a taste receptor. Nat Neurosci. 3:2000;113-119
31. Craig A.D. Opinion How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci. 3:2002;655-666
32. Craig A.D., Chen K., Bandy D., Reiman E.M. Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nat Neurosci. 3:2000;184-190
33. De Araujo I.E.T., Kringelbach M.L., Rolls E.T., Hobden P. The representation of umami taste in the human brain. J Neurophysiol. 90:2003;313-319
34. De Araujo I.E.T., Kringelbach M.L., Rolls E.T., McGlone F. Human cortical responses to water in the mouth, and the effects of thirst. J Neurophysiol. 90:2003;1865-1876
35. De Araujo I.E.T., Rolls E.T., Kringelbach M.L., McGlone F., Phillips N. Taste-olfactory convergence, and the representation of the pleasantness of flavour, in the human brain. Eur J Neurosci. 18:2003;2059-2068
36. Diamond J.M. Guns, germs, and steel The fates of human societies. 1999;Norton, New York
37. Douglas M. Purity and danger An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. 1966;Routledge & Kegan Paul, London
38. Elliott R., Dolan R.J., Frith C.D. Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex Evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 10:2000;308-317
39. Eslinger P.J., Damasio A.D., Van Hoesen G.W. Olfactory dysfunction in man Anatomical and behavioural aspects. Brain Cogn. 1:1982;259-285
40. Frey S., Petrides M. Re-examination of the human taste region A positron emission tomography study. Eur J Neurosci. 11:1999;2985-2988
41. Gallagher M., McMahan R.W., Schoenbaum G. Orbitofrontal cortex and representation of incentive value in associative learning. J Neurosci. 19:1999;6610-6614
42. Gordon C., Hewer R.L., Wade D.T. Dysphagia in acute stroke. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 295:1987;411-414
43. Gottfried J.A., Deichmann R., Winston J.S., Dolan R.J. Functional heterogeneity in human olfactory cortex An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci. 22:2002;10819-10828
44. Gottfried J.A., Dolan R.J. The nose smells what the eye sees Crossmodal visual facilitation of human olfactory perception. Neuron. 39:2003;375-386
45. Gottfried J.A., O'Doherty J., Dolan R.J. Appetitive and aversive olfactory learning in humans studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 22:2002;10829-10837
46. Gottfried J.A., O'Doherty J., Dolan R.J. Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science. 301:2003;1104-1107
47. Gray J.A. Elements of a two-process theory of learning. 1975;Academic Press, London
48. Grill H.J., Norgren R. The taste reactivity test Ii. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats. Brain Res. 143:1978;281-297
49. Grossman S.-P. Role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of food and water intake. Psychol Rev. 82:1975;200-224
50. Hamdy S., Mikulis D.J., Crawley A., Xue S., Lau H., Henry S., Diamant N.E. Cortical activation during human volitional swallowing An event-related fmri study. Am J Physiol. 277:1999;G219-G225
51. Hamdy S., Rothwell J.C., Brooks D.J., Bailey D., Aziz Q., Thompson D.G. Identification of the cerebral loci processing human swallowing with H2(15)O PET activation. J Neurophysiol. 81:1999;1917-1926
52. Harlow J.M. Passage of an iron rod through the head. Boston Med Surg J. 39:1848;389-393
53. Hayward M.D., Pintar J.E., Low M.J. Selective reward deficit in mice lacking beta-endorphin and enkephalin. J Neurosci. 22:2002;8251-8258
54. Hornak J., Bramham J., Rolls E.T., Morris R.G., O'Doherty J., Bullock P.R., Polkey C.E. Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain. 126:2003;1671-1712
55. Hornak, J, O'Doherty, J, Bramham, J, Rolls, ET, Morris, RG, Bullock, PR, Polkey, CE (2004) Reward-related reversal learning after surgical excisions in orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans. J Cogn Neurosci 16:463-478.
