Currently used antimycotics: Spectrum, mode of action and resistance occurrence

Current Drug Targets

Volumn 6, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 895-907

  François, Isabelle E J A ^a   Aerts, An M ^a   Cammue, Bruno P A ^a   Thevissen, Karin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

5 FC; Allylamines; Azoles; Echinocandins; Griseofulvin; Polyenes

Indexed keywords

ACULEACIN A; ALLYLAMINE DERIVATIVE; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANIDULAFUNGIN; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; CANDICIDIN; CASPOFUNGIN; CILOFUNGIN; ECHINOCANDIN; ECHINOCANDIN B; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; FLUOROPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; FUNGICHROMIN; GRISEOFULVIN; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; MICONAZOLE; NAFTIFINE; NATAMYCIN; NYSTATIN; POLYENE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; RAPAMYCIN; TERBINAFINE; THIOCARBAMIC ACID DERIVATIVE; TOLNAFTATE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VORICONAZOLE;

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ASPERGILLOSIS; CANDIDIASIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DERMATOMYCOSIS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ISOLATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SELECTIVITY; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT;

ALLYLAMINE; ANIMALS; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; AZOLES; DRUG RESISTANCE, FUNGAL; HUMANS; MYCOSES; POLYENES; THIOCARBAMATES;

EID: 27944469561     PISSN: 13894501     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138945005774912744     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Pizzo, P.A. (1993) N. Engl. J. Med., 328(18), 1323-1332.
2. Hadley, S. and Karchmer, A.W. (1995) Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am., 9(4), 1045-1074.
3. Williamson, E.C.; Millar, M.R.; Steward, C.G.; Cornish, J.M.; Foot, A.B.; Oakhill, A.; Pamphilon, D.H.; Reeves, B.; Caul, E.O.; Warnock, D.W. and Marks, D.I. (1999) Br. J. Haematol., 104(3), 560-568.
4. Wingard, J.R. (1999) Transpl. Infect. Dis., 1(1), 3-20.
5. Blumberg, H.M.; Jarvis, W.R.; Soucie, J.M.; Edwards, J.E.; Patterson, J.E.; Pfaller, M.A.; Rangel-Frausto, M.S.; Rinaldi, M.G.; Saiman, L.; Wiblin, R.T. and Wenzel, R.P. (2001) Clin. Infect. Dis., 33(2), 177-186.
6. Saiman, L.; Ludington, E.; Pfaller, M.; Rangel-Frausto, S.; Wiblin, R.T.; Dawson, J.; Blumberg, H.M.; Patterson, J.E.; Rinaldi, M.; Edwards, J.E.; Wenzel, R.P. and Jarvis, W. (2000) Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 19(4), 319-24.
7. Krcmery, V., and Barnes, A.J. (2002) J. Hosp. Infect., 50(4), 243-260
8. Edmond, M.B.; Wallace, S.E.; McClish, D.K.; Pfaller, M.A.; Jones, R.N.; and Wenzel, R.P. (1999) Clin. Infect. Dis., 29(2), 239-244
9. Minari, A.; Husni, R.; Avery, R.K.; Longworth, D.L.; DeCamp, M.; Bertin, M.; Schilz, R.; Smedira, N.; Haug, M.T.; Mehta, A. and Gordon, S.M. (2002) Transpl. Infect. Dis., 4(4), 195-200