56. Hornak J., Rolls E.T., Wade D. Face and voice expression identification in patients with emotional and behavioural changes following ventral frontal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia. 34:1996;247-261
57. Ikemoto S., Panksepp J. Dissociations between appetitive and consummatory responses by pharmacological manipulations of reward-relevant brain regions. Behav Neurosci. 110:1996;331-345
58. Jean A. Brainstem organization of the swallowing network. Brain Behav Evol. 25:1984;109-116
59. Jean A. Brain stem control of swallowing Neuronal network and cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 81:2001;929-969
60. Kelley A.E., Bakshi V.P., Haber S.N., Steininger T.L., Will M.J., Zhang M. Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiol Behav. 76:2002;365-377
61. Kelley A.E., Berridge K.C. The neuroscience of natural rewards Relevance to addictive drugs. J Neurosci. 22:2002;3306-3311
62. Kinomura S., Kawashima R., Yamada K., Ono S., Itoh M., Yoshioka S., Yamaguchi T., Matsui H., Miyazawa H., Itoh H., Goto R., Fujiwara T., Satoh K., Fukuda H. Functional anatomy of taste perception in the human brain studied with positron emission tomography. Brain Res. 659:1994;263-266
63. Koob G.F., Riley S.J., Smith S.C., Robbins T.W. Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and olfactory tubercle on feeding, locomotor activity, and amphetamine anorexia in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 92:1978;917-927
64. Kringelbach, ML (2002) D. Phil. thesis: The functional neuroanatomy of emotion. Department of Experimental Psychology. Oxford: University of Oxford.
65. Kringelbach ML (2004) Emotion. In: The Oxford companion to the mind 2nd edition (Gregory RL, ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, in press.
66. Kringelbach M.L., de Araujo I.E.T., Rolls E.T. Taste-related activity in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage. 21:2004;781-788
67. Kringelbach M.L., O'Doherty J., Rolls E.T., Andrews C. Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness. Cereb Cortex. 13:2003;1064-1071
68. Kringelbach M.L., Rolls E.T. Neural correlates of rapid context-dependent reversal learning in a simple model of human social interaction. Neuroimage. 20:2003;1371-1383
69. Kringelbach, ML, Rolls, ET (2004) The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Prog Neurobiol 72:341-372.
70. LeMagnen J. Hunger. 1985;Cambridge University Press, London
71. Lévi-Strauss C. Le cru et le cuit. 1964;Jonathan Cape, [The raw and the cooked: introduction to a science of mythology.] London
72. Liebman J.M. Discriminating between reward and performance A critical review of intracranial self-stimulation methodology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 7:1983;45-72
73. Macmillan M. An odd kind of fame Stories of phineas gage. 2000;MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass
74. Martin R.E., Goodyear B.G., Gati J.S., Menon R.S. Cerebral cortical representation of automatic and volitional swallowing in humans. J Neurophysiol. 85:2001;938-950
75. Martin R.E., Sessle B.J. The role of the cerebral cortex in swallowing. Dysphagia. 8:1993;195-202
76. Milner P.M. Brain-stimulation reward A review. Can J Psychol. 45:1991;1-36
77. Monti-Bloch L., Jennings-White C., Berliner D.L. The human vomeronasal system A review. Ann NY Acad Sci. 855:1998;373-389
78. Mori K., Nagao H., Sasaki Y.F. Computation of molecular information in mammalian olfactory systems. Network. 9:1998;R79-102
79. Morrot G., Brochet F., Dubourdieu D. The color of odors. Brain Lang. 79:2001;309-320
80. Norgren R. Central neural mechanisms of taste. Brookhart J.M., Mountcastle V.B., Darien-Smith I. Handbook of physiology The nervous system iii: sensory processes 1. 1984;1087-1128 American Physiological Society, Washington, DC
81. Norgren R. The central gustatory system in humans. Paxinos G. The Human Nervous System. 1990;Academic, New York
82. Norgren R. Gustatory system. Paxinos G. The Human Nervous System. 1990;845-861 Academic Press, New York
83. Norgren R., Leonard C.M. Ascending central gustatory pathways. J Comp Neurol. 150:1973;217-237
84. O'Doherty J., Kringelbach M.L., Rolls E.T., Hornak J., Andrews C. Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci. 4:2001;95-102
85. O'Doherty J., Rolls E.T., Francis S., Bowtell R., McGlone F. Representation of pleasant and aversive taste in the human brain. J Neurophysiol. 85:2001;1315-1321
86. O'Doherty J., Rolls E.T., Francis S., Bowtell R., McGlone F., Kobal G., Renner B., Ahne G. Sensory-specific satiety-related olfactory activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex. Neuroreport. 11:2000;893-897
87. O'Doherty J., Winston J., Critchley H., Perrett D., Burt D.M., Dolan R.J. Beauty in a smile The role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness. Neuropsychologia. 41:2003;147-155
88. O'Doherty J.P., Dayan P., Friston K., Critchley H., Dolan R.J. Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain. Neuron. 38:2003;329-337
89. O'Doherty J.P., Deichmann R., Critchley H.D., Dolan R.J. Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron. 33:2002;815-826
90. Ogawa H., Ito S.L., Nomura T. Oral cavity representation at the frontal operculum of macaque monkeys. Neurosci Res. 6:1989;283-298
91. Olds M.E., Olds J. Approach avoidance analysis of rat diencephalon. J Comp Neurol. 120:1963;259-295
92. Panksepp J. Affective neuroscience The foundations of human and animal emotions. 1998;Oxford University Press, Oxford
93. Papez J.W. A proposed mechanism for emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 38:1937;725-743
94. Pappata S., Dehaene S., Poline J.B., Gregoire M.C., Jobert A., Delforge J., Frouin V., Bottlaender M., Dolle F., Di Giamberardino L., Syrota A. In vivo detection of striatal dopamine release during reward A pet study with [(11)c]raclopride and a single dynamic scan approach. Neuroimage. 16:2002;1015-1027
95. Penfield W., Faulk M.E. The insula Further observations on its function. Brain. 78:1955;445-470
96. Petrovic P., Kalso E., Petersson K.M., Ingvar M. Placebo and opioid analgesia Imaging a shared neuronal network. Science. 295:2002;1737-1740
97. Pierce J., Halpern B.P. Orthonasal and retronasal odorant identification based upon vapor phase input from common substances. Chem Senses. 21:1996;529-543
98. Pritchard T.C., Hamilton R.B., Morse J.R., Norgren R. Projections of thalamic gustatory and lingual areas in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis. J Comp Neurol. 244:1986;213-228
99. Pritchard T.C., Hamilton R.B., Norgren R. Neural coding of gustatory information in the thalamus of Macaca mulatta. J Neurophysiol. 61:1989;1-14
100. Rahman S., Sahakian B.J., Hodges J.R., Rogers R.D., Robbins T.W. Specific cognitive deficits in mild frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 122:1999;1469-1493
101. Robbins T.W., Cador M., Taylor J.R., Everitt B.J. Limbic-striatal interactions in reward-related processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 13:1989;155-162
102. Rolls B.J., Rolls E.T., Rowe E.A., Sweeney K. Sensory specific satiety in man. Physiol Behav. 27:1981;137-142
103. Rolls E.T. The brain and emotion. 1999;Oxford University Press, Oxford
104. Rolls E.T., Critchley H.D., Mason R., Wakeman E.A. Orbitofrontal cortex neurons Role in olfactory and visual association learning. J Neurophysiol. 75:1996;1970-1981
105. Rolls E.T., Hornak J., Wade D., McGrath J. Emotion-related learning in patients with social and emotional changes associated with frontal lobe damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 57:1994;1518-1524
106. Rolls E.T., Kringelbach M.L., de Araujo I.E.T. Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the human brain. Eur J Neurosci. 18:2003;695-703
107. Rolls E.T., O'Doherty J., Kringelbach M.L., Francis S., Bowtell R., McGlone F. Representations of pleasant and painful touch in the human orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Cereb Cortex. 13:2003;308-317
108. Royet J.P., Hudry J., Zald D.H., Godinot D., Gregoire M.C., Lavenne F., Costes N., Holley A. Functional neuroanatomy of different olfactory judgments. Neuroimage. 13:2001;506-519
109. Royet J.P., Souchier C., Jourdan F., Ploye H. Morphometric study of the glomerular population in the mouse olfactory bulb Numerical density and size distribution along the rostrocaudal axis. J Comp Neurol. 270:1988;559-568
110. Royet J.P., Zald D., Versace R., Costes N., Lavenne F., Koenig O., Gervais R. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant olfactory, visual, and auditory stimuli A positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci. 20:2000;7752-7759
111. Rozin P. Food Preference. Smelser N.J., Baltes P.B. International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. 2001;5719-5722 Elsevier, Amsterdam