10. Loeffler, J. and Stevens, D. A. (2003) Clin. Infect. Dis., 36(Suppl. 1), S31-S41
11. Oxford, A.E.; Raistrick, H. and Simonart, P. (1939) Biochem. J., 33, 240-248.
12. Develoux, M. (2001). Ann. Dermatol. Venereol., 128(12), 1317-1325.
13. Gentles, J.C. (1958) Nature, 182(4633), 476-477.
14. Anderson, D.W. (1965) Ann. Allergy, 23, 103-110.
15. Roth, F.G.; Sallman, P. and Blanck, H. (1959) J. Invest. Dermatol., 33, 403-418.
16. Gull, K. and Trinci, A.P.J. (1973) Nature, 244(5414), 292-294.
17. Araujo, O.E.; Flowers, F.P., and King, M.M. (1990) DICP. Ann. Pharmacother., 24(9), 851-854.
18. Degreef, H. (1990) Onychomycosis. Br. J. Clin. Pract., 71, 91-97.
19. Polak, A. (1990) in Chemotherapy of fungal diseases, (Ryley, J.F., Ed.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 153-182.
20. Abdel-Rahman, S. and Nahata, M.C. (1997) Ann. Pharmacother., 31(3), 338-348.
21. Elewski, B.E. (2000) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol, 42(1 Pt. 1), 1-20.
22. Zheng, Y.C.; Zhu, Z.R.; Liang, P.J. and Chen, J.F. (1990) J. Tongji Med. Univ., 10(1), 60-64.
23. Polak, A. and Scholer, H. (1975) Chemotherapy, 21(3-4), 113-30.
24. Diasio, R.; Bennett, J. and Myers, C. (1978) Biochem. Pharmacol., 27(5), 703-707.
25. Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Zhao, Y; Zhou, Y. and Cheng, J. (2002) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 20(6), 444-450.
26. Diasio, R.B.; Bennet, J.F. and Myers, C.E. (1976) Biochem. Pharmacol., 27(5), 703-707.
27. Frattarelli, D.A.; Reed, M.D.; Giacoia, G.P. and Aranda, J.V. (2004) Drugs, 64(9), 949-968.
28. Whelan, W.L. (1987) Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 15(1), 45-56.
29. Iwata, K. (1992) Eur. J. Epidemiol., 8(3), 407-421.
30. Hope, W.W.; Tabernero, L.; Denning, D.W. and Anderson, M.J. (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48(11), 4377-4386.
31. Jund, R. and Lacroute, F. (1970) J. Bacteriol., 102(3), 607-615.
32. Turner, W.W. and Current, W. (1997) In: Srohl, W.R., ed. Biotechnology of Antibiotics. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 315-334.
33. Vanden Bossche, H. (2002) Expert Opin. Ther. Pat., 12, 151-167.
34. Hector, R.F. (1993) Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 6(1), 1-21.
35. Bernard, M. and Latge, J.P. (2001) Med. Mycol., 39(Suppl. 1), 9-17.
36. Klis, F.M.; de Groot, P. and Hellingwerf, K. (2001) Med. Mycol., 39(Suppl. 1), 1-8.
37. Mizoguchi, J.; Saito, T.; Mizuno, K. and Hayano, K. (1977) J. Antibiot., 30(4), 308-313.
38. Wingard, J.R. and Leather, H. (2004) Biol. Blood. Marrow. Transplant., 10(9), 73-90.
39. Mazur, P.; Morin, N.; Baginsky, W.; El-Sherbeini, M.; Clemas, J.A.; Nielsen, J.B. and Foor, F. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol., 15(10), 5671-5681.
40. Drgonova, J.; Drgon, T.; Tanaka, K.; Kollar, R.; Chen, G.C.; Ford, R.A.; Chan, C.S.; Takai, Y. and Cabib, E. (1996) Science, 272(5259), 277-9.
41. Mazur, P. and Baginsky, W. (1996) J. Biol. Chem., 27(24), 14609-16404.
42. Qadota, H.; Python, C.P.; Inoue, S.B.; Arisawa, M.; Anraku, Y.; Zheng Y; Watanabe T; Levin D.E. and Ohya, Y. (1996) Science, 272(5259), 279-281.
43. Kurtz, M.B. and Douglas, C.M. (1997) J. Med. Vet. Mycol., 35(2), 79-86.
44. Marco, F.; Pfaller, M.A.; Messer, S.A. and Jones, R.N. (1998) Diagn. Microbiol Infect. Dis., 32(1), 33-37.
45. Reinoso-Martin, C.; Schüller, C.; Schuetzer-Muehlbauer, M. and Kuchler, K (2003) Euk. Cell, 2(6), 1200-1210.
46. Agarwal, A.K.; Rogers, P.D.; Baerson, S.R.; Jacob, M.R.; Barker, K.S.; Cleary, J.D.; Walker, L.A.; Nagle, D.G. and Clark, A.M. (2003) J. Biol. Chem., 278(37), 34998-5015.
47. Levin, D.E. and Bartlett-Heubusch, E. (1992) J. Biol. Chem., 116(5), 1221-1229.
48. Paravicini, G.; Cooper, M.; Friedli, L.; Smith, D.J.; Carpentier, J.L.; Klig, L.S. and Payton, M.A. (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol., 12(11), 4896-4905.
49. Delley, P.A. and Hall, M.N. (1992) J. Cell. Biol., 147(1), 163-174.
50. Denning, D.W. (2003) Lancet, 362(9390), 1142-1151.
51. Radding, J.A.; Heidler, S.A. and Turner, W.W. (1998) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 42(5), 1187-1194.
52. Edlind, T.D. and Katiyar, S.K. (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48(11), 4491.
53. Ho, Y.; Gruhler, A.; Heilbut, A.; Bader, G.D.; Moore, L.; Adams, S.L.; Millar, A.; Taylor, P.; Bennett, K.; Boutilier, K.; Yang, L.; Wolting, C.; Donaldson, I.; Schandorff, S.; Shewnarane, J.; Vo, M.; Taggart, J.; Goudreault, M.; Muskat, B.; Alfarano, C.; Dewar, D.; Lin, Z.; Michalickova, K.; Willems, A.R.; Sassi, H.; Nielsen, P.A.; Rasmussen, K.J.; Andersen, J.R.; Johansen, L.E.; Hansen, L.H.; Jespersen, H.; Podtelejnikov, A.; Nielsen, E.; Crawford, J.; Poulsen, V.; Sorensen, B.D.; Matthiesen, J.; Hendrickson, R.C.; Gleeson, F.; Pawson, T.; Moran, M.F.; Durocher, D.; Mann, M.; Hogue, C.W.; Figeys, D.; Tyers, M. (2002) Nature, 415(6868), 180-183.
54. Ito, T.; Chiba, T.; Ozawa, R.; Yoshida, M.; Hattori, M. and Sakaki, Y. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98(8), 4569-4574.
55. Zhang, X.; Lester, R.L. and Dickson, R.C. (2004) J. Biol. Chem., 279(21), 22030-22038.
56. Douglas, C.M. (2001) Med. Mycol., 39(Suppl. 1), 55-66.
57. Gavin, A.C.; Bosche, M.; Krause, R.; Grandi, P.; Marzioch, M.; Bauer, A.; Schultz, J.; Rick, J.M.; Michon, A.M.; Cruciat, C.M.; Remor, M.; Hofert, C.; Schelder, M.; Brajenovic, M.; Ruffner, H.; Merino, A.; Klein, K.; Hudak, M.; Dickson, D.; Rudi, T.; Gnau, V.; Bauch, A.; Bastuck, S.; Huhse, B.; Leutwein, C.; Heurtier, M.A.; Copley, R.R.; Edelmann, A.; Querfurth, E.; Rybin, V.; Drewes, G.; Raida, M.; Bouwmeester, T.; Bork, P.; Seraphin, B.; Kuster, B.; Neubauer, G.; Superti-Furga, G. (2002) Nature, 415(6868), 141-147.
58. Kuhn, D.M.; George, T.; Chandra, J.; Mukherjee, P.K. and Ghannoum, M.A. (2002) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46(6), 1773-1780.