112. Sanghera M.K., Rolls E.T., Roper-Hall A. Visual responses of neurons in the dorsolateral amygdala of the alert monkey. Exp Neurol. 63:1979;610-626
113. Saper C.B., Chou T.C., Elmquist J.K. The need to feed Homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron. 36:2002;199-211
114. Schultz W., Dickinson A. Neuronal coding of prediction errors. Ann Rev Neurosci. 23:2000;473-500
115. Scott T.R., Plata-Salaman C.R. Taste in the monkey cortex. Physiol Behav. 67:1999;489-511
116. Scott T.R., Yaxley S., Sienkiewicz Z.J., Rolls E.T. Gustatory responses in the frontal opercular cortex of the alert cynomolgus monkey. J Neurophysiol. 56:1986;876-890
117. Small D.M., Gregory M.D., Mak Y.E., Gitelman D., Mesulam M.M., Parrish T. Dissociation of neural representation of intensity and affective valuation in human gustation. Neuron. 39:2003;701-711
118. Small D.M., Jones-Gotman M., Zatorre R.J., Petrides M., Evans A.C. Flavor processing More than the sum of its parts. Neuroreport. 8:1997;3913-3917
119. Small D.M., Zald D.H., Jones-Gotman M., Zatorre R.J., Pardo J.V., Frey S., Petrides M. Human cortical gustatory areas A review of functional neuroimaging data. Neuroreport. 10:1999;7-14
120. Small D.M., Zatorre R.J., Dagher A., Evans A.C., Jones-Gotman M. Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate From pleasure to aversion. Brain. 124:2001;1720-1733
121. Smith T.D., Bhatnagar K.P. The human vomeronasal organ Part ii. Prenatal development. J Anat. 197:2000;421-436
122. Stern K., McClintock M.K. Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones. Nature. 392:1998;177-179
123. Sudakov K., MacLean P.D., Reeves A., Marino R. Unit study of exteroceptive inputs to claustrocortex in awake, sitting, squirrel monkey. Brain Res. 28:1971;19-34
124. Swanson L.W., Petrovich G.D. What is the amygdala? Trends Neurosci. 21:1998;323-331
125. Takagi S.F. Studies on the olfactory nervous system of the old world monkey. Prog Neurobiol. 27:1986;195-250
126. Tanabe T., Iino M., Takagi S.F. Discrimination of odors in olfactory bulb, pyriform-amygdaloid areas, and orbitofrontal cortex of the monkey. J Neurophysiol. 38:1975;1284-1296
127. Tanabe T., Yarita H., Iino M., Ooshima Y., Takagi S.F. An olfactory projection area in orbitofrontal cortex of the monkey. J Neurophysiol. 38:1975;1269-1283
128. Thorpe S.J., Rolls E.T., Maddison S. The orbitofrontal cortex Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey. Exp Brain Res. 49:1983;93-115
129. Thut G., Schultz W., Roelcke U., Nienhusmeier M., Missimer J., Maguire R.P., Leenders K.L. Activation of the human brain by monetary reward. Neuroreport. 8:1997;1225-1228
130. Völlm, BA, de Araujo, IET, Cowen, PJ, Rolls, ET, Kringelbach, ML, Smith, KA, Jezzard, P, Heal, RJ, Matthews, PM (2004) Methamphetamine activates reward circuitry in drug naïve human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology, in press.
131. Wallis J.D., Miller E.K. Neuronal activity in primate dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex during performance of a reward preference task. Eur J Neurosci. 18:2003;2069-2081
132. Weiskrantz L. Emotion. Weiskrantz L. Analysis of behavioural change. 1968;50-90 Harper and Row, New York
133. Williams G.V., Rolls E.T., Leonard C.M., Stern C. Neuronal responses in the ventral striatum of the behaving macaque. Behav Brain Res. 55:1993;243-252
134. Wise R.A. Addictive drugs and brain stimulation reward. Ann Rev Neurosci. 19:1996;319-340
135. Woods SC, Stricker EM (1999) Central control of food intake. In: Fundamental neuroscience (Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Squire LR, eds), pp 1091-1109. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
136. Yarita H., Iino M., Tanabe T., Kogure S., Takagi S.F. A transthalamic olfactory pathway to the orbitofrontal cortex in the monkey. J Neurophysiol. 43:1980;69-85
137. Yaxley S., Rolls E.T., Sienkiewicz Z.J. The responsiveness of neurons in the insular gustatory cortex of the macaque monkey is independent of hunger. Physiol Behav. 42:1988;223-229
138. Zald D.H., Pardo J.V. Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;4119-4124
139. Zald D.H., Pardo J.V. The functional neuroanatomy of voluntary swallowing. Ann Neurol. 46:1999;281-286
140. Zatorre R.J., Jones-Gotman M., Evans A.C., Meyer E. Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex. Nature. 360:1992;339-340
141. Zatorre R.J., Jones-Gotman M., Rouby C. Neural mechanisms involved in odor pleasantness and intensity judgments. Neuroreport. 11:2000;2711-2716