59. Stevens, D.A.; Espiritu, M. and Parmar, R. (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48(9), 3407-3411.
60. Feldmesser, M.; Kress, Y.; Mednick, A. and Casadevall, A. (2000) J. Infect. Dis., 182(6), 1791-1795.
61. Hamilton-Miller, J.M.T. (1973) Bacteriol. Rev., 37(3), 166-196.
62. Ryley, J.F.; Wilson, R.G.; Gravestock, M.M. and Poyser, J.P. (1981) Adv. Pharmacol. Chemother., 18, 49-176.
63. Terrell, C.L. and Hughes, C.E. (1992) Mayo Clin. Proc. 67(1), 69-91.
64. de Kruijff, B. and Demel, R.A. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 339(1), 57-70.
65. Holz, R.W. (1974) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 235(0), 469-479.
66. Kerridge, D. (1980) in: Goodad, G.W., Lloyd, D., and Trinci, A.P.J. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 103
67. Kerridge, D. (1985) Microbiol. Sci., 2(3), 83-86.
68. Phillips, A.J.; Sudbery, I. and Ramsdale, M. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sciences USA, 100(24), 14327-14332.
69. Mousavi, S.A. and Robson, G.D. (2004) Microbiology, 150(Pt 6), 1937-1945.
70. Okamoto, Y., Aoki, S. and Mataga, I. (2004) Mycopathologia, 158(1), 9-15.
71. Fridovich, I. (1999) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 893, 13-18.
72. Fleury, C.; Mignotte, B. and Vayssiere, J.L. (2002) Biochimie, 84(2-3), 131-141.
73. Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; An, S.; Zhou, Y. and Cheng, J. (2002) J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 49, 905-915.
74. Vanden bossche, H.; Engelen, M. and Rochette, F. (2003) J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap., 26(1), 5-29.
75. Ellis, D. (2002) J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 49 (S1), 7-10.
76. Bahmed, K.; Bonaly, R.; Wathier, M.; Pucci, B. and Coulon, J. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 216(1), 99-103.
77. Barker, K.S.; Crisp, S.; Wiederhold, N.; Lewis, R.E.; Bareither, B.; Eckstein, J.; Barbuch, R.; Bard, M. and Rogers, P.D. (2004) J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 54(2), 376-385.
78. Ryder, N.S. and Mieth, H. (1982) Current Top. Med. Myc., 4, 158-188.
79. Barret-Bee, K.J.; Lane, A.C. and Turner, R.W. (1986) J. Med. Vet. Myc., 24(2), 155-160.
80. Ryder, N.S.; Frank, I. and Dupont, M.-C. (1986) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 29(5), 858-860.
81. Stütz, A. (1988) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 544, 46-62.
82. Ryder, N. and Favre, B. (1997) Rev. Comtemp. Pharmacother, 8, 275-287.
83. Liu, W.; May, G.S.; Lionakis, M.S.; Lewis, R.E. and Kontoyiannis, D.P. (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, 48(7), 2490-2496.
84. Lanyi, J.; Plachy, W.Z. and Kates, M. (1974) Biochemistry, 13(24), 4914-4920.
85. Bammert, G.F. and Fostel, J.M. (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(5), 1255-1265.
86. Zitomer, R.S and Lowry, C.V. (1992) Microbiol. Rev., 56(1), 1-11.
87. Amillet, J.-M.; Buisson, N. and Labbe-Bois, R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem., 271(40), 24425-24432.
88. Keng, T. (1992) Mol. Cell Biol., 12(6), 2616-2623.
89. Edlind, T.; Smith, L.; Henry, K.; Katiyar, S. and Nickels, J. (2002), Molec. Microbiol., 46(1), 257-268.
90. Mieth, H. (1993) In: Cutaneous Antifungal Agents, Eds. Rippon, J.W., and Fromtlling, R.A., pp. 137-149. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
91. Jessup, C.J.; Ryder, N.S. and Ghannoum, M.A. (2000) Med. Myc., 38(2), 155-159.
92. McGinnis, M.R.; Nordoff, N.G.; Ryder, N.S. and Nunn, G.B. (200) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(5), 1407-1408.
93. Petranyi, G.; Meingassner, J.G. and Mieth, H. (1987) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 3(9), 1365-1368.
94. Ryder, N.S.; Wagner, S. and Leitner, I. (1998) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 42(5), 1057-1061.
95. Ryder, N.S. (1999) Mycoses, 42(S2), 115-119.
96. Fukushiro, R.; Urabe, H.; Kagawa, S.; Watanabe, S.; Takahashi, H.; Takahashi, S. and Nakajima, H. (1992) In: Recent Progress in Antifungal Chemotherapy. Eds. Yamaguchi, H., and Kobayashi, G.S., and Takahashi, H., pp. 147-157. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
97. Sanglard, D.; Kuchler, K.; Ischer, F.; Pagani, L.; Monod, M. and Bille, J. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39(11), 2378-2386.
98. Niimi, M.; Niimi, K.; Takano, Y.; Holmes, A.R.; Fischer, F.J.; Uehara, Y. and Cannon R.D. (2004) J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 54(6), 999-1006.
99. Gupta, M.; Kapur, N.; Bala, I. and Khuller, G.K. (1991) J. Med. Vet. Mycol., 29(1), 45-52.
100. Kelly, S.L.; Lamb, D.C.; Baldwin, B.C.; Corran, A.J. and Kelly, D.E. (1997) J. Biol. Chem., 272(15), 9986-9988.
101. Marichal, P; Gorrens, J. and Vanden Bossche, H. (1985) Sabouradia, 23(1), 13-21.
102. Van den Bossche, H. et al. (1985) Pharmacol. Ther., 67, 79-100.
103. De Nollin, S. and Borgers, M. (1976) Mycosen, 19(9), 317-328.
104. De Nollin, S.; Van Belle, H.; Goossens, F.; Thone, F. and Borgers, M. (1977) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 11(3), 500-513.
105. Kobayashi, D.; Kondo, K.; Uehara, N.; Otokozawa, S.; Tsuji, N.; Yagihashi, A. and Watanabe, N. (2002) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46(10), 3113-3117.
106. François, I.E.J.A.; Cammue, B.P.A.; Borgers, M.; Ausma, J.; Dispersyn, G.D. and Thevissen, K. (2005) Curr. Med. Chem. - Anti-Infect. Dis., (in press).
107. Launhardt, H.; Hinnen, A. and Munder, T. (1998) Yeast, 14(10), 935-942.
108. Kontoyiannis, DP. (1999) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43(11), 2731-2735.
109. Rogers, P.D. and Barkers, K.S (2003) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47(4), 1220-1227.
110. Cruz, M.C.; Goldstein, A.L.; Blankenship, J.R.; Del Poeta, L.; Davis, D.; Cardenas, M.E.; Perfect, J.R.; McCusker, J.H. and Heitman, J. (2002) EMBO J., 21(4), 546-559.
111. Sanglard, D. (2002) Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol Clin., 20(9), 462-470.
112. Hawser, S.P. and Douglas, L.J. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, (9) 2128-2131.
113. Kuhn, D.A.; George, T.; Chandra, J.; Mukherjee, P.K. and Ghannoum, M.A. (2002) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46(6), 1773-1780.
114. Kuhn, D.M.; Chandra, J.; Mukherjee, P.K. and Ghannoum, M.A. (2002) Infect. Immun., 70(2), 887-898.
115. Prasad, R. and Kapoor, K. (2005) Int. Rev. Cytol., 242, 215-248.
116. Loeffler, J. and Stevens, D.A. (2003) Clin. Infect. Dis., 36(S1), S31-S41.
117. Sanglard, D.; Kuchler, K.; Ischer, F.; Pagani, J.L.; Monod, M. and Bille, J. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39(1), 2378-2386.
118. Sanglard, D.; Ischer, F.; Calabrese, D.; Majcherczyk, P.A. and Bille, J. (1999) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43(11), 2753-2765.
119. Barchiesi; F.; Calabrese, D.; Sanglard, D.; Falconi Di Francesco, L.; Caselli, F.; Giannini, D.; Giacometti, A.; Gavaudan, S. and Scalise, G. (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(6), 1578-1584.
120. Sanguinetti, M.; Posteraro, B.; Fiori, B.; Ranno, S.; Torelli, R. and Fadda, G. (2005) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49(2), 668-679.
121. Venkateswarlu, K.; Taylor, M.; Manning, N.J.; Rinaldi, M.G. and Kelly, S.L. (1997), Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41(4), 748-751.
122. da Silva Ferreira, M.E.; Capellaro, J.L.; dos Reis Marques, E.; Malavazi, I.; Perlin, D.; Park, S.; Anderson, J.B.; Colombo, A.L.; Arthington-Skaggs, B.A.; Goldman, M.H. and Goldman, G.H. (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48(11), 4405-4413.
123. Kelly, S.L.; Lamb, D.C.; Baldwin, B.C.; Corran, A.J. and Kelly, D.E. (1997) J. Biol. Chem., 272(15), 9986-9988.
124. Pinjon, E.; Moran, G.P.; Jackson, C.J.; Kelly, S.L.; Sanglard, D.; Coleman, D.C. and Sullivan D.J. (2003) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47(8), 2424-2437.
125. Henry, K.W.; Nickels, J.T. and Edlind, T.D. (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(10), 2693-2700.
126. Chau, A.S.; Mendrick, C.A.; Sabatelli, F.J.; Loebenberg, D. and McNicholas, P.M. (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48(6), 2124-2131.
127. Vermitsky, J.P. and Edlind, T.D. (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48(10), 3381-3773.
128. Sanglard, D.; Ischer, F.; Koymans, L. and Bille, J. (1998) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 42(2), 241-253.
129. Kakeya, H.; Miyazaki, Y.; Miyazaki, H.; Nyswaner, K.; Grimberg, B. and Bennett, J.E. (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(11), 2985-2990.
130. Perea, S.; Lopez-Ribot, J.L.; Kirkpatrick, W.R.; McAtee, R.K.; Santillan, R.A.; Martinez, M.; Calabrese, D.; Sanglard, D. and Patterson, T.F. (2001) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45(10), 2676-2684.
131. Kelly, S.L.; Lamb, D.C. and Kelly, D.E. (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 180(2), 171-175.
132. Kelly, S.L.; Lamb, D.C.; Loeffler, J.; Einsele, H. and Kelly D.E. (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 262(1), 174-179.
133. Lamb, D.C.; Kelly, D.E.; White, T.C. and Kelly, S.L. (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44(1), 63-67.
134. Stevens, D.A.; White, T.C.; Perlin, D.S. and Selitrennikoof, C.P. (2005) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 51(3), 173-178.
135. Thevissen, K.; Francois, I.E.J.A.; Takemoto, J.Y.; Ferket, K.K.; Meert, E.M. and Cammue, B.P.A. (2003) FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 226(1):169-173.
136. Thevissen, K.; Warnecke, D.C.; Francois, I.E.J.A.; Leipelt, M.; Heinz, E.; Ott, C.; Zahringer, U.; Thomma, B.P.; Ferket, K.K. and Cammue B.P.A. (2004) J. Biol. Chem., 279(6), 3900-3905.
137. Sanglard, D.; Ischer, F.; Parkinson, T.; Falconer, D. and Bille. J. (2003) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47(8), 2404-2412.
138. Xiao, L.; Madison, V.; Chau, A.S.; Loebenberg, D.; Palermo, R.E. and McNicholas, P.M. (2004) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48(2):568-574.